Biology Final Exam
What is meant by "complementary base pairing?"
"A" always pairs with "T;" "C" always pairs with "G."
In aerobic cellular respiration, NADH and FADH2 ___________.
"hold onto" electrons that are pulled off food molecules and then "give up" these electrons to the electron transport chain in the oxidative phosphorylation stage
In ionic bonding, the atom that loses the election is a(n) __________
Cation
You are examining some unlabeled slides under the microscope. Below is a description of the cells you see on your unknown slides. Which is most likely an animal cell?
Cells are spherical with what appears to be a thin plasma membrane. You can see a large nucleus and some cytoplasm.
Which of the following is the best definition of cell differentiation?
Cells becoming specialized in structure and function by carrying out a particular regimen of gene expression.
Which of the following processes would ions use to move into the cell?
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
Which of the following statements best characterizes exergonic reactions'?
Chemical reactions that release energy
What organelle is illustrated in Figure 5 (above)?
Chloroplast
Once this stage is complete, the starting organic (glucose) molecule has been completely oxidized.
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Water sticks to itself. this describes________?
Cohesion
Which of the following BEST describes the secondary structure of a protein?
Common structures are Alpha-helix and Beta-pleated sheets.
The general name given to ALL of the different types of protein structures that serve to maintain cell shape and help carry out transport of materials inside the cell is the___________
Cytoskeleton
A shortage of phosphorus (P) in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture__________?
DNA
During DNA replication, the enzyme that adds nucleotides at the 3' end using a DNA template strand to pair complementary bases is _____.
DNA polymerase
The flow of information in a cell usually proceeds from__________
DNA to RNA to protein
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
All of the following are functions of membrane proteins EXCEPT:
Detachment
Which of the following BEST describes the tertiary structure of a protein?
Different types of interactions between R groups
The current model of the plasma membrane is the "Fluid-Mosaic Model." In this model, the "mosaic" is the _________
Diversity of proteins that are associated with the membrane.
Which of the following best describes cell division in prokaryotes?
During binary fission, they replicate their circular chromosome and then divide into two cells
Which drawing in the figure above depicts the electron configuration of an atom with an atomic number of 10?
E
Two different cells, both containing 100 mM K+, are placed in two different solutions. Solution A is 250 mM K+ and Solution B is 50 mM In order for K+ to move from Solution A into the cell___________ is needed, whereas in order for K+ to move from Solution B into the cell__________ is needed.
Facilitated diffusion, active transport
Two main types are ethanol and lactic acid.
Fermentation
Regarding gene expression: The statement, "fibroblasts express the collagen gene," means that ________.
Fibroblasts produce mRNA transcript that codes for collagen. This transcript then undergoes RNA processing and is translated into collagen protein.
The main stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION, in the order in which they occur, are
Glycolysis, pyruvatc oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding prokaryotes?
Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.
The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.
H2S
In meiosis the daughter cells are ____________, whereas in mitosis the daughter cells are __________.
Haploid, diploid
What is the general function of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (for the organism/cell that is carrying out this process)?
It is the main source of ATP, which is used to pay for work within the cell.
Which of the following best describes the function of the structure labeled #10 in Figure 6.1?
Maintains cell shape
In the Figure 4 (above), the structure labeled "A" is the and the structure labeled "B" is
Matrix; cristae
What is a population?
Members of the same species living in the same location
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for nose shape (N) and one for nose length (L). The genotype of an animal is NNL1. Which of the following could be a possible genotype for a gamete from this organism?
N1
The pyruvate oxidation step of cellular respiration produces _____________.
NADH
Animals and Fungi____________ are and sustain themselves by getting their organic material from other organisms.
Heterotrophs
Small insects can "walk" on water. this is due to water's_________
High Surface Tension
Why does ice float in liquid water?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water, making ice less dense than liquid water.
In photosynthesis, how does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP?
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
In order to break down a polymer into its constituent monomers, you would need many___________ reactions
Hydrolysis
Which of the following functional groups is present in figure 5.2 (above)?
