Biology II - Chapter 5: Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions

A cell with a 0.9% salt concentration is placed into a solution that cause it to shrink. Which of the following solutions would lead to water loss from the cell?

5.0% NaCl

What structure forms the sodium-potassium pump?

A carrier protein

The protein at the tip of the black arrow that is attached to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and is called:

A peripheral protein

The protein at the tip of the black arrow that is attached to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane is called:

A peripheral protein

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions to the inside of the cell. Both ions are moved from lower to higher concentration. This type of transport is called _____ transport.

Active

Why does active transport require energy?

Active transport requires carrier proteins which often require energy. Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient.

The type of junction shown here extends flexible filaments between two cells. This is a ____ junction.

Adhesion

Receptor proteins are involved in:

Binding to specific molecules that brings about cellular responses

Molecules that are too large to be transported across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein are moved via:

Bulk Transportation

Which type of chains on the cell's exterior contain a large amount of diversity?

Carbohydrate

____ proteins are involved in selective transport of molecules across the cell membrane.

Carrier

Selectively interacts with specific molecules so that it can cross the plasma membrane

Carrier Proteins

Which of the following are true about carrier proteins?

Carrier proteins allow for the movement of specific molecules and carrier proteins aid in both facilitated and active transport

Which protein would be responsible for the rejection of a transplanted organ?

Cell-recognition protein

What functions do integrins serve in the extracellular matrix?

Cell-to-cell signalling

The carbohydrate that can be found in both the primary and secondary cell wall of plants is:

Cellulose

Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely

Channel Proteins

An aquaporin is characterized as which type of protein?

Channel protein

The steroid molecule that is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane which helps to normalize membrane fluidity is _______.

Cholesterol

The shrinking of cells in salted meat is called:

Crenation

The adhesion junction that connects the cytoskeletons of adjacent animal cells creating flexible sheet of cells is called a ______.

Desmosome

The phenomenon shown here is called:

Diffusion

Which two structural proteins make up the bulk of the extracellular matrix and are shown here?

Elastin and collagen

_______ involves the inward pinching of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle.

Endocytosis

Which of these transport mechanisms are considered bulk transportation?

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Catalyzes a specific reaction in the membrane

Enzymatic Proteins

Protein that catalyzes a specific metabolic reaction:

Enzymatic proteins

The process of secretion in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell.

Exocytosis

The process shown here, in which large substances are transported out of the cell is called ____

Exocytosis

The movement of substances out of the cell by vesicles is called ________, whereas the movement of substances into the cell by vesicles is called ________.

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

The meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides that is external to the plasma membrane is referred to as the:

Extracellular matrix

Which process requires a carrier protein?

Facilitated transport

Diffusion and facilitated transport are processes in which molecules move down the concentration gradient. However, ______ requires a carrier protein while _______ does not.

Facilitated transport; diffusion

True or false: the rate of diffusion is constant.

False

The adhesive protein in the extracellular matrix that binds to integrin in called:

Fibronectin

Which of the following is an adhesive protein that will bind to integrin?

Fibronectin

The interaction between the components of the cell membrane is called the:

Fluid-mosaic model

A junction between cells which lends strength and allows small molecules to pass between cells is called a ______ junction.

Gap

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

Glucose is absorbed in the gut, going from a lower to a higher concentration gradient.

The term that is used to describe a burst red blood cell is:

Hemolysis

Amphipathic molecules can both _______ and ________ regions.

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A solution with a lower concentration than the inside of a cell will cause a cell to gain water by osmosis and is considered a _______ solution.

Hypotonic

As temperature increases the rate of diffusion:

Increases

Which protein plays a role in cell signalling?

Integrin

Which of the following are true of both endocytosis and exocytosis?

Involve vesicles, occur at the cell membrane, transport large molecules

Turgor pressure is created by the force of the cell pushing against:

Its cell wall

Joins cells together forming a tissue

Junction Proteins

A substance that adds strength to the secondary cell walls of woody plants is called:

Lignin

When a system requires equilibrium

Molecules are distributed equally

Channel proteins are involved in:

Passing molecules through the membrane

The transportation of a large substance into the cell by the formation of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is a type of endocytosis called:

Phagocytosis

The transportation of large substances into the cell by the formation of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is a type of endocytosis called:

Phagocytosis

Select the components of the plasma membrane as described by the fluid mosaic model.

