Ch. 3 World Geo, Ch. 2 vocab., Ch. 1 vocab, Exam rev, world geo, Test on Wed, Ch. 5, world geo exam, 11 test, world geography quizlet, Test, World Geoexam, test tomorrow, test monday, EM, EA test
Population
1.3 billion
How much rain does a desert receive?
10 inches of rainfall or less per year
% in cities
13 % live in slums
War for Independence
1775-1783; also called "Revolutionary War"; war between Britian and the American colonies; American victory.
India has projected to overtake China in
2030
One rotation of the earth
24 hours
area
3.1 mil sq km excluding Kashmir
temp of tropical wet climate
32 Degrees F (0 Degrees C)
Revolution, or Earth's yearly trip around the sun is _________________
365 days
life expectancy
67 years for men, 70 for women
Averages for temp and rainfall for tropical wet cimates
80 Degrees F Rainfall averages from 50 to 260 in of rain
cooperative
A business that is owned by the members it serves and is managed in their interest.
pesticide
A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.
Kibbutz
A collective farm in Israel
Syrian Desert
A desert in Southwest Asia covering much of the Arabian Peninsula between the Mediterranean coast and the Euphrates River.
Monarchy
A form of autocracy with a hereditary king or queen exercising supreme power ex: The king of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarch.
Shogun
A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name supported by samurais
Tsunami
A giant wave usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor.
In what way is a globe more useful than a map? In what way is a map more useful than a globe?
A globe shows all properties accurately. A map is a flat representation of all or part of the planet.
federal system
A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments
unitary system
A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
Gulf of Mexico
A large gulf off the southeastern coast of North America. There is no dry season. Maple, oak, and pine trees are plentiful, and many types of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians are common.
Mediterranean
A large sea between two continents, southern Europe and northern Africa
Northern China Plain
A large, lowland region of eastern China that is watered by the Huang River; birthplace of Chinese civilization.
Explain the advantages of the 3 map projections.
A planar projection is most accurate accurate at the center. A cylindrical projection is most accurate at the Equator because shapes and distances are increasingly distorted when moving away from the Equator and toward the Poles. A conic projection is the Earth's surface projected onto a map formed into a cone. Shape is relatively accurate on such projections, and straight lines drawn on them approximate great circle routes if distances are not great.
Hindu
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Euphrates River
A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Aqueduct
A structure that carries water over long distances
Jati
A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.
GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
The three main categories of economic systems
A traditional economy, market economy, mixed economy, and command economy.
typhoon
A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans
Indus River Valley
A valley and early civilization along the Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the world.
Panchayat
A village council in India
Aquaculture and fishing quotas
A-use floating and anchored fish cages FQ-used to prevent overfishing by limiting fish harvest both used to increase fish
How do reference points differ for geographers and historians?
Absolute location and relative location
Why is the use of absolute location more specific than relative location?
Absolute location shows exactly where your destination.
home to some of the world's most ancient surviving civilizations
Afghan frontier to jungles of Burma
Public Health
Africa is low on there _____________________ ____________
Lake Victoria
Africa's largest lake
Where are the less developed countries?
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
where are tropical savannas?
Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Australia
A tall, jagged mountain range, the ___________, runs across the southern part of the region.
Alps
Palestine
Also called Holy Land. Biblical name, Canaan. an ancient country in SW Asia, on the E coast of the Mediterranean.
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
savanna
An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes
wildlife reserve
An area of land set aside by the government for wild animal to live in protection
Quinto, Ecuador
An elevation of more than 9,000 feet near the Equator.
Axis
An imaginary line that runs through the center of the Earth between the North and South Poles. It is tilted. runs from the North Pole to the South Pole example: The Earth is tilted at 231/2 degrees
autocracy
Any system of government in which the power and authority to rule belongs to a single individual ex: _____________ are the oldest and one of the most common forms of government. Most autocrats achieve and maintain their position of authority through inheritance or by the ruthless use of military or police power.
Ring of Fire
Area around the Pacific Ocean known for frequent earthquakes and volcanoes
Changes in the U.S. economy since the 50's
As the 1950s began, the manufacturing sector became a driving force of the economy. Manufacturers helped the economy by turning from wartime production to the manufacturing of cars, televisions, and appliances.
Two most densely populated continents
Asia and Europe
greenhouse gases
Atmospheric gases such as water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide
India and Pakistan released from Britain in
August 1947
What Peninsula is bounded by the Adriatic and Ionian Sea?
Balkan
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Atheism
Belief that God does not exist
1600s
British arrive
How is a location's economic activity related to its physical geography?
By their activities.
Pyongyang
Capital of North Korea
Seoul
Capital of South Korea
What is exchanged in the process of world trade?
Capital, labor, goods, and services
Coriolis effect
Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's hemisphere.
what locations experience marine west coast climates?
Chile, Australia, the British Isles, and the Pacific Coast of North America
Religion in Northwestern Europe
Christianity
Chennai
City in Southern India
semi-arid
Climate zone in which the weather is characterized by hot dry summers and cool dry winters
_______________ environmental condition of Gulf of Mexico
Commercial fishing
How do maps made using GIS make use of computer technology?
Data is entered into a digital database.
acid rain
Destroys forests
deforestation
Destruction of forests
1858
Direct British rule in India
Japan
During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.
Our planet, ____ is part of a physical system called the solar system
Earth
What causes different places on Earth to get different amounts of sunlight?
Earth's tilted axis.
Revolution
Earth's yearly trip around the sun, taking 3651/4 days. This causes the seasons example: Affects the amount of sunlight that reaches different places
How do earthquakes occur?
Earthquakes are causes by tectonic plates rubbing against one another
Plateau of Tibet
East Asia's highest plateau region
Twice a year, around March 21 and September 23, the sun's direct light falls on the ______________.
Equator
Mostly densely populated countries
Europe and Asia
Alps
Europe's Largest Mountain system
____________ is the changing of liquid water into vapor, or gas. It is driven by energy from the ___.
Evaporation, sun
What are Mercury and Venus made of?
Extremely hot gasses
Kenya's Population policy
Family size has been somewhat reduced since, but is still larger than in the West
What kinds of technology can help societies cope with rapid population growth?
