Biology Chapter 3

Disaccharide

"Double Sugar"; C12H22O11; maltose, lactose, sucrose; formed by joining two monosaccharides (condensation reactions and hydrolosis reactions)

Polysaccharides

"Many Sugars" Complex sugars made up of many monomers being joined together, some may involve thousands of monomers

Pentoses

5-carbon sugars; C5H10O5; Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA)

Hexoses

6-carbon sugars; C6H12O6; glucose, galactose, fructose; isomers of each other

Conformation

A protein's final, specific shape is known as its

Monomer

A single, simple form of an organic compound

Permanent Denaturing

Can make proteins unstable

4 Major Organic Compunds

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Makes up Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

condensation reaction

Chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers

Isomer

Compound with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Organic Compounds

Compounds produced by living things. all are made with carbon

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that are part of the natural world and are not dependent upon living things

trans fat

Hydrogenation of oils

Nucleic acids

Large polymer molecules that are involved in the chemical encoding of genetic information; Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

macromolecule

Large polymers

nucleotides

Nucleic acid molecules are made up of long chains of smaller chemical units known as ___________. Each unit contains three chemical components: A 5-carbon sugar A phosphate group A nitrogen base

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source of molecules of cells, some complex forms can be used strucurally

Amino acids

Proteins are made up of monomer molecules known as

enzyme

RNA or protein molecules acting as catalysts...

Structural proteins

Support and form cell and tissue structures

peptide bond

The amino acids are linked to each other through a special form of bond known as a

Temporary/Reversible Denaturing

The protein recovers its original form

20

There are __ known variable formations, there are __ different kinds of amino acids

lipids

_____ contain far more hydrogen and far less oxygen than carbohydrates associate energy with hydrogen

Polymer

a complex form of organic molecule formed be having several monomer type molecules coming together

pectin

a flexible material found with cellulose in plant cell walls

active site

a fold in an enzyme with a shape that allows the substrate to fit in the site...

polymer

a molecule consisting of repeated, linked units

substrate

a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part...

chitin

a tough but flexible material found in the cell walls of bacteria and fungi

wax

a type of structural lipid consiting of a long of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain...

Enzymatic proteins

act as catalysts to promote and/or speed up chemical reactions

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Contractile proteins

allow for movement by shortening or contracting (Actim, myosin)

polypeptide

amino acids forming long chains...

Transport proteins

assist in moving materials from one location to another

Energy Storage polysaccharides

both starch and glycogen are made up of many glucose molecules being joined together; they both allow cells to store glucose molecules I designated areas

Regulatory proteins

certain hormones are proteins in form (Insulin)

functional group

clusters of atoms influencing the chemical reactions the molecules undergo

fatty acids

complex hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end; carboxyl group gives the molecule acidic (also the part that will bond to the glycerol molecules)

Steroids

complex lipids that participate in regulation the movement of materials in and out of cells; many take the form of hormones

polysaccharide

complex molecule of multiple monosaccharides...

triglyceride

composed of three molecules of fatty acid...

adenosine triphosphate

compound that stores large amounts of energy in their overall structure

organic compound

compounds made primarily of carbon. most matter in living organisms that is not water

deozyribonucleic acid

contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism (DNA)...

cellulose

dense, rigid, fibrous material formed by joining many glucoses together

waxes

fats that have an alcohol group within their structure; generally used structurally to control or stop water movement

Oils

generally mono- or diglyceride in form; usually unsaturated; liquid at room temperature

fats

generally triglyceride in form saturated solids at room temperature

Immunological proteins

globulins used in the production of antibodies

Carbon

has 4 valence electrons, in all organic compounds

phospholophid

have 2, rather than 3, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol...

Proteins

huge polymer molecules (macromolecules); they are produced and used by cells in many ways

Denaturing

involves a change in a protein's conformation by the breaking of bonds at critical points within the structure; Sometimes permanent

glycerol

join with as many as three fatty acids; monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides

lipid

large, non-polar organic molecules...

amino acid

link of monomers to form a protein...

Roles of lipids

long term storage of energy; they are used structurally as a means of containing water or controlling its movement

nucleotide

made of 3 main components: a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base..

steroid

molecules composed of four fused carbon rings in various function groups...

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrate...

lipid

organic compound that is hydrophobic because they are mainly composed of non-polar hydrocarbons; they are made up of 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrate

organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen...

protein

organic compounds made of mostly carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen...

Fibrous proteins

polypeptides are linked in a linear fashion

Globular proteins

polypeptides are twisted around each other in elaborate forms

carbohydrate loading

refers to the practice of runners and other athletes of eating large amounts of carbohydrates just 1-2 days prior to an event; they will build larger glycogen sources in your body

Storage proteins

serve as a source of amino acids to produce other proteins

monomer

small, simple molecule

ribonucleic acid

stores and transfers the information required to make proteins from the DNA (RNA)...

Monosaccharides

the simplest carbohydrates Will have a molecular formula like: CH2O

fats and oils

these are lipids composed of two types of monomer molecules; all fats and oils are polymers

peptide bond

two amino acids form a covalent bond and release a water molecule...

disaccharide

two monosaccharides combining to make a sugar...

fatty acid

unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids...

nucleic acid

very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer inmportant information in the cell...

hydrolysis

water is used to break down a polymer