CJ 365 Exam 1
Which term refers to living cells stacked into multiple tiers? The Auburn system Inside cells Cell blocks The Congregate system
Cell blocks Cell blocks are living cells that are stacked in multiple tiers.
Which concept of corrections is relatively recent?
Imprisonment as a means of punishment Although detention for offenders in some manner has been around since the earliest times, the concept of imprisonment as punishment is relatively recent.
Which statement is true regarding probation? It is most commonly used in offenses involving weapons. It is used equally for all types of crimes. It is most commonly used for drug offenses. It is most frequently used in cases where violent offenses have occurred.
It is most commonly used for drug offenses. Drug offenses and property crimes are most commonly sentenced with probation.
The war on crime by __________ helped to produce the super-maximum prison Alcatraz. Sanford Bates Bernard Glueck J. Edgar Hoover Zebulon Brockway
J. Edgar Hoover J. Edgar Hoover was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigations, and his war on crime helped bring the supermax prison of Alcatraz to the world.
Which is true regarding the current role of corrections?
Overcrowding in penitentiaries resulted in an expanded role of corrections to include rehabilitation, education, and vocational training. A major outcome of significant overcrowding in prisons in the twentieth century is that many states have begun to develop alternative sentencing practices, as well as an expanded role of corrections, which includes rehabilitation, education, and vocational training.
Which is one of the main innovations from Auburn and Eastern State Penitentiary that persist today? Prison industries Total solitary confinement Corporal punishment Enforced silence
Prison industries Prison industries are viewed as one of the greatest innovations of both Auburn and Eastern State Penitentiary that still persist today.
Home detention is an example of what? Rehabilitation Diversion Parole Punishment
Punishment Home detention is a punitive sentence.
Which most closely relates to the principle of lex talionis?
Sumerian code Lex talionis is the principle of repaying in kind, such as the well-known saying "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." It was evident in the Sumerian code (1860 B.C.). Code of Justinian The Inquisition Code of Draco
Which statement reflects the reintegration model? The main cause of crime is the community. The main cause of crime is within the individual offender. The main cause of crime is a lack of vocational and occupational skills. The main cause of crime is a lack of strong religious beliefs.
The main cause of crime is the community. According to the reintegration model, the main cause of crime is the community.
Punishment would probably work best for which of the following individuals? A high school teacher who had a sexual relationship with a 16-year-old student. A drug addict who is actively using and was arrested for petty larceny. A sociopath who has been treated for mental illness for much of his adult life. A teenager who has been neglected and abused for much of his life.
A high school teacher who had a sexual relationship with a 16-year-old student. A high school teacher who willingly has a relationship with a minor should be punished.
What does the judge use to help determine whether or not to grant probation? Front-end solutions A presentence investigation report The EPICS model A plea agreement
A presentence investigation report
Which best describes intermediate sanctions? A range of correctional programs between incarceration and probation Interventions that reduce crime and improve community attitudes toward corrections A minimization of the number of offenders in the correctional system Programs that increase the amount of time offenders spend in prison prior to release on parole
A range of correctional programs between incarceration and probation Intermediate sanctions provide midrange dispositions that more accurately reflect the severity of an offense than would incarceration or probation.
Which of Oppenheimer's views of punishment sought a sense of harmony and peace? Expiatory Utilitarian Aesthetic Theological
Aesthetic Oppenheimer's aesthetic view of punishment sought a sense of peace and harmony.
17-year-old Alejandro was convicted of breaking into his high school, stealing over $10,000 worth of electronics, and vandalizing the school. The trial judge decided that, based on Alejandro's age, it would be best for him to remain in the community, as opposed to being sentenced to prison. The judge ordered him to paint the walls in an effort to repair the vandalism. Additionally, he would have to pay the school back $10,000, clean up trash around the school for six months, and meet with a probation officer three times a week. His probation officer would also be conducting weekly checks on him at school and stringently enforcing the conditions of his probation. Which type of intermediate sanction is best depicted in this scenario? Intensive supervision probation Press enter after select an option to check the answer Restitution Press enter after select an option to check the answer Community service Press enter after select an option to check the answer All of the above
All of the above
Which is true regarding the War on Drugs? Along with other aspects, including politicians, special interest groups, and media, the War on Drugs has fueled the prison population boom of 1980-2009. It has succeeded in reducing those incarcerated for drug offenses to the smallest population among violent crime offenders, property crime offenders, and public order offenders. The successes of the War on Drugs are evident in recent years; thus, the number of inmates in state penitentiaries for all crime has significantly dropped. It is responsible for the uptick in violent crime offenders from 2009-2012
Along with other aspects, including politicians, special interest groups, and media, the War on Drugs has fueled the prison population boom of 1980-2009.