Fertilizers, irrigation systems, and new crops
Torah
First five books of the Hebrew Bible
Grapes of Southern France
France is famous for wine
solar radiation
Gives different amounts of heat to different parts of the Earth. This factor has one of the greatest effects on weather patterns. greenhouse effect
___________________________ - shows accurate dist's b/w land features
Goode's Interrupted Equal Area Map Projection
The __________ or ______________, is an area of flat land
Great European Plain.
________________ sells coffee to other countries everywhere. It is its ____________
Guatemalla, key export
2014
Hindu nationalist BJP party
major languages
Hindu, English, and 20+ more
Major Religions
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism
Great Lakes
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
Examples of renewable resources
Hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind power
What extends off of southwestern Europe?
Iberian Peninsula
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
High Latitude Climates
If the polar areas are facing the sun, they receive continuous, but indirect sunlight. They stretch from 60 degrees North to 90 degrees North and 60 degrees South to 90 degrees South.
Remote sensing is most useful in collecting what kind of info.?
Images of things that cannot be seen by the unaided human eye.
largest group of foreign born residents
In 2012 the Census Bureau reported that 13 percent of the total U.S. population was foreign born and that more than half of the foreign-born population came from Latin America.
Reincarnation
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
impact of European colonization
In recent years, European hunters have continued to pursue African game for sport, profit, and food.
11 out of 12 most polluted cities on a World Health Organization list were
India
2500 BC
India home to several ancient civilizations and empires
The Himalaya Hindu Kush and karakoram range
India is located on a subcontinent, which is separated from the rest of Asia by
1947
India split into two
The change to power-driven machines, factories, and mass production is the _________________
Industrial Revolution
The ______________ caused _______________
Industrial Revolution, cultural diffusion
_____________ relate to individual's perception of the world
Internal maps
How does the burning of fossil fuels destroy forests?
It causes acid rain
How does hot magma come to the Earth's surface and what does it form?
It comes to the surface because of volcanoes or earthquakes which form ridges.
What is the "Ring of Fire" and where is it located?
It is one of the most earthquake prone areas located around the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean.
How does migration play a role in population increase and decrease?
It is the movement of people from place to place
How can a physical map help explain the historical development of a country?
It shows location and topography.
Italy occupies what Peninsula?
Italian Peninsula
United Nations
Its goals are to help countries cooperate when it comes to international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace.
Indian forces face resistance in
Jammu and Kashnir
Wani's social media videos called attention to
Kashmir
India has its worst
Kerala
rice
Korea's main crop
_____________ is an important element of culture, because people use it to communicate
Language
U.S. subarctic climate
Large parts of Alaska have a _______________________ with frigid winter temperatures of -70°F (-57°C) in some places.
Ganges River
Located in India, this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals.
_________________ - distance north and south of the Equator
Longitude
Agriculture in India
Lots of cotton. British took over and turn crops to cash crops. British brought Techniques to help crops be more sustainable
What types of vegetation are found in tundra climate regions?
Low bushes, very short grasses, mosses, and lichens.
1920
Mahat ma Gandhi heads campaign of non-violent protest
Monsoon
Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
The Iberian Peninsula separates the Atlantic Ocean and what Sea?
Mediterranean
What region in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia live?
Metropolitan areas
__________________ is a less developed country
Mexico
Jordan
Middle East
level of economic development in the US, Sweden, and South Korea
More developed countries
How did industrialized countries reduce their death rates?
More food, better health care, access to health care and tech, and better housing
Earthwatch, Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife fund
NGOs
City-states are unified under what?
Nationalism
__________________, the belief that the individual's loyalty to the nation or state is above all other beliefs, can lead to war if it reaches extremes.
Nationalism
war
Nationalism can breed conflict if it reaches fanatical levels.
emerging markets
Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization
Republic of India
New Delhi
Magnesite
North Korea has the largest __________ deposits.
Kaesong
Once this South Korean City was retaken the goals of the U.N mission in Korea were considered to have been met.
The Mississippi River
One of the longest rivers in North America. It flows 2,350 miles (3,782 km) from its headwaters, or source, in Minnesota and reaches a width of 1.5 miles (2.4 km)
Jordan Rift Valley
One of the lowest places on land- 1000 ft below sea level
Gobi Desert
One of the worlds largest deserts, covers part of China and present-day Mongolia.
Equinox
One of two days (about March 21 and September 23) on which the sun is directly above the Equator, making day and night equal in length. daytime and nighttime hours are equal example: "Equal night"
Asian and Pacific Islander's residency
Pacific coast cities provide important links to the rest of the world, especially to the growing Asian economies.
India blamed
Pakistan
Diwali
People light candles and lamps and goes over 5 days in Oct or Nov and is celebrated by Hindus and Jains
East africa's cultural diversity
Persian, Islam, Arabic, Chinese, Portugese, and African
food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Manchurian Plain
Plain in northeast china
What is the process that scientists think forms Earth's physical features, and what does it mean?
Plate tectonics - the activities of continental drift and magma flow.
The greatest variation in the amount of sunlight occurs near the ____
Poles
____________ are borders
Political boundaries
_______________, or borders, may change as a result of wars or disputes.
Political boundaries
What is the difference between population density and population distribution?
Population density is the number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land. Population distribution is the variations in population that occur across a country, a continent, or the world.
The process of water falling from the clouds to Earth is called ________
Precipitation
_____________ is a change in regular weather patterns in the Pacific Ocean that affects climates all around the world.
Prevailing winds
What are primary and secondary economic activities?
Primary uses natural resources and secondary uses raw materials
citrus fruits
Produced in the warmer areas of South Korea
Many different religions
Protestant. Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism are among the other religions practiced in the United States. About 16 percent of the U.S. population today is not affiliated with any organized religion.
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Another important part of identity for many people is their ___________.
Religion
What happened to Italy in the Middle Ages?
Renaissance
East Africa's natural resources
Rich in resources and has a diversity of climates
3 major map projections
Robinson, Mercator, Goode's Equal Area
Eastern Ghats
Rolling mountains east of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India.
What type of languages did all of Italy, Spain, and Greece speak?
Romance Languages
Yellow Sea
Separates Korean Peninsula and China, Yellow river runs into it
Tiananmen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.
What is the difference between site and situation?
Site is a city's exact location or physical characteristics. Situation is a more general location.
coastal and deep-sea fishing.