Hydroxyl
Figure 7.2 (above) illustrates a cell with an intracellular sodium chloride concentration of 150 mM NaCI in a 300 mM NaCI solution. What type of solution does this picture illustrate?
Hypertonic
DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
Involved in the storage and transmission of genetic material?
Nucleic Acids
Figure 5.3 above is an________.
Nucleotide
Evolution is a theory and, as such, is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence. Which of the following would be the best piece of evidence for evolution?
Increasing numbers of bacteria are genetically-resistant to antibiotics, as non-resistant bacteria are killed off by these drugs.
Alleles of a pair segregate independently of other allele pairs during gamete formation. This is Mendel's law of________
Independent Assortment
Which of the following is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Plasmodesmata
In a water Molecule (H2O), what type of bond is formed between the hydrogen and the oxygen?
Polar single covalent bond
If we took 25 molecules of figure 5.2 and bonded them together via many dehydration reactions, we would now have a ___________
Polysaccharide
Which of the following is correct regarding regulation of gene expression?
Prokaryotes can respond to environmental conditions by making certain proteins only when they are needed.
Which of the following is CORRECT?
Prokaryotic have ribosomes.
Functions include providing structural support, defense of the organism, and serving as enzymes_______
Proteins
Which of following correctly completes the statement? If the number of ___________ changed, then the atom would be a ________.
Protons, Different element
Produces the first CO2 molecule in aerobic cellular respiration
Pyruvate Oxidation
If 14C-labeled uridine triphosphate is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled? (HINT: radioactive uridine triphosphate will be incorporated into molecules in the place of URACIL.)
RNA
Islands tend to have moderate climates and do not exhibit the extremes in temperature found in other places (such as deserts). This ability to moderate temperature is due to______.
The Continual breaking and re-forming of hydrogen bonds which absorb and release heat.
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the Carbon Cycle?
The abiotic reservoir for carbon is atmospheric carbon dioxide.
In the future, a viral infection spreads throughout the planet, attacking and destroying all thylakoid membranes, leaving all plants incapable of carrying out photosynthesis. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY effect to our planet earth?
The amount of 02 in the atmosphere will decrease.
Which of the following statements is MOST correct regarding the solubility of the molecule in figure 5.1?
The bonds in the R group are all nonpolar covalent bonds, making it hydrophobic.
In the experiment described previously (#14), the control group is__________
The bread dough with no chemical added
According to Cell theory_________________.
The celi is the basic unit of structure and function of living things
Which of the following is correct about both mitosis AND meiosis (in humans)?
The cell that starts dividing is always diploid.
Which of the following is a correct example of homologous chromosomes?
The chromosome 5 you received from your mother and the chromosomes 5 you received from your father
Which of the following is true regarding sex determination in humans?
The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome.
Chapter 2 discusses the emergent (or unique) properties of water to make life on earth possible. In general, these properties are due to___________
The polar nature of water, which leads to hydrogen bonding
Which of the following best describes the history of human population growth on the plant earth?
The population started out small and then grew exponentially
A sexually-reproducing animal has 14 chromosomes as its diploid number of chromosomes. How many chromosomes should its gametes contain?
7
I add a strong acid (e.g HCL) to a beaker of pure water. The pH of the beaker BEFORE I added the acid was________. The addition of the acid_______ the pH of the solution in the beaker.
7.0; decreased
Which one of the following point mutations is most likely to have the biggest effect on the final protein product?
A frameshift mutation at the beginning of the gene
Which of the following is the best definition of evolution?
A genetic change in a population from generation to generation.
Which of the following is CORRECT (regarding prokaryotes)?
A gram stain is frequently used to divide bacteria into two main groups: gram-positive and gram-negative.
In which cell you would find the most rough ER?
A pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' TGA 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' TGA 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
Figure 5.3 above contains which of the following?
A phosphate group and a 5-carbon (pentose) Sugar
Which of the following best describe exponential population growth?
A population starts out small and then exhibits unlimited growth.
Which of the following best describes exponential population growth?
A population starts out small and then exhibits unlimited growth.