Phospholipids, poteins, and cholesterol

The transportation of small substances in extracellular fluid into the cell by the formation of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is a type of endocytosis called:

Pinocytosis

What makes receptor-mediated endocytosis different than the general process of pinocytosis?

Pinocytosis is less selective

The structure shown here is the _____ consisting of a phospholipid bilayer.

Plasma membrane

Which of the following is needed to complete active transport of molecules?

Plasma membrane, energy, and carrier protein

(plants)(communication) narrow tunnels between cells that prevent cytoplasm from mixing but allows passage of ions and small molecules.analogous to gap junctions in animals.

Plasmodesmata

A narrow membrane-lined channel that pass through the cell wall are called

Plasmodesmata

Placing a freshwater plant in salt water will cause it to undergo:

Plasmolysis

Select the primary components of the extracellular matrix:

Proteins and polysaccharides

Select the components of the plasma membrane as described by the fluid-mosaic model.

Proteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids

What type of molecule assists cell signaling by regulating the movement of molecules through the ECM to the plasma membrane?

Proteoglycan

The specialized transport of small particles bound to membrane proteins into the cell by the formation of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is called:

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Carrier proteins are involved in:

Selectively transporting molecules through the membrane

Which of these are functions of the glycocalyx?

Signal reception, adhesion, protection, and cell-to-cell recognition

What type of molecule goes through the plasma membrane the easiest?

Small and non charged molecule

Tonicity refers to

The concentration of a solution

Cell recognition proteins are involved in:

The immune response

Which of the following is an example of regulated secretion?

The pancreatic cells releasing insulin in response to a rise in blood sugar.

Where do products produced by the Golgi body often go?

The plasma membrane

What role do proteoglycans play during development?

They guide cell migration

What feature is found in both glycolipids and glycoproteins?

They have attached carbohydrate chains

The type of junction shown here in which adjacent plasma membranes join to form an impermeable barrier is called a ______ junction.

Tight

Tissues that serve as barriers will exhibit which type of junction attachment?

Tight junction

In a phospholipid bilayer, the polar heads point ____ water and the nonpolar tails point ____ water.

Towards, away from

True or false: the carb chains on a cell's exterior are very diverse

True

To increase the fluidity of a phospholipid bilayer a chemist would need to increase the amount of _____ fatty acids on the phospholipids.

Unsaturated

Which of the following methods is used during the process of bulk transportation to move macromolecules in and out of the cell?

Vesicle formation

To transport large substances in and out of the cell, structures called ______ are made by the cell.

Vesicles

Why do cells shrink in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell

Which cellular feature explains why water would enter a cell more rapidly than other molecules?

Water passes through aquaporins on the cell membrane, allowing it to move rapidly into a cell

The molecules that contain both hydrophilic regions are called: amphipathic

amphipathic

The process of using vesicles to move macromolecules into or out of a cell is called:

bulk transport

What structure forms a sodium-potassium pump

carrier protein

The type of junction found between cells in which internal cytoplasmic plaques attached to the intermediate filament:

desmosome

(animal) (anchoring) proteins that anchor cells together

desmosomes

When molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, it is said to move ____ the concentration gradient.

down

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both forms of:

endocytosis

(animal) (communicating) narrow tunnels between cells that prevent cytoplasm from mixing but allows passage of ions and small molecules.

gap junctions

This structure is composed of a carb chain attached to a phospholipid and is called a _______. See image 1

glycolipid

Proteins in the cell membrane that have carbohydrate chains attached are called _______.

glycoproteins

When you water your plants you ____ the turgor pressure:

increase

The plasma membrane is a _______ bilayer.

lipid

The dissolved solid part of a solution is its _______.

solute

(animal)(anchoring) proteins that serve as a barrier and connect plasma membrane to each other.

tight junctions

A solution with a high concentration of salt is said to have a high level in _____.

tonicity

If salt diffuses from an area of high concentration to low, it is moving ____ its concentration gradient.

with