South Korea
Tok Islands
South Korea also claims a group of rocky islets that Koreans call the ____________. Japan also claims them.
What are three kinds of perspective that geographers use to look at the world?
Spatial, geographic, ecological, and experience.
What are the two main types of dry climates and how're they distinguished from each other?
Steppes and deserts
Great Plains
Stretch from 300 miles (483 km) to over 700 miles (1,126 km) wide. The land of the plains is higher in the west and slopes downward until it reaches the Central Lowlands. The plains continue eastward to the base of the Appalachian Mountains, the oldest mountain range on the North American continent. This range extends 1,500 miles (2,414 km), from Canada into the state of Alabama.
oligarchy
System of government in which a small group holds power ex: Today the governments of communist countries, such as China, are mostly _____________.
democracy
System of government in which leaders rule with consent of the citizens ex: The ancient Greeks used the word __________ to mean government by the many in contrast to government by the few.
theocracy
System of government in which those who rule are regarded as divinely inspired ex: a government of officials believed to be divinely inspired.
What are tertiary and Quaternary economic activities?
Tertiary provides services. Quaternary is concerned with the processing, management, and distribution of information
Largest Petroleum Reserves
Texas and Alaska
What might cause a person's mental map to change?
That person's individual experience and perception of people, places, regions, and environments.
Kingdom of Silla
The ______ defeated rival kingdoms and united the entire Korean Peninsula in A.D. 668
China's Sorrow
The flooding of the Huang He (Yellow) River killing many people
Himalaya
The highest mountains in the world; located in the far north region of India.
What causes the freezing temperatures of the high-latitude subarctic climate?
The lack of sunlight
commercial fishing
The large _______________________________ companies and small family businesses provide employment for many people, as well as food for domestic consumption and for export.
Name 4 tools of geography
The map title, compass rose, line symbols and colors.
Asia and Europe
The most densely populated continents.
Ganges
The most sacred river in India
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Devolution
The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
Reforestation
The restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting
What determines which type of plants and animals can survive in a tropical dry climate?
The severity of the dry season
Rotation
The spinning of Earth on its axis when one side is facing the sun is warmer and the other is colder
2008 economic downturn
The subprime mortgage crisis caused an economic downturn that the stock market became unstable and unemployment rose. The bad home loans led to failures of some banks that required the government to bail them out. This had a negative impact on other countries because they relied on the United States.
Christianity and Islam
The two dominant religions in East Africa are
What do Mexico, South Africa, and China have in common?
They are newly industrialized countries.
What are the ways plates move?
They can crash into each other, pull apart, or grind and slide past each other.
How can geographers gather info without interviewing the whole population?
They can interview a small group people.
What type of question does geospatial technology help geographers to answer? Which cannot be answered with geospatial technology?
They can provide images and data related to a location. They cannot show mental maps.
Why might a geographer choose present information in a map rather that with statistics or in writing?
They provide more info
Greenpeace, Oceana, and Seas at Risk
Three NGO's that are working to protect, restore, and improve the marine and coastal ecosystems are _______________, ___________, and _________________________.
Name two uses of a GPS
To determine absolute location and show where you are.
Why would a geographer want o collect a city's historical information like census data and natural disasters?
To see what humans do in their environment.
The sun's direct rays strike the ___________, at latitude 23.5 Degrees North, around June 21, and marks the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tropic of Cancer
Low-latitude zone includes
Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and the Equator
The sun's direct rays strike the ___________, at latitude 23.5 Degrees South, around Dec. 22, and marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tropic of Capricorn.
types of climates and biomes
Tropical heat characterizes much of the subregion, with savanna vegetation predominant. North of the savanna is the semi-arid steppe. North of the semi-arid steppe is the arid desert. Finally, the high mountains of the subregion have warm, humid subtropical climates.
What is an element that is found along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees?
Tungstun
aquaculture
Underwater agriculture
What is the continental shelf?
Underwater extension of the coastal plain
GPI
Used to find relative location
poor soil quality
Which factor most threatens farmers in India?
_________________ is concerned with a free trade area compromising many European countries
World Trade Organization
Folds
a bend in layers of rock, sometimes caused by plate movement bends example: Magma comes through these
massif
a body of mountain ranges formed by fault-line activity
fall line
a boundary in the eastern United States where the higher land of the Piedmont drops to the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain
geometric boundary
a boundary that follows a geometric pattern
geometric boundary
a boundary that follows a geometric pattern example: which often follow straight lines and do not account for natural and cultural features—exist between Libya, Egypt, and Algeria.
culture hearth
a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward
culture hearth
a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward example: Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China, and Mexico.
Functional region
a central place and the surrounding territory linked to it incorporates a central node example: A cell tower provides the central node for a surrounding area in which cell phone users can obtain phone reception
poverty
a challenge in Africa
fertilizer
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility
world city
a city generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system
lingua franca
a common language used among people with different native languages
habitat loss
a consequence of deforestation
Moshav
a cooperative settlement of small individual farms in Israel
Newly industrialized country
a country that has begun transitioning from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activity
newly industrialized country
a country that has begun transitioning from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activity example: The U.S and Canada
More Developed Country
a country which has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations
Less Developed Country
a country which, according to the United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development
Less Developed Country
a country which, according to the United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development example: Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
rift valley
a crack in Earth's surface created by the shifting of tectonic plates
fault
a crack or break in
Faults
a crack or break in Earth's crust occurs in earthquakes example: The San Andreas Fault in California
What can population pyramids show?
a diagram that shows the distribution of a population by age and gender
natural boundary
a fixed limit or extent defined along physical geographic features such as mountains and rivers
natural boundary
a fixed limit or extent defined along physical geographic features such as mountains and rivers example: The Mississippi River forms the borders between several U.S. states. Natural boundaries are often more defensible and easy to identify.
Monarchy
a form of autocracy with a hereditary king or queen exercising supreme power example: The king of Saudi Arabia, for example, is an absolute monarch. Absolute monarchs are rare today, but from the 1400s to the 1700s, kings or queens with absolute power ruled most of Western Europe.
Biofuel
a fuel derived directly from living matter.
trend
a general movement
cultural boundary
a geographical boundary between two different cultures
cultural boundary
a geographical boundary between two different cultures example: When Britain partitioned India and created Pakistan, it created a religious cultural boundary. Muslims were reorganized into Pakistan and Hindus into India.