Which of the following is the best definition of a buffer?
A solution that maintains the pH at a relatively constant level.
In which cell would you find the most lysosomes?
A white blood cell that engulfs and destroys bacteria
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. A male with hemophilia had offspring with a female who normal (has NO allele for hemophilia). Which of the following is correct?
A) All offspring will be normal (no hemophilia)., E) All of the female offspring will be carriers (one normal allele + one hemophilia allele).
The main purpose of the light reactions is to produce__________(labelled as G and H above in Figure 6).
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following is an INPUT of the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
A solution has a pH of 2.5. Which of the following best describes that soluation?
Acidic; H+donor
Pumping Na+ by the sodium-potassium pump would be classified as ____________because_________.
Active transport; it requires an energy expenditure by the cell
Which of the following is correct regarding DNA and RNA?
All nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide monomers.
What is an ecosystem?
All of the species in a local area, plus the physical environment.
If a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction, the resulting chromosomal abnormality is called
An inversion
Which of the following is the best definition of an autotroph?
An organism that produces its own organic molecules.
In which cell you would find the most smooth ER?
An ovarian cell that produces estrogen (a steroid hormone)
Which of the following is correct?
Animal cells lack a cell wall and a central vacuole.
In what KINGDOM would we classify a gorilla (a great ape)?
Animalia
Large numbers of solid particles are taken up by cells through what process?
phagocytosis
If you wanted to make DNA "from scratch," you would first need to synthesize a nucleotide. Which of the following are the CORRECT components of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, deoxyribose, thymine
The plasma membrane consists of a "bilayer" of_______
phospholipids
Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. The cause of cystic fibrosis is a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein that makes up a chloride channel. Which of the following terms best describes this?
pleiotropy
Marfan syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the fibrillin protein. (This protein is a component of the extracellular matrix). Individuals with Marfan Syndrome are tall and long-limbed and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Marfan Syndrome is an example of ________
pleiotropy
Chemical energy (such as glucose) is a form of_______ energy.
potential
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthetase that attaches the amino acid arginine to tRNAs with the anticodon UCG instead of the amino acid serine (which should have been attached). The consequence of this for the cell will be that
proteins in the cell will include arginine instead of serine at amino acid positions specified by the codon AGC.
Which subatomic particles have a positive charge and are located in the atomic nucleus?
protons
Which of the following organelles synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs?
smooth ER
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This suggests ______________.
that the parents were both heterozygous.
Which of the following is the BEST definition of kinetic energy?
the energy of motion
The leading and the lagging strands differ in that________
the leading strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments that are ultimately stitched together.
DNA replication is called semiconservative because ___________.
the two resulting DNA molecules each have one new DNA strand and one old strand from the original DNA molecule.
Which of the following is correct regarding the substance(below)? NaCl
This substance is a compound
A codon is___________
Three RNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid (or Start, Stop)
In PHOTOSYNTHESIS, what is the function of chlorophyll?
To absorb light energy
What is the general function of PHOTOSYNTHESIS (for the organism/cell that is carrying this process?)
To absorb the UV radiation in sunlight that could damage cells.
What is the best definition of heredity?
Traits are passed down from parents to offspring.
In eukaryotes, introns are spliced out, a 5' CAP and a poly-A tail are added. This describes the process of ________, which takes place in the __________.
Transcription, cytoplasm
A mRNA copy is made of the DNA template strand. This is a description of___________, which takes place in the__________
Transcription; nucleus
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment of a chromosome to be relocated to a different chromosome. What is this alteration called?
Translocation
King penguins are equally spaced apart, due to aggressive interactions between neighbors. Those organisms exhibit a _____________ pattern of dispersion.
Uniform
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding photosynthesis?
Water is oxidized to form oxygen.
0.9% NaCI is isotonic to red blood cells. What will happen to a red blood cell when it is placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution?
Water will move by osmosis, but the net water movement will be "0."
0.9% NaCl is isotonic to red blood cells. If a red blood cell is placed in a solution of 0.02%NaCl, what will happen?