Which statement is true regarding correctional ideologies? The United States has adopted one particular correctional ideology that dictates corrections policy. There are many different types of correctional ideology and they all vary from one another. Although there are three major correctional ideologies, there is some overlap between them. Punishment, rehabilitation, and prevention are the main correctional ideologies, and while they are all different, there are overlapping aspects of each. If a particular correctional ideology is used to implement policy in a jurisdiction, correctional administrators will adhere to that.
Although there are three major correctional ideologies, there is some overlap between them. Punishment, rehabilitation, and prevention are the main correctional ideologies, and while they are all different, there are overlapping aspects of each.
Which was/were the major method(s) for disciplining offenders in the very early days of corrections?
Capital and corporal punishment Capital and corporal punishment were the major methods for sanctioning rule-violators in the early days of corrections.
Which development, in approximately 1650 B.C., made it possible for fines and restitution to be implemented?
Codes of behavior
Which of the following is not considered a technical probation violation? Failure to comply Missing a probation meeting Committing a new crime Alcohol use
Committing a new crime A technical probation violation is a violation that is not illegal per se; therefore, a return to crime is not a technical violation of probation.
Amber was convicted of possession of marijuana and sentenced to probation. As part of the conditions of her probation, she is required to go to a facility a few blocks from her apartment every day in order to receive counseling, life-skills training, and culinary vocational training. Providers at the facility have also referred her to an off-site drug treatment program. She is also required to call the facility twice a day and appear for drug screenings when told. Which type of community correction facility is best depicted in this scenario? Community residential treatment center Press enter after select an option to check the answerIntensive supervision probationPress enter after select an option to check the answerDay reporting centerPress enter after select an option to check the answerHalfway house
Correct. A day reporting center is an intermediate sanction that is usually associated with probation. The center provides a variety of treatment and referral programs, along with extensive supervision and surveillance. Participants are usually required to attend every day that the center is open, to schedule their next day's activities, and to abide by the schedule. Not only do participants have to call the center at least twice a day, but the center may call them at their appointed rounds on a frequent basis to verify their whereabouts and activities. Press enter after select an option to check the answer
Connor was incarcerated in prison for the possession and sale of a controlled substance. While in prison, he was diagnosed with anxiety, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, all of which are believed to stem from his deployment to Afghanistan. Approximately six months prior to being released from prison, Connor was informed that he qualified for a problem-solving court. He was told that the court would help him reintegrate into society and assist him with finding programs to address his needs once in the community. In which of the following problem-solving courts will Connor be enrolled? Reentry court Drug court Veterans' treatment court Mental health court
Correct. Reentry courts are designed to assist those released from prison with successfully reintegrating into society.
What was Emile Durkheim's belief regarding crime? Crime is avoidable. Crime is essential. Crime is inevitable. Crime is situational.
Crime is inevitable. Emile Durkheim believed that crime was inevitable in society.
Which was the most universal form of punishment in early societies?
Death penalty The most universal form of punishment among early societies was certainly the death penalty.
What is the term for minimizing offender processing through the justice system by providing services outside of the system? Diversion Recidivism Just deserts Restorative justice
Diversion Diversion is when offender processing is minimized through the provision of services outside of the system.
What is a common element of mental health courts? Referral to a mental health court occurs after an offender is processed through standard court proceedings and has been sentenced. Participation in mental health court programs is typically delivered via a mandatory sentence. Each jurisdiction accepts offenders with demonstrable mental illnesses that can be clearly connected to their criminal activity. Once participation in a mental health court is established, the involvement of traditional justice system representatives dissolves.
Each jurisdiction accepts offenders with demonstrable mental illnesses that can be clearly connected to their criminal activity. Mental health courts are an option available to offenders with documented, demonstrable mental illness to which criminal involvement can be attributed.
What is the most frequently imposed special condition of probation? Participation in substance abuse treatment programs Economic sanctions, such as fines and restitution Economic sanctions, such as supervision fees, fines, court costs, and restitution, are the most frequently imposed special conditions of probation. Drug testing Participating in educational or vocational training programs
Economic sanctions, such as fines and restitution Economic sanctions, such as supervision fees, fines, court costs, and restitution, are the most frequently imposed special conditions of probation.
What was the focus of fledgling corrections systems as early as 2000 B.C.?
Eliminating wrongdoers Eliminating wrongdoers, either through execution or banishment, was the focus of early corrections systems around 2000 B.C.