Sphere
a globe-shaped body largest objects in the solar system example: There are 8 planets that orbit the sun
Glaciers
a large body of ice that moves across the surface of the Earth causes erosion example: They can remove forests, carve out valleys, alter the courses of rivers, and wear down mountain tops
Cataract
a large waterfall
Tropic of Cancer
a latitude line about 231/2 degrees North that passes through Mexico, North Africa, and India
Tropic of Capricorn
a line of latitude about 23 degrees South that runs through South America, the tip of Africa, and Australia.
pollution hot spot
a location where pollution and other human activities have led to the degradation, or even death, of an ecosystem
industrializing country
a manufacturing and well ____________ country
Cylindrical projection
a map created by projecting Earth's image onto a cylinder most accurate at the Equator example: The Mercator projection
Conic projection
a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model accurate at shapes example: Straight lines approximate great circle routes if distances are not great.
Planar projection
a map created by projecting an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane also known as an azimuthal projection example: This is mostly used for the Poles.
Thematic map
a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area shows various natural and human-made features example: Focuses on a single topic
Map projection
a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map it distorts properties of size, shape, distance, or area. example: You must know which properties are distorted in order to understand this
Apennines
a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula
Global Positioning System (GPS)
a navigational system that can determine absolute location by using satellites and receivers on Earth determines exact, or absolute, location of something on Earth example: Helps you find your way back to a campsite
Underground Railroad
a network of safe houses in the United States that helped thousands of enslaved people escape to freedom
horn of Africa
a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia
El Nino
a periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water temperatures in the mid-Pacific region does not occur every year example: Pressure drops over the eastern Pacific
immigrant
a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there
refugee
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
emigrant
a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another.
Theory
a plausible general principle offered to explain observed facts helps geographers example: A meteorite stuck a Russian forest
Samurai
a professional warrior of preindustrial Japan
Formal region
a region defined by a common characteristic, such as production of a product features a unifying characteristic example: The Corn Belt is a band of farmland stretching from Ohio to Nebraska in the United States
Perceptual region
a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data uses a looser standard of characterization example: The term "heartland" refers to a central area in the United States in which traditional values of family and hospitality are believed to predominate
fossil fuels
a resource formed in the Earth by plant and animal remains
cultural divergence
a separation of people or societies, with regards to beliefs, values, and customs due to a division under different political systems.
Fluctuations
a shift from a previous condition changes from previous time example: Geographers can collect information from historical sources regarding census data, economic output, birth and death rates, natural disasters, and disease.
function
a special purpose
Confucianism
a standard for political principles
Escarpment
a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface
cyclone
a storm with heavy rains and high winds that blow in a circular pattern around an area of low atmospheric pressure
pesticide
a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
fertilizer
a substance, such as manure or a chemical mixture, used to make soil more fertile
Capitalism
a system in which factors of production are privately owned
free enterprise
a system in which private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with limited government interference example: People have the ability to make as much money as they can.
Traditional Economy
a system in which tradition and custom control all economic activity; exists in only a few parts of the world today example: It was a tradition in the Inuit society of northern Canada that a hunter would share the food from the hunt with the other families in the village
command economy
a system of resource management in which decisions about production and distribution of goods and services are made by a central authority example: Public taxes support social services.
mixed economy
a system of resource management in which the government supports and regulates enterprise through decisions that affect the marketplace example: No country has a pure market economy system.
Tarrif
a tax on imported goods
Atmosphere
a thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth holds the air we breathe example: The atmosphere is composed of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and small amounts of argon and other gases
rift valley
a valley formed by the separation of tectonic plates
islet
a very small island
smog
a visible chemical haze in the atmosphere
Spatial Perspective
a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another focuses on how individual places or people are related to each other across the Earth example: Used to determine why things are located where they are
US immigrants
absorbed, challenged, and ultimately reshaped American culture
The shift of hunting and gathering to farming was called the
agricultural revolution.
cool (temperature)
air gets thinner
Following bombing of India would take
all diplomatic steps
Forest Rights Act of 2006
allows local areas to restrict commercial logging.
Hamas
an Islamic political party
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
an alliance of 16 Euro-Atlantic countries.
Kyoto Protocol
an amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries
Asian elephant
an animal at risk due to the loss of its natural habitat
national park
an area set aside by a nation's government to protect natural beauty, wildlife, or other remarkable features
desert
an area that receives less than 25 centimeters of rain or less per year
market economy
an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand example: People, as shoppers, choose what products they will or will not buy, and businesses produce more of what they believe consumers want.
stateless nation
an ethnic group without a formal country
Tungsten
an extremely rare heavy-metal element essential in high-tech industry
Great Circle Route
an imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth and represents the shortest distance between two points indicate actual distance between two points example: Ship captains and airplane pilots can use this to reduce travel time and conserve fuel
city-state
an independently governed community consisting of a city and the surrounding lands, notably present in ancient Greece
World Trade Organization
an international body that oversees trade agreements.
coup
an overthrow of the government
negative population growth
annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate
Mediterranean
any coastal mid-latitude climate
quaternary economic activity
are concerned with the processing, management, and distribution of information.
Northern European Plain
area of relatively flat and low-lying land.
conservation area
area that is protected because of big value
habitat
area with conditions suitable for certain plants or animals to live
poor sanitation
areas of bactiria
culture region
areas that have certain traits in common example: They may share similar economic systems, forms of government, or social groups. Their histories, religions, and art forms may share similar influences.
External
arising outside of change the Earth's surface example:winds and water
Greek and Roman Empire and Renaissance
arts started
Other objects that have orbits in the Solar System are _____________, _____________, and ______________.
asteroids, comets, and meteoroids
The sun's radiation passes through the __________
atmosphere
The thin layer of gas that surrounds Earth surface is called the _______________
atmosphere
winds occur because sunlight heats the earths _____________________________ and _____________________________ unevenly
atmosphere, surface
Central Place Theory
attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and number of cities and towns around the world.