Water will move into the cell by osmosis.
In the experiment described previously (#14), the independent variable is______
Whether or not the dough has the chemical added
For the cross described in Question #11, which of the following best represents the homozygous recessive phenotype?
Yellow
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding differential gene expression?
Your cells only make mRNA transcripts for the polypeptides/proteins they need.
In order to carry out Aerobic Cellular Respiration, your body requires oxygen (02). The function of oxygen in this pathway is to_________.
accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
Which of the following are CORRECT?
activation energy - input of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed
A theory is __________
an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of synthesizing large, complex molecules from smaller ones?
anabolism
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, glycolysis take place in the_________ , whereas oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the_________
cytosol (cytoplasm), cristae (inner membrane)
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it ________.
does not require energy from the cell
DNA replication occurs _________________.
during the S phase of interphase
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from mostto least inclusive?
ecosystem, community, population, organism
Regarding figure 7.2 (above): Via passive transport, the net water movement would be ________ by the process of_________.
out of the cell; osmosis
In the figure above, the stage indicated by letter "D" is__________ . In this stage ("G")____________ and ("H")__________ are produced.
oxidative phosphorylation, H2O, ATP
When a curly-haired person has offspring with a straight-haired person, all of their children have wavy hair. This is an example of incomplete dominance Using this information, predict the phenotypic percentages of the offspring of two wavy-haired people.
25% curly; 50% wavy; 25% straight
Adenine makes up 24% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. What percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be cytosine?
26%
What is the Mass Number of an element with 16 neutrons, 17 electrons and a charge of +1?
34
What is a Mass Number of a (hypothetical) element with 15 neutrons, 15 electrons and a charge of +2
35
The somatic cells in YOUR body contain a total of chromosomes.
46
In MEIOSIS, ____________daughter cells are produced. These daughter cells are genetically___________
4; different
In the above figure, which curve was most likely generated from analysis of an enzyme that functions in basic conditions (such as the human intestine)?
5
A DNA strand reads 3 'CGAAcC5'. During DNA Replication, what specific complementary DNA sequence will be added to the growing new strand?
5'GCTTGG3'
Plants absorb most of the visible light spectrum and use it for photosynthesis. Which part of the spectrum is NOT USED?
550 nm (green)
In the chemical reaction shown below, how many molecules of oxygen gas are generated as a product? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ----> C6H12O6 +___________O2
6
Which of the following equations best summarizes PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
6 CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H1206 + 602
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.08 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.
60 individuals added
Random fertilization the independent orientation of chromosomes during meiosis and crossing over all increase genetic variation in a species. ALL of these events happen during
Sexual reproduction
A biotic factor that might impact a population of fish is_________.
Sharks
Two oxygen atoms share four elections. What type of bond is formed between these two atoms?
Single Covalent bond
Which of the following best describes the function of the organelle labeled #8 in Figure 6.1 (below)
Site of Photosynthesis
Salt dissolves when stirred in water. The salt in the ________, the water is the________ and the mixture (the salty water) is the ___________.
Solute; solvent; solution
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes (on different chromosomes), one for tail length (T) and one for tail furriness (F). Its genotype is TTFf. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
Tf
If the volume of a cell increases, the surface area of the cell will _______.
increase to a lesser degree
A strong base like NaOH ______________.
increases the pH when added to an aqueous solution.
Natural selection is based on all of the following except ____________
individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.
Which of the following best describes lactic acid fermentation?
is products are lactate and NAD+.
In oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation, what purpose does the electron transport chain serve?
it sets up a proton gradient across a membrane
What types of substances pass most readily into a cell
lipid soluble
In looking at your slides (from Question #40) under the microscope, the presence of which of the following would identify the specimen as definitely a eukaryote?
nucleus
A true breeding Orange=flowering plant is mated with a true-breeding yellow-flowering plant. All offspring are orange. Use the letters "G" to represent the orange allele and "g" to represent the yellow allele for this cross. Which of the following is correct regarding the Fl generation?
