Biology 3000 Test 2
euploidy
commerical strawberries are one example of
pericentric inversion
includes the centromere and often results in a change in arm lengths on the chromosome
euploidy
increases the amount of genetic material for all chromosomes
duplication
increases the amount of genetic material on a particular chromosome
dna polymerase
is an enzyme involved in replication. It binds to an RNA primer and catalyzes the formation of new DNA strands. Its also exhibits exonuclease activity
ligase
is an enzyme involved in replication. It joins together the newly synthesized strands of DNA by sealing the phosphodiester bonds
having, thin finger-like projections
one strategy that allows larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio is?
of their amphipathic nature and their cylindrical shapes
phospholipids can form bi layer structures in aqueous water media because
hydroxyl group
what chemical group is found to be at the 3' end of the dna strand
right handed helix with two antiparallel complementary strands, 10 bases per turn
what describes the Watson crick moel of DNA structure
it will wilt
what happens to a plant if you water it with sea water (hypertonic solution)
cell walls
which of the following are not components of the cytoskeleton
nucleus
which structure is the repository of the majority of the genetic material that directs most of the activities of the cell
a translocation involving chromosome #21 and #14
while the most frequent forms of downs syndrome are caused by rnadom error, downs syndrome occasionally runs in families. the cause of this form of familial downs syndrome is?
tetrasomy 2N+2
AABBCCCCDD
monosomy 2N-1
AABBCDD
terminal deletion
AB*CDE
paracentric inversion
AB*CFEDG
duplication
ABB*CDEFG
plasma membrane
Electron transport chain membrane components involved in bacterial (prokaryotic) respiration are located in the
translocation carrier
The person with the large, translocated chromosome has 45 chromosomes, but may not have symptoms if no crucial genes have been deleted ir damaged.
800:800:800:800
a total of 3200 f2 progent using the two point (dihybrid) linkage. you are asked to do a complete chi squared and the expected numbers use what ratios??
hydrogen bonds
holds paired bases together in dsDNA
LM because the specimen is and needs to remain alive
if you would like to film the opening of a tiny flower bud you best choice of microscope would be?
3.4 A apart
in dsDNA the bases are how far apart
guanine
in dsDNA, the nitrogenous base C is always paired with
cytosol
in eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the?
constantly use energy
in order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order it must?
increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid bi layer
organisms that have no ability to control their internal temperature may be able to maintain the optimal fluidity of their membranes when grown in colder temps by?
refuted spontaneous generation
pasteurs experiments
a hypotonic medium
penicillin is toxic to certain dividing bacterial cells because it prevents cell wall formation, causing the cells to burst. this indicates that the penicillin sensitive bacteria live in?
made on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
peripheral proteins that are destined to become associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane are?
central vacuole
plant cells often have a large membrane bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances. what is it called?
presence of cell walls
plants, fungi, bacteria (ALL THREE) may share?
cytoskeleton
structural support of the cell
maternal age effect
the non disjunctional event that produces down syndrome occurs more frequently during oogenesis in women above 35 years of age.
pinocytosis
the nonspecific uptake of fluids by an invagination of the cell membrane
golgi apparatus
the organelle that modifies, sorts and packages proteins (usually for export) is ?
to accept low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
the role of oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is
chargraffs rule
the rule that the number of purines equals the number of pyrimidines is?
gives a 3-D image of the object being studied
the scanning electron microscope differs from the transmission electron microscope in that?
synthesizes lipids
the smooth ER
the sun
the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms on earth is
assortment
to determine if linkage is present, the progeny of a test cross are examined to determine if a violation of Mendel's principle
metabolism=catabolism+anabolism
what accurately represents relationship between catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism?
1. ability to fatefully transfer info to progeny 2. ability to vary by mutation 3. ability to replicate 4. ability to store information
what are the four requirements needed to meet the qualifications for DNA by Watson and Crick standards
it occurs when C in glucose reacts with molecular oxygen
what is NOT true about decarboxylation
it requires oxygen
what is NOT true about glycolysis
nucleoid
what is a structure that may be found inside a cell but that is NOT bound by a membrane
hydrogen
what kinds of bonds hold one complementry strand to the other
exergonic reaction
when free energy of reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is?
cholesterol, temperature, phospholipid composition
which factors may influence membrane fluidity
endosymbiosis
A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.
genome size and complexity
Cot curves provide info on
a proton and a pair of electrons
NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts?