In addition to the individual, what is a key focus of prevention methods? Family Health care Environment Education
Environment Along with the individual, the environment is the key focus of prevention methods.
The EPICS model uses a combination of monitoring, referrals, and __________ to provide the offender with sufficient treatment. Skill building Problem solving Face-to-face intervention Front-end solutions
Face-to-face intervention Face-to-face intervention is a pivotal aspect of the EPICS model.
A would-be offender knows that his state imposes the death penalty for murder. This knowledge convinces the offender not to commit that crime. What is this an example of? Guilt Stigma of conviction General deterrence Specific deterrence
General deterrence General deterrence is when the punishment for a crime expands into influencing the general public.
Which accurately describes the role of God and religion in early punishments?
Hardships such as torture, social degradation, exile, or financial loss would expiate one's transgressions against God, and the reward was eternal joy in heaven. It was believed that cruel and barbarous punishments, such as torture, social degradation, exile, and financial loss, would expiate one's transgressions against God. This would in turn, be rewarded with eternal joy in heaven.
For whom were halfway houses originally designed? Alcoholics Homeless men Juvenile delinquents Unmarried pregnant women
Homeless men Homeless men were the original beneficiaries of halfway houses.
Charla hears about a 17-year-old boy who was shot in the back as he ran away from a police officer. News reports indicate that the teenager had no weapons or drugs on him and had no prior criminal record. Charla is outraged and believes the police officer should be arrested and convicted for the death of the teenager. What guides Charla's point of view? Theory of disablement Community corrections Opinion Ideologies
Ideologies Ideologies guide humans on most social issues, especially in the realm of corrections and crime. In this example given, Charla believes that the police officer has committed a crime by shooting an unarmed teenager.
In which way did the programs at Elmira differ from adult prisons?
Increased academic education and trade training The reformatory program at Elmira focused on the rehabilitation of offenders to be prepared for return to society; education and training was one way that was accomplished.
Which were the two main contributions to corrections of the reformatory era?
Indeterminate sentencing and parole Indeterminate sentencing and the early concept of parole were the two most significant contributions of the reformatory era.
Which realization causes legislators to support industrial prisons? Industrial prisons could turn a profit. Industrial prisons were not supported by unions. Industrial prisons succeeded in reforming convicts. Industrial prisons were failing and required government support.
Industrial prisons could turn a profit. The realization that industrial prisons could be profitable caused legislators to support them.
The implementation of __________ is believed to eventually lead to a valid continuum of sentencing alternatives after expansion and further fine-tuning. Police-based diversion Restitution Drug court Intermediate sanctions
Intermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions are viewed as attractive for this very reason—the hope that ongoing implementation will result of a valid continuum of sentencing alternatives that can be used.
Changes in modern social attitudes about punishment have led to a focus on what? Intermediate sanctions Modern social views on punishment have increased focus on intermediate sanctions. Probation Incarceration Rehabilitation
Intermediate sanctions Modern social views on punishment have increased focus on intermediate sanctions.
Which of the following is a front-end solution? Work furloughs Parole Intermittent jail incarceration Expanded good-time credits
Intermittent jail incarceration Front-end solutions are alternative sentences that help to control the number of inmates being sent to prison. Intermittent incarceration is one of these alternatives.
Which is true of community service? It pays offenders for their service so that they can make restitution to victims. It allows offenders to help repair the harm done as a result of their crimes. It provides offenders with valuable vocational training. It tends to have low completion rates.
It allows offenders to help repair the harm done as a result of their crimes. The goal of community work orders (community service) is to facilitate an opportunity for offenders to help repair the damage they have caused in the community.
Which is true regarding the rehabilitation model? It involves selective incapacitation. It focuses on changing the offender's behavior through treatment and services. It is analogous to a medical approach. It is the primary focus of corrections today.
It focuses on changing the offender's behavior through treatment and services.
Which is true of restitution? It assists victims in obtaining revenge on their offenders. It encourages victims and offenders to maintain distance. It forces offenders to accept personal responsibility for their crimes. It is not designed to offset victims' financial losses due to crime.
It forces offenders to accept personal responsibility for their crimes. One of the rationales for restitution programs is that it forces the offender to take financial responsibility for a crime.
Which statement is true regarding a problem with implementing selective incapacitation? Many individuals return to committing crimes after being released. It is difficult to correctly identify those who should be incarcerated. High-risk offenders often are released inadvertently. There is not enough room in the nation's already overcrowded and understaffed prisons.
It is difficult to correctly identify those who should be incarcerated. One of the problems with selective incapacitationis that it is difficult to correctly identify who should be incarcerated.