(100%) of the offspring will have the genotype Gg.
Guanine makes up 34% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be adenine?
16
A population of 10,000 Emperor Penguins in Antarctica has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.5 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.3. Calculate the projected number of penguins added to or lost from the population in one year.
2,000 gained
In which cell would you find the most mitochondria?
A muscle cell (that uses lots of ATP) in the thigh of a long-distance runner
A virus is composed of__________
A nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Let us assume that there is a gene that codes for berry color. The dominant allele is red and the recessive allele is purple. Let us also assume there is a gene that codes for berry sire. The dominant is a large size and the recessive allele is small size. A berry plant whose berries are homozygous red and small cross-fertilizes with a berry plant whose berries arc purple and homozygous large. Which of the following is true regarding the phenotypes of the offspring of this cross?
All offspring will be red and large.
What effect will the mutation described in Question #25 have on the polypeptide strand that is synthesized from it?
All the amino acids after this codon will be changed
The different versions of a gene are referred to as
Alleles
Which functional groups are present in Figure 5.1 (below)?
Amino and Carboxyl
The basic components of an amino acid are_________.
Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, H atom, and R group.
What is adaptation?
An Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival in a particular environment.
Which of the following is a correct description of a water molecule?
As the oxygen atom is electronegative, it has a partial-negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have partial-positive charge
Which of the following is correct regarding cell size?
As the surface area of a cell increases, the volume of a cell will increase even faster.
Which of the following is a CORRECT regarding asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to one another (and to the parent).
Based on the above graph, what is the carrying capacity for the fur seals?
Approximately 9,800
In what DOMAIN would we classify an organism with very simple (prokaryotic) cells that lives in an extreme environment (like hot springs)?
Archaea
Which of the following is a correct list of the DOMAINS of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
An atom has an atomic number of 5. This atom is ___________. (Note: There is a periodic table at the end of this exam.)
B (boron)
Based on Figure 7 (above), what wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?
Blue-violet (450 nm) and orange-red (680 nm)
An increase in atmospheric CO2 would most likely be due to ___________?
Both A & D are correct.
Ions (like H+) cannot diffuse down their concentration gradients through a membrane using simple diffusion, as they are "repelled" by the large nonpolar tail region. Which statement best explains why this is important in both oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?
Both processes harness the potential energy of a H+ concentration gradient. If H+ could move across the membrane via simple diffusion, there would be no concentration gradient.
Which drawing in the figure above depicts the electron configuration of an atom capable of forming two AND ONLY TWO single covalent bonds with other atoms?
C
Which of the following is correct regarding the transfer and transformation of energy and matter in an ecosystem?
Energy flows through the ecosystem.
Which one of the following equations best summarizes Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6+ 6O2----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Which of the following is organic?
CH4
The 4 main classes of biological molecules are proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and ____________?
Carbohydrates
The cell's preferred energy source; providing structure (e.g cellulose)
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is CORRECT about carbon?
Carbon can form 4 single covalent bonds with other atoms.
The main function of the Calvin Cycle is to reduce ________(e) to _______(F), as labelled in figure 6.
Carbon dioxide, sugar
The first step in the Calvin Cycle is______
Carbon fixation
The four elements that make up 96% of living matter are__________
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER →Golgi →vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
In the field next to your house live two cardinals, five colonies of ants, a dozen squirrels, thousands of grass plants and millions of bacteria. Together, all of these organisms represent a(n)_____?
Ecosystem
What role do NADH and FADH2 serve in CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Electron carriers
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substance by ordinary chemical reactions is a(n)________
Element
Which of the following is the best summary of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transferred or transformed.
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction
The trees in your backyard would belong to Domain _______________.
Eukarya
Which of the following is the correct classification of the cell depicted in Figure 6.1?
Eukaryotic; plant
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is ____________________.
Evolution
Larger molecule can be exported out of the cell using?
Exocytosis
An element has a Atomic Number of 9. This element is _________?
Fluorine
What do multicellular eukaryotes use mitosis for?
