Ch. 28

An appointed prime minister developed "the politics of reality" in expanding this nation's powers and territory.

German Unification

Napoleon successfully conquered many European countries; however, his attack on ______ was a disaster that signaled the decline of his empire.

Russia

Napoleon's empire began to decline when he invaded which of the following nations?

Russia

Which Enlightenment philosopher theorized that the laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace?

Adam Smith

The lead-up to independence involved the formation of a government-in-exile by a fleeing king.

Brazilian Independence

The move to independence was not as a result of war, but rather as a result of royal assent.

Brazilian Independence

Which region of north Africa did Napoleon attempt to conquer?

Egypt

True or false: Conservative thinkers felt confident that ideals of nationalism and popular sovereignty would increase European stability.

False

Early conservative ideology was especially influenced by the revolution in

France

Slave forces in Haiti overcame which of the following armies to gain their independence?

French, Spanish, and British

In unification, the new country in name considered itself to the heir to the Holy Roman Empire.

German Unification

Here, the monarch of one of the thirty-nine states of a confederation proclaimed himself emperor after winning three provoked wars with neighboring states.

German unification

Just as the ideas of the Enlightenment were evident in the French and American revolutions, so the ideology of nationalism was best demonstrated in the nineteenth-century unifications of

Germany and Italy

Napoleon's forces were NOT victorious against which of the following nations?

Great Britain

Which region's nationalist uprising in 1821 inspired a series of similar movements across Europe for the next two decades?

Greece

The German brothers Jakob and Wilhelm ____ collected popular poems, tales, and songs that they felt expressed the distinctiveness of the German Volk, or people.

Grimm

Which of these countries was part of the Mexican empire that was formed following Mexico's independence from Spain?

Guatemala

Which ideology sharply criticized the status quo and argued for the need to improve society?

Liberalism

All of the following features were important in the development of a national identity except

population size

After Napoleon's defeat, conservative political leaders at the Congress of Vienna

restored royal power in European countries

In their revolutionary movements, Latin American creoles

sought political independence from Iberian rule

Which of the following is NOT a key ideal of Enlightenment thought?

strong family bonds

Between 1789 and 1791, in the early stages of the French revolution, what was the National Assembly's attitude toward the king?

they kept the king in place but took away his legislative authority

The American and French revolutions both

were influenced by enlightenment ideals

While working to stabilize France, Napoleon also sought to extend his authority throughout

western europe

Which statements would a nationalist leader likely make?

- "our nation's borders should include all the land occupied by people who share our national identity" - "having an independent national state is important for the destiny of our people" - "we should identify with our nation and work for its glory"

In addition to attempting to redefine the relationship between kings and their subjects, Enlightenment philosophers also sought to combat ____ by printing and distributing materials without official permission

censorship

The liberalism that emerged from the Atlantic revolutions were mostly concerned with

civil rights

The American women's rights movement began

concurrent with the antislavery movement

Prior to the American revolution, the North American colonists

considered themselves British subjects but oppose Parliament's levy of new taxes on them

What form of government was the National Assembly, which presided over revolutionary France between 1789 and 1791?

constitutional monarchy

Simón Bolívar attempted to

create a confederation of states in South America modeled after the United States of America

During what time period did Europeans began to identify strongly with communities called nations?

during the nineteenth century

In 1807, William Wilberforce, a member of the British parliament, authored a bill to

end the slave trade

Mary Astell suggested that democratic Enlightenment values should be applied to the ______ as well as the nation.

family

Which of the following is true of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini?

he advocated for the establishment of an Italian national state

Throughout history, which kind of government has been most common in settled agricultural societies?

hierarchical

The ideals of the Atlantic revolutions resulted in the birth of new ______, particularly those of conservatism and liberalism.

ideologies

The French revolution and the Napoleonic wars caused nationalist sentiments to ______ in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

increase greatly

Following the American and French revolutions, the Enlightenment ideals of equality and freedom

influenced revolutionary movements in the Caribbean

In the nineteenth century, liberal ideology shifted in which of the following ways?

it ascribed greater importance to the role of government in solving social problems

Which of the following accurately describes the slave trade?

it ended before slavery was abolished

Which of the following is a true statement about liberal thought in the nineteenth century?

it increasingly looked to government to lessen the problems that came with industrialization

Which of the following is true about the French revolution?

it was more radical than the american revolution

Johann Gottfried von Herder and other cultural nationalists believed that ______ best captured the Volksgeist, or unique spirit of a nation.

literature

The U.S. Constitution originally extended full individual rights to

men of property

Nationalists believed that political allegiance should be reserved for the

nation-state

In France, the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars inspired a community identity known as

nationalism

Saint-Domingue, the site of the successful slave revolt against French authorities, accounted for ______ of France's foreign trade.

one-third

The pattern of importing slaves from Africa and the Caribbean to Saint-Domingue was disrupted near the end of the eighteenth century because of dramatically higher

prices for slaves

One of the acts that upset colonists was the Quartering Act, which required them to

provide lodging for British troops

In ____ governments, political affairs are supervised by the delegates of different constituencies

republican

The Constitution of the United States reflects the Enlightenment ideas of popular ____, political and legal equality, and individual freedom.

sovereignty

What factor ultimately allowed slave forces to overcome numerous enemies and prevail in the Haitian revolution?

superior leadership

What decision by Napoleon most fully led to the downfall of his regime?

the decision to invade Russia

Which of the following was an advantage the American colonists had in the Revolutionary War?

the intervention of the French

True or false: The French revolution inspired a successful revolution on the French portion of the island of Hispaniola.

true

Conservative ideology in the nineteenth century

accepted the need for gradual change in society

The conservative political philosopher Edmund Burke

approved of the American revolution but disapproved of the french revolution

Like the early modern scientists, Enlightenment thinkers abandoned _____ philosophy.