Which is true regarding GPS tracking of sex offenders? It is ineffective at prevention of sexual assaults. It has been found that offenders will not reoffend if they have the tracking system. All states have implemented GPS tracking laws. It prevents serious offenders from evading police.
It is ineffective at prevention of sexual assaults. GPS tracking is use by more than 40 states for monitoring sex offenders, yet a criticism of the technology is that it does not help to actually prevent sexual assaults.
Which philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment focused his work mostly on the role of punishment, especially as a deterrent to crime?
Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham was a leading reformer of the British criminal law system and believed that if punishments were designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain that the criminal derived from crime, then the crime rate would go down.
Which is true regarding research on corrections? The majority of offenders are mentally ill and require treatment. Community-based corrections are less effective than incarceration. Most offenders do not need to be incarcerated. Long sentences enhance rehabilitation.
Most offenders do not need to be incarcerated. Research on corrections indicates that most offenders do not need to be incarcerated.
Which was a major problem with places of confinement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
No attempts were made to separate inmates from one another in any way. In places of confinement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there were no attempts made to separate young inmates from old, male from female, or even sick from healthy. This resulted in a number of problems, including sanitary issues, inmate exploitation, acts of violence and degradation, and the spread of diseases.
Which is a general condition of probation that is imposed on almost all offenders? Electronic monitoring Vocational training Regular or random urine testing Not leaving the jurisdiction without prior approval
Not leaving the jurisdiction without prior approval Almost all probation sentences require that offenders do not leave their jurisdiction without prior authorization from their probation officer.
Which is made evident by violence and rioting in the prison system of America? Over time, prison administrators have found that there are fewer instances of rioting and violence if the prison staff is culturally homogenous. The less secure a prison, the more likely it is to experience rioting and internal violence. Outside social behavior and conditions are carried over into prison. Prison riots and violence tend to be a small-scale response to grievances regarding living conditions.
Outside social behavior and conditions are carried over into prison. Rioting and violence spilled over from the streets to the prisons; "political prisoners" have struck out against a system that they perceive to have given them an unequal start to life.
Which element is common to most, if not all, mental health courts? The corrections department oversees the treatment and supervision process and facilitates collaboration among mental health court team members. Participation in a mental health court is voluntary. The key objective of a mental health court is to ensure that offenders with mental illnesses are placed in secure confinement to reduce the risk to society. Participation does not require that the offender's mental illness be the cause of his/her involvement in the criminal justice system.
Participation in a mental health court is voluntary. Mental health court is a voluntary type of problem-solving court that combines judicial supervision with community mental health treatment.
What is a characteristic of the proactive supervision model of probation? Probation officers should be generalists. Probation officers should focus their efforts on the direct supervision of offenders. Probation departments should establish separate probationer absconder and apprehension units. Probation officers should supervise offenders exclusively in the community, rather than in the office.
Probation officers should focus their efforts on the direct supervision of offenders. In a proactive supervision model of probation, probation officers focus efforts on direct supervision, whereas resource development and coordination is assigned to a different position, referred to as a resource specialist.
Which term refers to the return to criminal activity following initial law-violating behavior? Recidivism Disablement Specific deterrence Incapacitation
Recidivism
Which statement is true regarding research about recidivism among offenders? Recidivism is reduced if offenders are given economic sanctions while on probation. Recidivism is reduced if offenders are placed on high levels of intensive supervision. Recidivism is reduced if offenders are given treatment and services specific to their risk and need factors. Recidivism is reduced if offenders are placed on a large number of specific conditions of probation.
Recidivism is reduced if offenders are given treatment and services specific to their risk and need factors. Studies have shown that recidivism can be significantly diminished if offenders receive treatment or services specific to their risks and needs.
What differentiated reformatories like Elmira from adult prisons? Adult prisons provided religious opportunities. Military-style discipline was implemented at adult prisons, not reformatories. Reformatories emphasized reformation through education and training. Education opportunities were only offered at reformatories.
Reformatories emphasized reformation through education and training. Reformatories for youths focused more on education and trade training as part of their reformative systems.
Below are four lists of sentencing options. Which list is correctly ranked by level of punishment from low to high, as identified by James Byrne? Restitution, residential community corrections, community service, split sentencing, house arrest Restitution, community service, probation, house arrest, residential community corrections, split sentencing Probation, community service, residential community corrections, house arrest, split sentencing, restitution Probation, restitution, community service, house arrest, residential community corrections, split sentencing
Restitution, community service, probation, house arrest, residential community corrections, split sentencing This is the correct list of sentencing options ranked by level of punishment from low to high, as identified by James Byrne.