A gov in which power to rule belongs to a single person is an __________. Forms of this government included a _______________, in which the decisions are made by by a single leader, and a _________, in which a king or queen exercises supreme powers of government.
autocracy, absolute dictatorship, monarchy
Muhammad
began preaching that people should turn away from sin and worship the one true God.
unique
being the only one; without a like or an equal
Multi-culturalism
belief that different cultures in a nation should be respected and preserved
Approximately 25 percent of the Netherlands is ________________________.
below sea level
The part of Earth that supports life is called the _______________
biosphere
The numbers are different because of
birth and death rates
Sea of Japan
body of water separating Japan from North and South Korea and China
Sea of Japan
body of water separating Japan from the Koreas & China
East China Sea
body of water south of Japan and east of China
North Atlantic Current
brings warm water up from the Caribbean
edge city
business district located in a suburban area
Pakistan shot down an Indian fighter jet in Feb amid north tensions following a
car bomb attack
Rivers in Northern Europe
caused by glaciers
Internal factors such as new ideas, lifestyles, and inventions create ____________ within culture.
change
Weathering
chemical or physical processes that break down rocks into smaller pieces breaks down rocks example: Weather
World Cities
cities generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system
What was Ancient Greece a collection of?
city-states
_____________ refers to the average weather conditions as measured over many years
climate
What is a contributing factor to defrostation?
climate change
Tiny droplets of water come together to form ______
clouds
Northwestern Europe's abundant __________ and ____________ made it possible for industrial development to take place beginning in the 1700s.
coal, iron
Lands along the ______________ areas of continents experience less changeable weather while the _______________ regions of continents experience extremes in seasonal temperature
coast, interior
export agriculture
coffee, tea, spices, and cashews
Ocean currents distribute energy around the planet. Cold currents from polar areas move ___________ ocean water towards the Equator. Warm ocean currents move __________ ocean water away from the Equator.
cold, warm
Capitalism falls under a _______ economy
command
Socialism and communism fall under a ___________ economy.
command
Rome relies on what?
complementarity
Geographic Information System (GIS)
computer programs that process and organize details about places on Earth and integrate those details with satellite images and other pieces of information performs advanced geographical analysis example: Can show multiple layers of information at one time
Water vapor changes into liquid water through a process called
condensation
overwhelming social problems in east Africa
conflict from unrealistic borders/ resource management, bad healthcare, poverty, bad government
Northwestern Europe has ________ and ______ trees
coniferous, deciduous
How did Pangea break apart?
continental drift
midnight sun
continuous daylight, a time when the sun is visible at midnight during the summer in either the Arctic or Antarctic Circle caused by the tilt of Earth's axis example: Revolves around the sun
Different maps can accurately show the same place with different
coordinates
The 3 layers of the earth are
core, mantle, crust
Taklimakan Desert
covers most of the Tarim Basin
Britain's partition of India and Pakistan is an example of a ___________, which separates areas with cultural differences.
cultural boundary
The spread of new knowledge from one culture to another is called
cultural diffusion
major
cultural diffusion has been a ___ factor in cultural development since the beginning of human history.
The ________ of a group is understood by looking at their language, religion, daily life, history, art, and economy.
culture
early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas
culture hearths
Geographers divide the world into ________, which are areas in which people share a similar way of life, including language, religion, economic systems, and values.
culture regions
Cities tend to be centers of _____________ and_______________
culture, creativity
What is a growing concern in Europe?
deforestation
A _________ is a system of government in which leaders rule by the consent of the citizens.
democracy
_______________ is the study of population
demography
The process of _____________, while controversial, makes more fresh water available to people.
desalination
___________ burn ________________ which damage forests
desalination plants, fossil fuels
portions of the low-latitude zone receive the sun's __________________________ year round which gives them warm to hot climates
direct rays
Himalaya range
divided into three ranges: the Greater Himalaya to the north, the Lesser Himalaya in the center, and the Outer Himalaya to the south. The Greater Himalaya soar the highest, averaging over 20,000 feet (6,096 m) in elevation.
tertiary economic activity
do not involve directly acquiring and remaking natural resources.
What do lines of longitude measure?
east and west of the prime meridian
At all latitudes, ________________ has a cooling effect on the climates there, because air cools as it rises to higher altitudes.
elevation
European Union trade
eliminating tariffs and trade barriers
Then, it is radiated as ______________ back into the atmosphere.
energy
Rapid urbanization has caused ______________ and ___________ changes
environmental, social
What is are 2 threats to the natural balance of an ecosystem?
erosion and the loss of top soil
An _______ is a group of people who share a common language, history, or place of origin.
ethnic group
Arab
ethnic group that dominates the Middle East and northern Africa
In the Netherlands, __________ keep back the waters
extensive coastal dunes
There is no life on any other planets because of ________________
extreme temp.'s
deforestation
forest destruction that results from human activity
unitary system
form of government in which all key powers are given to the national or central government example: The United Kingdom and France both developed unitary governments as they emerged from smaller territories during the late Middle Ages and early modern times.
federal system
form of government in which powers are divided between the national government and state or provincial governments example: The United States developed a federal system after the thirteen colonies became independent from Great Britain.
Non-renewable resources energy sources
fossil fuels
Steppe
found on almost every continent and home to a diverse variety of grasses.
Democracy
founded by Deng Xiaoping
Kashmir
free to accede to India or Pakistan
About 97 percent of all water on Earth is _____________
fresh water
Most of Earth's fresh water is ___________ into glaciers and ice caps
frozen
The larger a city is, the more people it has, and the more numerous and highly specialized its _________ tend to be
functions
Economic Activities
geographers study how a culture uses its nat resources to meet needs
Central Place Theory
geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size, and location of human settlements in an urban system
A __________________ often follows straight lines and does not take into account natural or cultural features.
geometric boundaries
Enermous
gigantic; exceedingly large one big expanse example: The five oceans
India plays a role in
global economy and seen emergence of a new elite and a burgeoning middle class
1990s
global trade and investment
Without the greenhouse effect process, the surfaces of the ocean would be _____
gone
imports
goods and services coming into a country.
exports
goods and services sold to other countries ex: food
The purpose of a ______________ is to maintain order, and to protect the people who live under it.
government
3 ways people use geography at work
government, business, and education.
Overgrazing
grazing so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground erodes
The atmosphere is like a ______ because it traps and reflects the right amount of radiation to ensure that the Earth isn't too cold or doesn't overheat.
greenhouse
social classes
groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, or education.
Colonial New England Economy
had rocky soil and a short growing season, but the area's harbors and an abundant supply of timber and fish made shipbuilding and fishing important industries.