Klinefelters syndrome
XXY
active transport
a bacterium containing sodium ions at a concentration of .1 mM lives in a pond that contains sodium ions at .005 mM. the sodium cells are entering how?
diffusion
a bottle of perfume's smell spreads from one side of the room to the other, this is a classic example of?
chloroplast
a cellular structure found in some plant cells but not in animal cells is
28
a double stranded DNA molecule contains 560 nucleotide. how many complete turns would be found in the complete helix
has a variety of membraneous organelles
a eukaryotic cell?
have serious, perhaps fatal consequences because the red blood could swell and burst
a patient who has had a severe hemorrhage accidentally receives a large transfusion of distilled water directly into a major blood vessel. you would expect this mistake to?
true
a pericentric inversion includes the centromere
the phagocytic vesicle would not fuse with the lysosome
a person has a genetic disease that prevents phospholipids in the plasma mebrane of the white blood cells from freely fusing with the other membranes within the cell. How would this disease affect phagocytosis?
zero
a person with trisomy 21 would usually have how many barr bodies
exocytosis
a process by which cell ejects waste products or specific secretion by fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane
nucleus
a single cell in a smokers lung has become cancerous. it doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. the most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the?
it is advantageous for cells to be small because
a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport
autotrophs and heterotrophs
all organisms are classified into two general trophic groups, what are they?
allopolyploid
american cotton is generally best described as
18
an organism has a G+C content of 64% in its DNA. How much T would you expect
an open system
an organism that can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings
microfilaments or actin filaments
are important for some types of cell movement e.g. muscle contraction
euploid, triploid and monosomy
are not examples of cells that have 9 chromosomes
microtubules
assembled from tubulin dimers
enzymes/DNA
avery, macleod, and mccarty used _______ to demonstrate griffiths transforming property was
phospholipids and proteins
bacterial plasma membranes are composed mainly of ?
XX/XO
birds exhibit what mode of sex determination
pyruvate
by the end of glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of?
dideoxyribose nucleotide
chain termination sequencing relies on a special nucleotide that is a
inversion
changes the position of DNA sequences on a single chromosome without changing the amount of genetic material
ribose
consists of a 5 carbon ring
pyrimidine
cytosine and uracil are?
deletion
decreases the amount of genetic material for all chromosomes
crossovers within an inversion loop
dicentric chromatids are generally the product of
to mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them
during an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After, phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called secondary lysosome. The reason for this is?
10
each complete turn of dsDNA has hoe many bases in each chain
of the very short wavelengths of electron beams used instead of light
electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope because?
potential
energy stores within the molecules of ATP is in the form of what kind of energy?
1. variation by mutation 2. ability to replicate 3. ability to code information 4. ability to be passed on though generations
four characteristics that are required for a molecule to serve as genetic material
duplication
gene families such as human hemoglobin loci, are considered to have been important in evolution of many species and are though to have resulted from?
aneuploid and trisomy
give examples of karyotyped somatic cells that are found to have 9 chromosomes
no difference would have occurred
if RNA were the universal genetic material how would it have affected the hershey chase experiment
RNAse would have eliminated transformation
if RNA, were the universal genetic material, how would it have affected the outcome of the Avery, Macleod, Mccarty experiment
protein
if _______ had appeared in the progeny of the hershey/chase experiment, they would have concluded that this was the genetic material.
40%
if double stranded DNA molecule contains 10% T. What would you expect G to be?
phosphodiester bonds
in DNA, the linkage between the 5" carbon to the next 3' carbon involves
hydrophobic
in a lipid bi layer _______ fatty acid tails face each other within the bi layer and form a region that excludes water
oxidized to carbon dioxide
in aerobic respiration, glucose is completely?
47
individuals with Klinefelters syndrome are males with ___ chromosomes
pericentric inversion
inversions that includes the centromere; heterozygotes produce recombinant nonviable gametes that are unbalanced
catabolic reactions
involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simples building blocks
ribosomes
large molecular aggregates (particles) composed of proteins and rRNA
no crossing over
male fruitflies are very special creatures for one thing they have?
homologous chromosomes
meiotic non disjunction usually occurs during Meiosis 1. This results immediately in the failure of separation of what?
codominance
molecular genotyping using PCR works well because the genetic markers (alleles) exhibit what mode of inheritance
translocation
moves DNA from one chromosome to a non homologous chromosome
trisomy/monosomy
nondisjunction during anaphase 1 of meiosis produces gametes that when fertilized by a normal haploid gamete generally produces _____ and _____
ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleolus is the site of
Klinefeiters syndrome
one case involves a human male that is having difficulty fathering children. inintial genetic tests indicate that he is 2N=47 and that a Barr body is present. What does this mean?
autopolyploidy
polyploid condition which is formed from the addition of one or more extra sets of chromosomes identical to the normal haploid complement of the same species is
cytoskeleton
prokaryotic cell is least likely to possess?
number 1 carbon
purines are attached to deoxyribose
facilitated diffusion
requires a transmembrane protein
double stranded RNA
the base composition of a virus was analyzed and found to be 14% A, 14% U, 36% G, and 36% C, what is the genetic material made of?
base, sugar, phosphate
the basi structure of a nucleotide includes the following components
false
the c-value paradox arises from the observation that higher level organisms have smaller genome sizes than expected
galton
the concept that humans could be bettered by application of selective breeding was first formalized by?
deletion on chromosome 5
the condition known as cri-du-chat syndrome in humans results from
20 A wide
the double helix measures
beta
the form of DNA described in Watson crick model
fluid mosaic model
the lateral movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bi layer
taylor woods and hughes
used faba beans to provide evidence for dna replication is semi- conservative
triploidy 3N
AAABBBCCCDDD
trisomy
AAABBCCDD
avery, maclead, mccarty
DNAse, RNAse, and Protease were key components of the genetic experiments conducted by