Aristotelian

In her defense of a woman's right to equality, Mary Astell was influenced by the political thought of

John Locke

Which of the following are true statements about antislavery movements in the Americas?

- Simon Bolivar granted freedom to enslaved people who joined his army - Mexico abolished slavery to keep US slaveholders from moving to Mexico

What did the conservative rulers installed by the Congress of Vienna employ to discourage further revolutions?

- censorship - spies

Enlightenment thinkers' commitment to individual freedom is expressed in their denouncement of which of the following?

- censorship by royal officials - the persecution of religious minorities

Which three of the following encouraged nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe?

- citizens' participation in wars against foreign states - leaders' efforts to build states with coherent identities - leaders' attempts to arouse people's suspicion or jealousy of foreigners

Which of the following had Napoleon done before the age of 30?

- defeated the Austrian army in Italy - engaged the British in combat in Egypt - secured the position of general

In nineteenth-century Europe, citizens expressed nationalist sentiments by

- displaying the national flag - celebrating national holidays - participating in military campaigns to defend their country's interests

In France, the establishment of a republic based on liberty, equality, and fraternity influenced French citizens to

- feel a sense of patriotism - defend the country against foreign military forces - have positive associations with the flag and the national anthem

Which of the following would cultural nationalists be likely to do?

- read about the history of their nation - encourage people to take pride in their nation - study books and stories written by people of their nation

Which of the following was true of the French estate system?

- representatives from the third estate were as numerous as the other two combined - the first estate consisted of the clergy - the third estate had the strongest interest in social justice

The early steps taken by the National Assembly included

- seizing church lands - define the clergy as civilians

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, revolutions inspired by Enlightenment ideals of personal freedom and equality led to which of the following?

- the end of slavery in Haiti destruction of the ancient regime in France - Haiti's independence from France - political independence of the north american colonies

Which of the following statements about political ideologies and their theoretical roles in society are true?

- they offer a coherent vision of the world and human nature - they propose the ideal political order for a society

Why did plantation owners in St. Domingue live in constant fear of a slave revolt?

- they were outnumbered by a factor of more than ten - planters forced enslaved people to work under brutal conditions

The Estates General

- was made up of clergy, nobles, and the common people. - had as many members from the third estate as the other two groups combined.

Popular and successful as a general of the French army, Napoleon secured his command over all of France when he established a new government called the

Consulate

The only successful slave revolt in history took place on the island of

Hispaniola

What was the name of the parish priest who led a peasant rebellion against colonial rule in Mexico?

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Which scientist's work was a primary influence on the Enlightenment's focus on using rational analysis to understand the human and natural worlds?

Isaac Newton

Here, national unification occurred when practical political leaders joined forces with popular nationalists.

Italian Unification

Here, charismatic and dashing nationalist leaders generated enormous popular support for unification, often through personal action.

Italian unification

Which Enlightenment philosopher focused on discovering the natural laws of politics and advocated for constitutional government?

John Locke

Which influential Enlightenment thinker argued for a redirection of traditional sovereign power away from rulers and toward those they governed?

John Locke

During the wars for independence, elites feared the rising power of peasants and other popular forces, and sought to neutralize their popular leaders.

Mexican Independence

Following independence from colonial rule, the southern regions of the new republic broke off and declared their own independence.

Mexican Independence

Weakened colonial authority in the Americas led to a series of revolts against colonial rule that kick-started the independence movement.

Mexican Independence

The invasion of Spain and Portugal by ______ in 1807 created an opportunity for independence movements throughout Latin America.

Napoleon

The struggle for independence in Spanish colonies began in the wake of which of the following?

Napoleon's attack on the Iberian peninsula

How did conservatives view society?

as an organism that changed slowly over generations

The British Parliament levied taxes on its North American colonies in an effort to pay debts incurred during the ______ War.

Seven Years'

The British Parliament waged the extremely expensive ____ War to protect colonial trade interests in North America.

Seven Years'

The American revolution led to legal equality for

adult white men

Cultural nationalists

aimed to foster pride in a national communities cultural accomplishments and shared historical experiences

Who was Voltaire's battle cry of écrasez l'infame ("crush the damned thing") directed at?

The Roman Catholic church

After the Congress of Vienna, Europe's balance of power held until the outbreak of

World War I

What political movement holds that Jewish people consitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland?

Zionism

Simón Bolívar hoped to weld the former Spanish colonies in South America into

a confederation

Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as

a military hero

What was an effect of the increasingly political nature of nationalism in the nineteenth century?

a potential to stir up conflict between different groups of people

Many early liberals argued that voting was

a privilege that could be limited