Poverty and air pollution go
hand in hand
Mongolia
has been an independent republic since 1991
smog
haze caused by the interaction of ultraviolet solar radiation with chemical fumes from automobile exhausts and other pollution sources
the rivers of India are
held in great reverence by the Hindus
Government
help geographers to understand a culture. __________ do the following: maintain order, provide protection from outside dangers, and supply services to the people.
Internal map
his or her perception of features of the Earth's surface mental maps can be applied to local or global scales example: Memorizing different locations
Tsunami
huge wave
__________________________ study the relationships b/w humans and inanimate objects
human geographers
India's climate zones
humid subtropical
What physical process could geographers track with an arrow on a flow-line map?
hurricanes and glaciers
Italy and Spain benefited from what?
hydroelectricity
oceans, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water make up make up Earth's ____________
hydrosphere
The _________, ____________, and _____________ form the biosphere, where life exists on Earth.
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere
poaching
illegal hunting
Religion
important part of culture beliefs vary a great deal around the world provides an impo sense of identity
Mosque
in Islam, a house of worship
India has the worlds' largest democracy
in the world is expected to overtake China's population in 2028
The latest turning point, which occurred at the end of the 20th century, is called the
information revolution
Core
innermost layer of the Earth made up of a super-hot but solid inner core and a super-hot liquid outer core under enormous amount of pressure example: The outer core is not under a lot of pressure
Terrorism
inspires fear and is any violent and destructive act committed to intimidate a people or a government.
Isolation of the Balkan Peninsula
invasions of people from Asia
Primary economic activity
involve taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth.
world trade
is the exchange (movement) of capital, labor, goods, and services between countries.
Language
key element or part of a culture's development people communicate info and expirences through this
limits to agriculture
lack of arable land
A lake is surrounded on all sides by ______________.
land
Earth's surface has many types of natural ________________, such as continents, mountains, plains, and valleys.
landforms
3 Human Characteristics that can be used to describe a region
language,religion, and population distribution
language family
large groups of languages having similar roots example: English, Spanish, and Russian are all members of the Indo-European language family.
Pacific Ocean
largest and deepest ocean
African elephant
largest land mammal
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
led to the end of asbestos dumping in the Nashua River and spurred the construction of wastewater treatment plants.
Foreclosure
legal proceeding in which a borrower's rights to a property are relinquished due to his or her inability to make payments on the loan
Relative location
location in relation to other places uses reference points to identify one place in relation to another example: The relative location of the city of Lyon can be described as southeast of Paris.
The southern edge of the plains is covered in _______.
loess
_____________ are also known as ___________________
longitudal lines, parallels
Gangetic Plain
lowland, northeastern India, farming, rich alluvial soil
Social system
made up of groups that help members of a culture work together. family is an impo group in this
Central Uplands
made up of low rounded mountains, hills, and high plateaus, with scattered forests
bamboo
main diet of pandas
Biome
major type of ecological community defined primarily by distinctive plant and animal groups defined primarily by distinctive natural vegetation and animal groups example: They overlap with each other
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates.
Region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs
metropolitan area
Most of Northwestern Europe has a ___________ climate.
mild.
14 February
militant attack was deadliest
Industry in Japan
mixed market system
Precipitation
moisture that falls to the Earth as rain, sleet, hail, or snow depends on air temperature and wind conditions example: Falls in streams and goes back into the oceans.
Magma
molten rock that is located below Earth's surface molten rock example: Comes from volcanoes
_____________ - piles of rocks and debris left when glaciers melt
moraines
A ______________ is a country with a lot of people
more developed country
Bigger population centers make
more pollution.
jazz
musical form that developed in the United States in the early 1900s, blending African rhythms and European harmonies
What was Ancient Greece famous for?
mythology
indigenous
native to a place
A ______________ follows physical geography features such as mountains or rivers.
natural boundaries
drift nets
nets that drift free in the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
What do lines of latitude measure?
north and south of the equator
there is always a serious threat of
nuclear escalation
both have
nuclear powers
1974
nuclear test
birthrate
number of births per year for every 1,000 people
death rate
number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people
Negev Desert
occupies most of Israel
West Coast Marine Climate
ocean winds bring cool summers and cool,damp winters.
The vast expanse of water that surrounds all the continents consists of 5 ________ These ___________ are the ________, _______, ____________, __________, and _________________.
oceans Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic, and the Southern Ocean
Primary
of first rank, importance, or value needs to be produced example: Corn
An ______________________ is a system of government in which power is held by a small group. A ____________________ is a type of this government where officials are believed to be divinely inspired.
oligarchy, theocracy
Solstice
one of two days (about June 21 and December 22) on which the sun's rays strike directly on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn, marking the beginning of summer or winter. ended by the equinox example: Lasts a long time
1 child policy
only being able to have 1 child per couple
Mercury, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the _______________________
other planets
Crust
outer layer of the Earth, a hard rocky shell forming Earth's surface hard, rocky shell forming Earth's surface example: Carries the Earth's oceans and continents
Hezbollah
paramilitary group dedicated to destroying Israel
Continental shelf
part of a continent that extends out underneath the ocean underwater extension of the coastal plain example: ___________ _______ slope out from land for as far as 800 miles (1,287 km)
similar
people of a culture share ______ ways of thinking, believing, and living.
ethnic group
people who share a common language, history, or place of origin. example: an Indian tribe
Community
people with common interests living in a particular area example: food shortages in production and availability continue to be an issue
Permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground permanently frozen subsoil example: Brief summer growing seasons may support needled evergreens
Prophet
person believed to be a messenger from God
Daoism
philosophy emphasizes harmony with nature and simple living.
Two types of weathering
physical and chemical. Physical weathering occurs when large masses of rock are physically broken down into smaller pieces. Chemical weathering changes the chemical makeup of rocks.
Moraines
piles of rocky debris left by melting glaciers form long ridges of land example: Dams hold back water
Spheres called ___ orbit the ___
planets, sun
world city
play an important role in the global economic system
economic, social, and environmental issues
poaching
The high-latitude zone includes Earth's distant ______ areas which contain continuous, but indirect, sunlight.
polar
Geopolitics
politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.
deterioration of soil conditions
poor farming in Africa erodes away at the soil.
cities all over the world face many of the same problems: _____________, _________, ________________, and _____________
poor housing, homelessness, pollution, and social problems.