Which practice typically begins to develop into a system of criminal law when it also becomes customary for the victim of the offense to accept money or property in place of physical vengeance?
Retaliation Retaliation, along with the collection of money or property in place of blood vengeance by the victim, develops into a system of criminal law.
What is required for an effective halfway house? Mixing high- and low-risk offenders in the same facility Services that are based on client needs Punitive consequences for poor behavior A high level of control
Services that are based on client needs Research has determined that residential treatment centers that have the most success with high-risk offenders specifically target client needs, particularly for clients who have a high volume of technical probation violations that result from needs otherwise unaddressed in the community.
Which intermediate sanction is an alternative for non-career offenders? Home detention Restitution Electronic monitoring Shock incarceration
Shock incarceration Shock incarceration is an alternative for offenders who are not career criminals. It includes programs like boot camps.
In the fourth century A.D., __________ recognized the need for justice, but only as decreed by God.
St. Augustine
Which statement is true regarding the state of corrections in the United States in the early twenty-first century? The reemergence of a more community-based, rehabilitative approach to criminals has reduced the problem of prison overcrowding. Mandatory add-ons to sentences are being eliminated. States are embracing the federal truth-in-sentencing standard. The majority of states are increasingly focusing on indeterminate sentencing and the use of discretionary parole release mechanisms.
States are embracing the federal truth-in-sentencing standard. States are embracing the federal truth-in-sentencing standard.
Which term refers to the system of prison discipline that used total isolation or solitary confinement, under the assumption that it would lead to quicker reformations?
The Pennsylvania system The Pennsylvania system was developed at the Walnut Street Jail and originally conceived solitary confinement without work.
Which was the first true correctional institution in America?
The Walnut Street Jail The Walnut Street Jail was established in Pennsylvania in 1790 and is considered the first true correctional facility in America.
Which principle was established by Cesare Beccaria in his An Essay on Crimes and Punishment?
The basis of all social action must be the utilitarian concept of the greatest happiness for the most people. Among several other principles that Beccaria set forth inAn Essay on Crimes and Punishmentwas the notion that the basis of all social action must be the utilitarian notion of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Which event ended the deportation of criminals from England to America?
The beginning of the American Revolution The beginning of the American Revolution in 1776 brought transportation of criminals to America to a stop.
What describes the change that took place starting in about 1966 related to prison riots? The cause of prison violence and riots was linked to inmates' demands changing from concern of basic conditions of concern with basic rights. Prison riots and disturbances changed from individual conflict to conflict between prison gangs and inmate groups. Prison capacity and crime rates were at an all-time high in 1966; more people in prison meant it was harder to control the population. There was a decline in formal grievance procedures, as well as a discontinuation of collaborative prison councils that served to work out conflict before it resulted in violence.
The cause of prison violence and riots was linked to inmates' demands changing from concern of basic conditions of concern with basic rights.
Which was a contribution to corrections made by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons between 1935 and 1960? The development of a new form of industrial prison The elimination of lock psychosis as a problem The creation of the convict bogey viewpoint The development of diagnosis and classification systems
The development of diagnosis and classification systems The U.S. Bureau of Prisons is credited with the development of diagnosis and classification systems between 1935 and 1960.
Which signaled the beginning of early societies' attempts at recording the laws of their nations?
The development of language As early societies developed languages and refined writing skills, they also began to attempt to record their nation's laws.
Which enabled industrial prisons to flourish? The Hawes-Cooper Act The Great Depression The exploitation of free labor The leadership of Sanford Bates
The exploitation of free labor The exploitation of free labor for the sole purpose of perpetuating the institution itself was a massive component in the initial success of industrial prisons.
In the Middle Ages, what accounted for the expansion of the concept of crime to include areas such as sexual offenses and witchcraft?
The growing influence of the church on everyday life The church's influence on everyday life resulted in expanded concepts of crime, including heresy, witchcraft, and sexual activity for any purpose other than procreation.
An offender diagnosed with schizophrenia would most likely fall into which treatment doctrine within the rehabilitation ideology? The educational doctrine The reintegration model Indeterminate sentencing The medical model
The medical model An offender diagnosed with schizophrenia is likely to be rehabilitated utilizing concepts of the medical model.
In which situation is the offender most likely to receive probation? The offender has prior convictions. The offender does not have steady employment. The offender committed a nonviolent offense. The offender committed a stranger-to-stranger crime.
The offender committed a nonviolent offense. Nonviolent offenses, as well as other items like positive education and work histories, family status, and low-risk assessment scores, are all factors that make it more likely for an offender to be put on probation rather than incarcerated.