For cell repair and cell renewal
A point mutation occurs, changing the DNA template strand from 3'ACA5 YACAT5- (so an adenine nucleotide is added between the cytosine and thymine). What type of mutation is this? (The codon table is on the last page.)
Frameshift
Which of the following is a correct combination for the phases that make up Interphase?
Gl, S, G2
Its product is pyruvate.
Glycolysis
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding the density of liquid water versus ice (solid water)?
Ice is less dense than liquid water because its hydrogen bonds are more stable, keeping the water molecules further apart.
In Figure 5 (above) the structures labelled A and B are________ and ________, respectively.
Inner membrane; outer membrane
Ecology refers to the study of __________
Interactions between living organisms and the environment.
What subatomic particles have a negative charge and can be found in energy levels or shells?
Isomers
The amino group (NH2) that is present in all amino acids can act as a base. Which of the following statements best explains HOW the amino group acts as a base?
It can accept (or "bind up") H+.
In the logistic model of population growth, what happens to the rate of growth (G) as the population size (N) gets closer to carrying capacity (K)?
It decreases
Where does a plant get the reactants necessary to carry out PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
It gets carbon dioxide from the air around it and water from its roots.
Where does an animal get the reactants it needs to carry out CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
It gets sugar from ingesting it and oxygen from the air around it.
Is aerobic cellular respiration an anabolic pathway or a catabolic pathway? (Choose the correct statement.)
It is a catabolic pathway, as it synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler ones.
Which of the following is correct regarding the substance (below)? H - H
It is a molecule
Why do we see plants as green?
Leaf pigments do not absorb wavelengths in the green range of the electromagnetic spectrum, instead they reflect them.
The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid leucine is -CH2-CH-(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?
Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
The two phases (or stages) of PHOTOSYNTHESIS, labelled as A and B in Figure 6 (above) are________________
Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
What are the components of a Photosystem?
Light harvesting complexes and reaction center complex
Functions include forming cell membranes and providing an energy source.
Lipids
Biology is the study of _______
Living Things
All the following are characteristics (or properties) of life except________.
Living things can change their own DNA.
According to the graph below, the fur seals are experiencing what type of growth?
Logistic
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for nose shape (N) and one for nose length (L). The genotype of an animal is NNL1. Which of the following could be a possible phenotype of the offspring of this organism?
Long-nosed
All of an organism's chemical reactions are that organism's
Metabolism
Which of the following is correct
Mg++ has 10 electrons
Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?
Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem.
Levels (or hierarchies) of biological organization: Atom's_______, Cells, organism, community. Which of the following terms would correctly go in the blank?
Molecules
Figure 5.2 (Above) is classified as a(n)_________
Monosaccharide
Which monomer/polymer pairing is CORRECT
Monosaccharides/Polysaccharides
During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection?
More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.
Which statement best describes what occurs in antibiotic resistance?
Offspring of bacteria that are genetically resistant to the antibiotic become more abundant as the non-resistant bacteria die.
The two strands of the DNA molecule are said to be "antiparallel." This means that__________
One strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, whereas the other strand runs in the opposite direction (from 3 'to 5').
A heterozygous Group B female and a Group AB male have offspring. Which of the following is correct? Represent the alleles using IA, IB, and i.
One-fourth (25%) of the offspring will have the phenotype Type A blood.
Hemophilia is an X-linked recesses disorder that leads to an impaired ability of blood to clot. a normal male has offspring with a female who is a carrier for hemophilia (one hemophilia allele). Which of the following is correct regrading this offspring of this cross?
One-half of the male offspring are predicted to have hemophilia
A Blood Type AB mother has offspring with a homozygous Blood Type B father. Which of the following is true regarding the offspring? (Note: use IA, IB, and i to represent these alleles.)
One-half of the offspring will be Blood Type AB and the other half will be Blood Type B.
Which of the following statements is the best example of natural selection?
Over times, a higher proportion of the moth population is black ( rather than gray), as industrial pollution turns the tree bark they live on a darker color
Stage that produces the most ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
When a molecule loses an electron as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes_____________.