Currently, the world's urban _____ is growing faster than its rural population.
population
2000
population tops 1 billion
Tiger numbers have dramatically decreasing
population trend
authority
power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior.
physical geographers
predict precipitation patterns
Spreading
process by which magma wells up between oceanic plates and pushes the plates apart causes deep cracks example: Underwater volcanoes
Subduction
process by which oceanic plates dive beneath continental plates, often causing mountains to form on land forms mountains example: Magma comes out of the ground
Desertification
process in which arable land becomes desert
Faulting
process of cracking that occurs when the folded land cannot be bent any further breaks into huge blocks example: Earth's crust shakes
New Orleans levees
raised embankments, around the city has destroyed wetlands that once protected the area from flooding.
What did the Greeks value?
realism
Renaissance
rebirth; the period in European civilization characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values
The sun's radiation is ________ by the Earth's surface
reflected
metropolitan area
region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs
Water cycle
regular movement of Earth's water from ocean to air to ground and back to the ocean water goes through multiple changes example: The sun over bodies of water
Complementarity
relationship between two places in which one produces something the other needs, resulting in an exchange
Geographers focus on ___________ and _______________
religion and race
Farmers in India
rely on intense labor methods
rain shadow
result of a process by which dry areas develop on the leeward sides of mountain ranges causes dry areas example: Might make deserts
Earth's _________ around the sun, combined with its tilted axis, affects how much sunlight reaches different places on earth at different times of year.
revolution
What are three indicators of climate change?
rising global temperatures, severe weather changes such as intense heat waves and changes in precipitation, an increase in severe weather events and rising sea levels
The ____ systems and ___________ soil make the area good for farming.
river, fertile
Cities usually develop near_____________
rivers
currency
rupee
Desalination helps solve the problem with _________________________________________
scarcity of freshwater
Most cities in Northwestern Europe are w/n 300 mi of a ___ or ________ coast
sea, ocean
Three types of smaller bodies of salt water are ____________, _________________, and ____________.
seas, gulfs, and bays
Daniel Markey believes escalation is more
serious
What do undocumented migrant workers fill?
service industry
Sociologists, economists, and geographers have developed ____________ to explain where people and businesses exist in an urban setting.
several models
NAFTA Environmental Issues
shifted environmental concerns south to the U.S. - Mexico border.
Describe the humid subtropical climate
short, mild winters and year-round rain
What are problems presented by rapid population growth?
shortages of water, housing, and clothing.
Overfarming
situation in which land is repeatedly farmed so that the soil nutrients are depleted
Accretion
slow process in which an oceanic plate slides under a continental plate, creating debris that can cause continents to grow outward makes debris in trenches example: Continents go outward
Oasis
small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found area of lush vegetation example: Temperatures vary here
Village Houses in India
small houses with one or two rooms
"This years rain is last years snow"
snow consists of frozen water and becomes rain at higher temperatures
Japan's alternative energy
solar power, wind, biomass, and small hydroelectric and geothermal
A ____________ is made up of a group of planets revolving around the same sun
solar system.
structure
something constructed or arranged in a definite pattern of organization
inncentive
something that motivates one to act.
Districts of Rhur, Middle Rhine, Lorraine-Staar
sparked growth of heavy industry.
Habitat losses are serious threats to the
species' survival
urban sprawl
spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city
Fresh water flows in _______ and ____________
streams, rivers
Occupation of Japan
stripped empire of its territories and militaries
Indian warplanes crossed Line of Control and
struck targets in Pakistan
J and K have
stunning surroundings
More than 40 Indian soldiers died on Feb 14 in
suicide attacks ended hope of thaw
arable
suitable for growing crops
When its __________ in the Southern Hemisphere, it is ___________ in the Northern Hemisphere
summer,winter
The ___ is the center of the solar system, and is the largest object in it.
sun
The position of Earth in relation to the _______ directly effects climate
sun
Gangetic Plain
supports large religious group
Oligarchy
system of government in which a small group holds power. example: Today the governments of communist countries, such as China, are mostly oligarchies. Leaders in the Communist Party and the military control the government.
Democracy
system of government in which leaders rule with consent of the citizens example: Islamic sharia law is imposed in parts of North Africa and Southwest Asia
Autocracy
system of government in which one person rules with unlimited power and authority example: Autocracies are the oldest and one of the most common forms of government.
Theocracy
system of government in which the officials are regarded as divinely inspired example: People hold sovereign power.
Agriculture of Southern Europe
takes place on coastal plains that receive more rainfall and develop a thicker topsoil as a result of runoff and sediment left by rivers.
Reasons why international trade is more costly than domestic commerce
tariffs, border delays, country differences
_____________ perform _________ activities
teachers, tertiary
higher elevation
temperature will drop and air gets thinner
coniferous
term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles
The type of political conflict known as _______________ uses random violence to intimidate a people or a government.
terrorism
What lies north to the Italian Peninsula?
the Alps
What runs down the Italian Peninsula?
the Apennines
What are characterized by massifs?
the Piernees
deforestation
the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
population density
the average number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land example: Both Tunisia and the Czech Republic have about 10.5 million people. Tunisia, with a larger land area, has only 169 people per square mile (65 people per sq. km). However, the Czech Republic has 349 people per square mile (134 people per sq. km).
trade
the business of buying and selling or exchanging items
What did Athens introduce?
the concept of democracy
lower labor costs
the costs of labors are going down
Aquaculture
the cultivation of seafood
What is urbanization?
the desire of rural people to find jobs and a better life in more prosperous urban areas.
foreign investment
the direct ______________ b/w China and Africa
Connectivity
the directness of routes linking pairs of places
Columbia Plateau
the dry area between the Pacific Ranges and the Rocky Mountains formed by lava
Science and Technology
the emphasis on all education
Absolute loction
the exact position of a place on the earth's surface. gives precise reading of where a place is using latitude and longitude example: The absolute location of the famous Tokyo Tower is 35°39' 30.96" N latitude and 139°44' 43.59" E longitude.
Precipitation
the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
waterfalls for factories
the first factories harnessed power from ________________.