What was the Civil War's effect on the penitentiary system? It gave way to the industrial prison. It gave way to the seeds of education. It was a period of great turmoil in prisons. The penitentiary system is virtually wiped out
The penitentiary system was virtually wiped out. The South was devastated by the Civil War and therefore the penitentiary system had been nearly wiped out.
What was established by the Gagnon v. Scarpelli ruling? Notice of a probation revocation hearing must be provided to the probationer immediately following the revocation hearing. The probationer must be informed in writing of the charge against him/her. Gagnon v. Scarpelli established rules surrounding probation revocation or withdrawal. One of these rules is that the probationer must be informed in writing regarding the charges for revocation against him or her. The probationer must be notified verbally of the charge against him/her.
The probationer must be informed in writing of the charge against him/her. Gagnon v. Scarpelli established rules surrounding probation revocation or withdrawal. One of these rules is that the probationer must be informed in writing regarding the charges for revocation against him or her.
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between the punishment ideology and the rehabilitation ideology? The punishment ideology asserts that the individual wrongdoer "pays" for his or her offenses, whereas the rehabilitation ideology believes that the effects from the individual's wrongdoing impact the general public. The punishment ideology is a more hardened approach to corrections, where offenders endure tough penalties and harsher living conditions, whereas rehabilitation is a much softer approach, giving offenders many of the usual comforts of living that they would have outside of correctional facilities. The punishment ideology asserts that wrongdoers must "pay" for their offenses in some way, so as to impact the individual and the general public, whereas the rehabilitation ideology focuses on treatment of offenders. The punishment ideology tends to be viewed as the more humane ideology because its effects are intended to impact the general public as well as the offender, whereas rehabilitation focuses solely on the individual wrongdoer.
The punishment ideology asserts that wrongdoers must "pay" for their offenses in some way, so as to impact the individual and the general public, whereas the rehabilitation ideology focuses on treatment of offenders. The punishment ideology asserts that wrongdoers must "pay" for their offenses in some way, so as to impact the individual and the general public, whereas the rehabilitation ideology focuses on treatment of offenders.
Which aspect of the Auburn system was mimicked in many other American prison systems? The implementation of solitary meal times and sleeping schedules. The brutal punishments inflicted on inmates. The structure of the buildings included inside cells and wings composed of two to four tiers of cells. The smaller size and scale of the buildings.
The structure of the buildings included inside cells and wings composed of two to four tiers of cells. The structural design of the Auburn system included inside cells and wings composed of two to four tiers of cells. This became the model for most prisons for the next 150 years.
What is the common thread that ties eternal, natural, and human laws together?
They are all intended for the common good. Thomas Aquinas's contribution to the discussion of God, justice, and laws was to outline eternal, natural, and human laws. Eternal law cannot be changed by humans; natural law asserts that there are laws that occur naturally across all cultures; human laws are enacted by humans. While all were intended for the common good, human law was only valid if it did not conflict with eternal or natural law.
Which is true regarding intermediate sanctions? They tend to increase populations in correctional facilities. They are more expensive than traditional incarceration. They provide fewer opportunities for rehabilitation than incarceration provides. They are designed for offenders who pose too much risk for probation services, but not enough risk to be sent to prison.
They are designed for offenders who pose too much risk for probation services, but not enough risk to be sent to prison. Intermediate sanctions are very simply an intermediate punishment for offenders who present an intermediate risk.
Why does placing low-risk offenders in more structured community-based programs increase their failure rates? They are placed in programs with higher-risk offenders. Their prosocial networks are reinforced. Their exposure to criminogenic elements is reduced. The programs target noncriminogenic factors.
They are placed in programs with higher-risk offenders. It is more likely that high-risk offenders will have a greater impact on low-risk offenders than the other way around.
Which is true regarding Maconochie and Crofton's approach to corrections? They laid the groundwork for reformative, rather than punitive, systems. They were both firm believers in harsh punishment and strict discipline. They were both early adopters of determinate sentencing, as opposed to indeterminate sentencing. They believed in penitence (over reformation) in corrections.
They laid the groundwork for reformative, rather than punitive, systems. The modern American reformatory system took inspiration from both Maconochie and Crofton, who were supporters of reformative, rather that punitive, systems.
Which is true regarding special conditions of probation? They are rarely, if ever, imposed. They are imposed as part of the original court order for probation and cannot be changed. They most frequently include intermediate sanctions. They are imposed on all offenders in a given jurisdiction.
They most frequently include intermediate sanctions. Special conditions of probation are additional punishments ordered by courts to probationers, such as fines, electronic monitoring, and house arrest. Most frequently, intermediate sanctions are imposed, which include things like house arrest, boot camp programs, electronic monitoring, or residency in a halfway house.
