Biology Chapter 3
Disaccharide
"Double Sugar"; C12H22O11; maltose, lactose, sucrose; formed by joining two monosaccharides (condensation reactions and hydrolosis reactions)
Polysaccharides
"Many Sugars" Complex sugars made up of many monomers being joined together, some may involve thousands of monomers
Pentoses
5-carbon sugars; C5H10O5; Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA)
Hexoses
6-carbon sugars; C6H12O6; glucose, galactose, fructose; isomers of each other
Conformation
A protein's final, specific shape is known as its
Monomer
A single, simple form of an organic compound
Permanent Denaturing
Can make proteins unstable
4 Major Organic Compunds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Makes up Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
condensation reaction
Chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers
Isomer
Compound with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Organic Compounds
Compounds produced by living things. all are made with carbon
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that are part of the natural world and are not dependent upon living things
trans fat
Hydrogenation of oils
Nucleic acids
Large polymer molecules that are involved in the chemical encoding of genetic information; Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
macromolecule
Large polymers
nucleotides
Nucleic acid molecules are made up of long chains of smaller chemical units known as ___________. Each unit contains three chemical components: A 5-carbon sugar A phosphate group A nitrogen base
Carbohydrates
Primary energy source of molecules of cells, some complex forms can be used strucurally
Amino acids
Proteins are made up of monomer molecules known as
enzyme
RNA or protein molecules acting as catalysts...
Structural proteins
Support and form cell and tissue structures
peptide bond
The amino acids are linked to each other through a special form of bond known as a
Temporary/Reversible Denaturing
The protein recovers its original form
20
There are __ known variable formations, there are __ different kinds of amino acids
lipids
_____ contain far more hydrogen and far less oxygen than carbohydrates associate energy with hydrogen
Polymer
a complex form of organic molecule formed be having several monomer type molecules coming together
pectin
a flexible material found with cellulose in plant cell walls
active site
a fold in an enzyme with a shape that allows the substrate to fit in the site...
polymer
a molecule consisting of repeated, linked units
substrate
a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part...
chitin
a tough but flexible material found in the cell walls of bacteria and fungi
wax
a type of structural lipid consiting of a long of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain...
Enzymatic proteins
act as catalysts to promote and/or speed up chemical reactions
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
Contractile proteins
allow for movement by shortening or contracting (Actim, myosin)
polypeptide
amino acids forming long chains...
Transport proteins
assist in moving materials from one location to another
Energy Storage polysaccharides
both starch and glycogen are made up of many glucose molecules being joined together; they both allow cells to store glucose molecules I designated areas
Regulatory proteins
certain hormones are proteins in form (Insulin)
functional group
clusters of atoms influencing the chemical reactions the molecules undergo
fatty acids
complex hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end; carboxyl group gives the molecule acidic (also the part that will bond to the glycerol molecules)
Steroids
complex lipids that participate in regulation the movement of materials in and out of cells; many take the form of hormones
polysaccharide
complex molecule of multiple monosaccharides...
triglyceride
composed of three molecules of fatty acid...
adenosine triphosphate
compound that stores large amounts of energy in their overall structure
organic compound
compounds made primarily of carbon. most matter in living organisms that is not water
deozyribonucleic acid
contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism (DNA)...
cellulose
dense, rigid, fibrous material formed by joining many glucoses together
waxes
fats that have an alcohol group within their structure; generally used structurally to control or stop water movement
Oils
generally mono- or diglyceride in form; usually unsaturated; liquid at room temperature
fats
generally triglyceride in form saturated solids at room temperature
Immunological proteins
globulins used in the production of antibodies
Carbon
has 4 valence electrons, in all organic compounds
phospholophid
have 2, rather than 3, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol...
Proteins
huge polymer molecules (macromolecules); they are produced and used by cells in many ways
Denaturing
involves a change in a protein's conformation by the breaking of bonds at critical points within the structure; Sometimes permanent
glycerol
join with as many as three fatty acids; monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides
lipid
large, non-polar organic molecules...
amino acid
link of monomers to form a protein...
Roles of lipids
long term storage of energy; they are used structurally as a means of containing water or controlling its movement
nucleotide
made of 3 main components: a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base..
steroid
molecules composed of four fused carbon rings in various function groups...
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate...
lipid
organic compound that is hydrophobic because they are mainly composed of non-polar hydrocarbons; they are made up of 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbohydrate
organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen...
protein
organic compounds made of mostly carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen...
Fibrous proteins
polypeptides are linked in a linear fashion
Globular proteins
polypeptides are twisted around each other in elaborate forms
carbohydrate loading
refers to the practice of runners and other athletes of eating large amounts of carbohydrates just 1-2 days prior to an event; they will build larger glycogen sources in your body
Storage proteins
serve as a source of amino acids to produce other proteins
monomer
small, simple molecule
ribonucleic acid
stores and transfers the information required to make proteins from the DNA (RNA)...
Monosaccharides
the simplest carbohydrates Will have a molecular formula like: CH2O
fats and oils
these are lipids composed of two types of monomer molecules; all fats and oils are polymers
peptide bond
two amino acids form a covalent bond and release a water molecule...
disaccharide
two monosaccharides combining to make a sugar...
fatty acid
unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids...
nucleic acid
very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer inmportant information in the cell...
hydrolysis
water is used to break down a polymer