Oxidized
In figure 6 )Below), "D" is____________
Oxygen
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding aerobic cellular respiration?
Oxygen is reduced to form water.
Which of the following choices correctly completes the following statement?__________bonds hold the __________structure of proteins together.
Peptide, primary
What is this structure labeled #11 in Figure 6.1?
Peroxisome
Which of the following is correct combination for a deoyribonucleotide (DNA nucleotide)?
Phosphate group, deoxyribose, adenine
What cells of your body undergo meiosis?
Sex cells, in order to produce sperm or eggs
ALL cells contain all of the following components EXCEPT
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Given the following DNA template strand, predict the amino acid sequence that will be produced. DNA TEMPLATE: 3'TCGGCAGATTCC5' (Note: The codon table is on the second last page of your exam.)
SER-ARG-LEU-ARG
All of the following describe one of the "themes of life" as covered in chapter 1 , except________.
The hydrogen bond between water molecules are due to its polar nature.
In 1862, Henry Bates hypothesized that some nonpoisonous species mimic the coloration of poisonous species to avoid predation. In 2001, researchers tested this hypothesis in North and South Carolina using two types of artificial snakes (brown vs. brightly colored) that they placed into two different ranges. Researchers later recorded which snakes were attacked. The dependent variable in this experiment was ______________________.
The percent of attacks on the differing snakes
For the cross in #11, which of the following is correct about the F2 generation?
The phenotypic ratio will be 3 (or 75%) orange to 1 (25%) yellow.
Mendel's two laws (Law of Segregation & Law of Independent correlate with_____.
The separation of chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.
How is ATP used by organisms to perform cellular work?
The terminal phosphate group is removed (and may be transferred to another molecule).
What is carrying capacity (or K)?
The total population that the environment can support
In the ABO Blood Types___________
There are 3 alleles in the population.
Which of the following best summarizes the "characteristics (or properties) of life?"
They are a list of things that living things "do".
Why are triglycerides classified as lipids?
They are hydrophobic
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
They are not soluble in water.
Which of the following is TRUE of hydrogen bonds
They are weak, transient bonds.
What do Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cellular Respiration) and Photophosphorylation in thylakoids (Photosynthesis) have in common?
They both take place in mitochondria
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about enzymes?
They lower the activation energy of the reaction.
Which of the following is TRUE of hydrogen bonds?
They occur because of the attraction between partially-charged atoms.
In the process of transcription _______________.
a mRNA transcript is produced
ATP releases energy when ________.
a phosphate group is removed
A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as
binary fission
In PHOTOSYNTHESIS, __________gets reduced to _______________.
carbon dioxide; sugar
When you exhale what stage(s) of aerobic cellular respiration is producing the carbon dioxide you are breathing out?
citric acid cycle
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon
Which of the following is not a CORRECT monomer/polymer pairing?
fatty acids/Lipids
During aerobic cellular respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
food NADH--->electron transport chain -->oxygen
In chemiosmosis, where does the energy come from to drive (or "pay for") the phosphorylation of ADP?
from the flow of H+ down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase
What metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic cellular respiration & fermentation?
glycolysis
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.
Figure 4 (above) is a picture of a
mitochondrion
In order to grow from a zygote to a fetus (or a baby), cells must undergo what type of cell division?
mitosis
A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a ____________.
monosaccharide
The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the ______________ and produce ______________.
thylakoid; ATP
Why do organisms carry out aerobic cellular respiration?
to produce ATP, which is needed to "pay for" cellular work
Which of the following processes does not occur within the nucleus?
translation
For many genes, there are multiple alleles in the population. How many alleles does each individual normally have (for a particular gene)?
two
In 1862, Henry Bates hypothesized that some nonpoisonous species mimic the coloration of poisonous species to avoid predation. In 2001, researchers tested this hypothesis in North and South Carolina using two types of artificial snakes (brown vs. brightly colored) that they placed into two different ranges. Researchers later recorded which snakes were attacked. The independent variable in this experiment was ______________________.
whether the artificial snakes were brown or brightly colored