What was the outcome of the Auburn experiments, according to administrators? They were a success in that solitary confinement was determined to be effective. They were a failure; forced silence caused insanity among the inmates. They were successful in determining congregate work to be an effective method of rehabilitation. They were a failure; inmates succumbed to insanity and illness in small cells.
They were a failure; inmates succumbed to insanity and illness in small cells. The Auburn experiments were viewed by administrators as a failure, owing to the way that inmates succumbed to insanity and illness because of the size of their cells.
If police arrest an offender for an alleged new offense while on probation, what will the court's first response be? To impose a technical probation violation To impose a lengthy and punitive sentence of incarceration To hold a probation revocation hearing To immediately revoke probation
To hold a probation revocation hearing As per Gagnon v. Scarpelli, probation cannot be revoked or withdrawn without a hearing.
If a probationer submits a urine drug test that is positive for opiates, what may occur? Back-end solutions Tourniquet sentencing Cognitive restructuring The ORAS-CST
Tourniquet sentencing Tourniquet sentencing is when the court increases conditions of supervision to enforced participation in drug treatment programs until the offender agrees to alter his or her behavior to expectations. If an offender on probation tests positive for drug use, tourniquet sentencing may be imposed.
What is the primary purpose of STICS and EPICS? Intervention Training Communication Investigation
Training STICS and EPICS are training programs for probation officers that focus on ways to sensitize probation officers to potential management crises and other strategies meant to help probationers overcome treatment resistance.
Which is true regarding veterans' courts? Veterans' courts provides military veterans with extensive services designed to prevent confinement-related sentences. Veterans' courts require the offender to have served in active duty combat. Veteran treatment courts are run through the military exclusively, outside of the civilian justice system. Evaluations of veterans' courts are clear regarding the success rates and effects of these programs.
Veterans' courts provides military veterans with extensive services designed to prevent confinement-related sentences. Veteran treatment courts are "problem-solving" courts that are designed to deliver confinement avoidance alternatives in lieu of prosecution.
Which technique is part of the EPICS practice of motivational enhancement? Being warm, open, nonjudgmental, and empathetic Weighing pros and cons Reinforcing prosocial behaviors Consideration of short-term benefits of desirable behavior
Weighing pros and cons In motivational enhancement, probation officers help motivate offenders to change by increasing intrinsic motivation, using techniques such as motivational interviewing, weighing pros and cons, and goal setting.
Which was a characteristic of the reformatory in Elmira that appeared in many of its imitators? Well-selected library for circulation, consultation, and semi-social use Training facilities large enough for the entire prison population Indoor athletic courts only Inmates wore black-and-white striped uniforms
Well-selected library for circulation, consultation, and semi-social use Elmira had well-established libraries that could be used by inmates for consultation, circulation, and occasionally social use.
When are diversion programs most effective? When they are administered by the police prior to the offender's entry into the court system When they are integrated into a community-based correctional system When they are used with large groups of offenders at the same time When they are implemented after the trial phase of the criminal justice system process
When they are integrated into a community-based correctional system Diversion programs are most effective when they are integrated into a community-based correctional system with many levels of supervision and custody.
he treatment (or "how" principle) of the "what works" movement encourages the creation of _______ programs. punitive employment therapeutic behavioral
behavioral The "how" principle in the "what works" movement focuses on the ways in which correctional programs should target needs and risk factors. It has been determined that the best way to target this is through behavioral programs.
he main goal of "broken windows" probation is increased: training and employment opportunities. programs involving intensive therapy. levels of surveillance and monitoring. communication between probation officers and the community.
communication between probation officers and the community. The broken windows approach to probation focuses on the community, and fortifying the relationship between probationers and community.
The need principle of the "what works" movement emphasizes the importance of targeting: criminogenic factors. the highest-risk individuals. needs such as self-esteem and discipline. the most chronic offenders.
criminogenic factors. The second principle of "what works" addresses "what" to target—criminogenic factors that are correlated with criminal conduct.
The belief that guilt must be washed away through the suffering of the offender was Heinrich Oppenheimer's ____________ view of punishment. expiatory utilitarian theological aesthetic
expiatory Oppenheimer's expiatory view included the belief that guilt must be washed away through the offender's suffering.
Old transport ships known as __________ were anchored in rivers and harbors in Britain to confine criminal offenders.
hulks Hulks were abandoned or unusable transport ships anchored in rivers and harbors to confine criminal offenders.
The imposition of a life sentence is an example of__________. rehabilitation retribution recidivism incapacitation
incapacitation The imposition of a life sentence is a prime example of incapacitation.