Situation
the geographic position of a place in relation to other places or features of a larger region refers to a more general location example: San Francisco's _____________ is on the Pacific coast, close to California's agricultural lands.
natural increase
the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate
largest mangrove forest
the heartland of northern India
Elevation
the height of land surface above the level of the sea the height above sea level example: Colors are used for identifying water features such as oceans, lakes, or rivers; land features such as deserts, valleys, plains, or mountain ranges; and human-made features such as roads, parks, or streets.
Mount Paektu
the highest peak on the Korean Peninsula; located between North Korea and China
access to fresh water
the magnet to people in EA
demographic transition
the model that uses birthrates and death rates to show how populations in countries or regions change over time example: Death rates can fall quickly as a result of more abundant and reliable food supplies, improved health care, access to medicine and technology, and better living conditions. Birthrates decline more slowly because the declines result from changes in cultural traditions that can often take longer.
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews.
Migration
the movement of people from one place to another
Erosion
the movement of weathered rock and material by wind, glaciers, and moving water wears away at the Earth's surface example:Wind, glaciers, and moving water
Biosphere
the part of Earth where life exists all life lives within the atmosphere example: Life outside this needs technology to survive
inner planets
the planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
carrying capacity
the population that an area will support w/o undergoing deterioration
Ecotourism
the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
Condensation
the process by which excess water vapor turning into liquid water when air cools tiny drops of water come together to form clouds example: Storms
Evaporation
the process of converting liquid into vapor, or gas caused by the sun example: Warm air can hold more water vapor than cooler air
Meiji Restoration
the rapid modernization of Japanese society, including its government, economy, military, education, and legal systems.
Desalination
the removal of salt from seawater to make it usable for drinking and farming
Desalination
the removal of salt from seawater to make it usable for drinking and farming to remove salt from ocean water or groundwater example: To make water safe to drink
Coriolis effect
the resulting diagonal movement, either north or south, of prevailing winds caused by the Earth's rotation the strength of the _____ _____ is proportional to the speed of Earth's rotation at different latitudes. example: Causes changes in wind
Remote sensing
the science of obtaining information about an object or an area from a distance, typically from instruments in aircraft or satellites any technique used to measure, observe, or monitor a subject or process without physically touching the object under observation example: Scientists use this when they analyze images from satellites, telescopes, and cameras in airplanes and spacecraft.
Site
the specific location of a place, including its physical setting refers to the exact location example: The _____ of San Francisco is at the end of a peninsula in northern California
cultural diffusion
the spread of culture traits, material and non-material, from one culture to another
cultural diffusion
the spread of culture traits, material and non-material, from one culture to another. example: trading
Demography
the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Plate tectonics
the term scientists use to describe the activities of continental drift and magma flow, which create many of Earth's physical features refers to the physical processes that create many of Earth's physical features example: Makes mountains
Continental drift
the theory that the continents were once joined and then slowly drifted apart believed that every continent formed Pangaea example: 500 million years ago the Earth did not look like what it did today
doubling time
the time required for a population to double in size example: a husband and wife in a rural agricultural area may choose to have several children who will help farm the land.
by-catch
the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species
Surface
the upper layer of land has been moving for hundreds to millions of years example: Wind and water occur on the _______
drift-net fishing
the use of fishing nets of great length and depth
Relief
the variation in elevation across an area of Earth's land shows difference in elevation between different land forms example: An elevation key
population distribution
the variations in population that occur across a country, a continent, or the world. example: related to Earth's physical geography
Hydrosphere
the watery areas of the earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water the Earth is made up of water and land example: 70 percent of Earth is water
Culture
the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs example: a particular culture can be understood by looking at language, religion, daily life, history, art, government, technology, and economy.
Mantle
thick middle layer of the Earth's interior structure consisting of hot rock that is dense but flexible soft example: Releases 80 percent of the heat coming from the inner core
rural population
those people not living in urban areas, including sparsely populated areas along the fringes of cities
rural population
those persons not living in urban areas
Large river systems may go on for _________________
thousands of miles
Create
to bring into being or cause to exist volcanoes are made by plate tectonics example: Earthquakes
Obtain
to gain or acquire, usually by planning or effort gather data example: Interviewing a group of people
regulate
to govern or direct according to rule
Transmit
to send from one place to another sends data from space to Earth example: Helps a GPS know where you are
European Union economy
tourism
China
trade b/w _____ and Africa
People depend on rivers for ________, ________, and _______.
transportation, trade, recreational act.
______________ and __________ help countries work together to resolve conflict and share resources.
treaties, international organizations
decidous trees
trees that shed their leaves and grow new ones each year
Constant
unchanging rain varies from year to year example: The amount of water that evaporates into the sky is the same amount that falls back
Auquifer
underground water-bearing layers of porous rock, sand, or gravel _________ and groundwater are important sources of freshwater example: Slow flows of water
Lithosphere
uppermost layer of the Earth that includes the crust, continents, and ocean basins includes the ocean basins, or the land beneath the oceans example: 30 percent of Earth is land
secondary economic activity
use raw materials to make a tangible product that is new and more valuable than the original raw material.
California Aqueducts
used to carry water for hundreds of miles to more than 25 million Californians and to 750,000 acres (303,515 ha) of irrigated farmland
1971
war of East Pakistan to Bangladesh
The _____ is the process by which water moves from the oceans to the air and back to the oceans.
water cycle
The ________________ is driven by the ___________
water cycle, sun
Groundwater
water located underground within the Earth that supplies wells and springs freshwater under Earth's surface example: Comes from rainwater and melted snow
What made the Grand Canyon?
water or wind erosion
The amount of ___________________ on Earth is basically constant, or unchanging.
water vapor
________________ is the condition of the atmosphere in one place over a short period of time.
weather
Three factors that determine the type of soil that can develop in an area
weathering, erosion, and biological activities
tropical wet
wet and dry seasons.
Florida Everglades
wetland severely damaged by algae
Three basic economic questions
what should be produced, how it should be produced, and for whom it should be produced.
Poverty remains
widespread
Three forces that can cause erosion
wind, glaciers, and moving water
Precipitation generally falls on the _______________ side of a mountain, the side that faces the wind.
windward
Shortest day of the year is the ___________________________.
winter solstice
Japan's traditional ways
writing system, art, sciences, and governmental structure.
Vegetation of the Tropical Rainforest
● Broad-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs ● Many layers to the rain forest including emergent, canopy, understory and forest floor