Legislators enacting early probation statutes: allowed probation to be an option for all categories of crime. first applied probation to adult offenders and later extended it to juveniles. intended them to apply to juvenile offenders and misdemeanants. directed them towards hard-core criminal offenders.
intended them to apply to juvenile offenders and misdemeanants.
Suspending both the imposition and execution of a sentence may be more desirable than supervised probation because: it reduces the level of stigma attached to the offender. it prevents sursis. it is a more serious type of punishment. it allows the offender to claim benefit of clergy.
it reduces the level of stigma attached to the offender. An offender with a suspended sentence generally has less of a stigma attached than an offender with a probation sentence.
The goal of diversion is to: increase the number of offenders sentenced to probation. deter potential offenders from future criminal behavior. divert the community's attention away from corrections. minimize the number of offenders in the justice system.
minimize the number of offenders in the justice system. The major goal of diversion is to minimize offenders' penetration into the criminal justice system through police, community, or court diversion programs.
An intensive supervised probation program is ____________ than traditional probation. less humane less costly more successful more rigorous
more rigorous Intensive supervised probation includes stricter and more rigorous levels of supervision for offenders who are deemed to be too serious for "routine" probation.
The Irish System's program of conditioned leave was a precursor to the modern system of __________. industrial prisons determinate sentencing probation parole
parole The Irish program of conditioned leave, based on indeterminate sentencing, is thought of as the precursor to parole.
The ancient concept of __________ influenced the development of English criminal law, from which much of American criminal law is derived.
personal revenge In primitive societies, personal revenge was accepted and encouraged, and although the concept is not considered "law," it has influenced many legal systems, including American criminal law.
The role of corrections in current society is to punish serious offenders, rehabilitate criminals, ensure public safety, and __________.
prepare offenders for return to society Preparing offenders for a return to society as law-abiding citizens is one of the roles of current corrections.
The expansion of intermediate sanctions and community corrections is largely due to: an increased incidence of drug offenses. prison overcrowding. a decreased number of corrections officers. a decreased rate of violent crime.
prison overcrowding. As most repeat offenders receive increasingly harsh punishments, including jail and prison sentences, U.S. prisons are becoming overcrowded. The implementation of intermediate sanctions helps to minimize the number of offenders who are incarcerated.
Criminal law typically requires _________ action against a wrongdoer.
public
A __________ ideology involves applying painful sanctions to offenders, who are seen as enemies of society. prevention rehabilitation deterrence punishment
punishment A punishment ideology views offenders as enemies of society and applies painful sanctions to them.
Which theory, advocated by Sir Thomas More, was not considered acceptable at the time but has become the foundation for modern theories of penology and criminology?
punishment cannot prevent crime. Sir Thomas More was vehemently opposed to the unification of the church and state and was rather forward-thinking in his beliefs that punishment could not prevent crime.
The "what works" movement shows that well-designed community corrections programs can reduce: risk. recidivism. rigidity. reactivity.
recidivism. "What works" is a body of knowledge based on research that seeks to determine the most effective ways that community corrections programs can reduce recidivism.
Restorative justice is different from other methods of correction in that it works to __________. incapacitate criminals in order to help their victims recover faster build lasting relationships between offenders and their victims punish the criminals in accordance with victims' wishes repair the damage that has been done to both victims and criminals
repair the damage that has been done to both victims and criminals Restorative justice seeks to repair the damage that has been done to both criminals and victims.
Philosophically, a proponent of the death penalty is most likely comfortable with ________. prevention retribution specific deterrence incapacitation
retribution Retribution, in simplest terms, is getting even with the perpetrator, and since individuals cannot exact punishment, the state will do so for the individual. Additionally, retribution is exacted when it is believed that the offender willfully chose to do evil, that they are likely to do evil again, and that they deserve to be punished.
The concept of just deserts in sentencing reflects the ________ philosophy. incapacitation penitence retribution deterrence
retribution The concept of just deserts reflects the retribution philosophy.
The primary duty of a probation agency is to provide: rehabilitation. supervision. counseling. surveillance.
supervision. Supervision of offenders in the community is the primary role of the probation agency. Part of this role includes maintaining surveillance as well as helping and treating the offender.
Which led to the ultimate failure of the Walnut Street Jail program?
t became overcrowded. Increasingly more convicts were sent to the prison and eventually overcrowding prevented early hopes for its success.
The decline in inmates at state prisons since 2009 is most likely attributed to ______. the success of the War on Drugs the financial recession changes in criminal policy the reduced fear of crime
the financial recession