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ch 43 practice problems

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1) The innate immunity that protects a person digging in the garden from developing a microbial infection includes all of the following except A) lymphocytes. B) the skin. C) mucous membranes. D) acidic secretions. E) antimicrobial proteins.

A Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

4) How do people contract salmonella poisoning? A) The microbe can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and resist lysosomal degradation in macrophages. B) The chemotactic messengers released by the salmonella bacterium did not attract sufficient neutrophils to entirely destroy the infection. C) There was a delay in selection of the population of eosinophils that recognize and are responsible for fighting these bacterial infections. D) The bacterium released chemical messengers that make it resistant to phagocytosis. E) The combination of foods eaten at the meal reduced the pH of the stomach sufficiently so that the bacterium was not destroyed.

A Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

8) Which action below is affected by an antihistamine? A) blood vessel dilation B) phatocytosis of antigens C) MHC presentation by macrophages D) the secondary immune response E) clonal selection by antigens

A Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

11) Each indication below is a clinical characteristic of inflammation except A) decreased temperature. B) edema. C) redness. D) pain. E) increased blood flow.

A Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Knowledge

21) When would B cells produce effector cells? A) between 0 and 7 days B) between 7 and 14 days C) between 28 and 35 days D) both A and B E) both A and C

A Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Application

29) In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated? A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines C) when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell D) in the bone marrow during the self tolerance test E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

A Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

16) Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule? A) the epitope B) the constant or C regions C) the variable or V regions D) the light chains E) the heavy chains

A Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Knowledge

24) Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) stem cells D) B cells E) T cells

A Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Knowledge

49) When antibodies attack antigens, clumping of the affected cells generally occurs. This is best explained by A) the shape of the antibody with at least two binding regions. B) disulfide bridges between the antigens. C) complement that makes the affected cells sticky. D) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. E) denaturation of the antibodies.

A Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

57) The successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen A) is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing. B) requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies. C) is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen. D) is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope. E) is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous.

A Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

31) These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells. A. cytotoxic T cells B. natural killer cells C. helper T cells D. macrophages E. B cells

A Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Knowledge

33) These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, and they respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes. A. cytotoxic T cells B. natural killer cells C. helper T cells D. macrophages E. B cells

A Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Knowledge

60) In which of the cases could the mother exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus? A) case 1 only B) case 3 only C) cases 1 and 2 only D) cases 1, 2, and 3 E) It cannot be determined from the data given.

A Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Application

62) In which of the cases would the precaution likely be taken to give the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby? A) case 1 only B) case 3 only C) cases 1 and 2 only D) cases 1, 2, and 3 E) It cannot be determined from the data given.

A Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Application

65) An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because A) MHC molecules of the host may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue. B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. C) a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not. D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

A Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Comprehension

66) Which of the following could prevent the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack? A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body D) A and B only E) B and C only

A Topic: Concept 43.5 Skill: Application

40) Both lysozyme and cytotoxic T cells A) kill cells through chemical interactions. B) kill cells by inducing apoptosis. C) kill cells by generating a membrane attack complex. D) are part of innate immunity. E) are involved in cell-mediated immune responses.

A Topic: Concepts 43.1, 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

79) Which of the following is not a component of an insect's defense against infection? A) phenoloxidase activation, leading to the formation of large deposits around parasites B) activation of natural killer cells C) phagocytosis by hemocytes D) production of antimicrobial peptides E) a protective exoskeleton

81) Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. D) They are subject to infection by HIV. E) When activated, they secrete cytokines.

86) HIV targets include all of the following except A) macrophages. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) helper T cells. D) cells bearing CD4 and fusin. E) brain cells.

18) The clonal selection theory implies that A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. B) antigens activate specific lymphocytes. C) only certain cells can produce interferon. D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

B Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

30) Which statement about antibodies is false? A) Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins. B) Antibodies bind with foreign cells and lyse them. C) The structure of antibodies includes both a constant and a variable region. D) Antibodies act as signals to blood complement proteins or phagocytes. E) Plasma cells are responsible for the production of antibodies.

B Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

36) Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells? A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → synthesis of new viral proteins → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released D) complement cells → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Application

56) Which of the following would be most beneficial in treating an individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin? A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin B) injection of antibodies to the toxin C) injection of interleukin-1 D) injection of interleukin-2 E) injection of interferon

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Application

35) Which of the following is (are) not involved in the activation and functioning of cytotoxic T cells? A) interleukins B) antigen-presenting cells C) class I MHC molecules D) T cell surface protein CD8 E) perforin

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

47) Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other in the A) way they are produced. B) way they interact with the antigen. C) type of cell that produces them. D) antigenic determinants that they recognize. E) number of carbohydrate subunits they have.

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

48) Which of the following types of cells is not involved in both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity? A) pathogenic cells B) plasma cells C) helper T cells D) macrophages E) memory cells

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

52) What happens to people who receive flu vaccinations? A) They develop active immunity to the flu. B) They develop passive immunity to the flu. C) They have immunity to smallpox infection. D) They have an increased number of natural killer (NK) cells. E) They develop a hypersensitive humoral immune response.

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

44) Which of the following are all types of T cells that participate in the immune response system? A) CD4, CD8, and helper cells B) cytotoxic and helper cells C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells E) class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Knowledge

34) These cells are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these cells may have a higher than normal chance of developing malignant tumors. A. cytotoxic T cells B. natural killer cells C. helper T cells D. macrophages E. B cells

B Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Knowledge

64) In order to investigate the immune system of an invertebrate animal, a scientist grafts a section of epidermis from one earthworm to another. What might be the result of such an experiment? A) Invertebrates do not have immune responses, so the graft will be accepted. B) The graft will be recognized as nonself and rejected. C) This graft will be accepted, but a second graft would be rejected. D) The graft may recognize the host as foreign and react to it. E) Both B and D would happen.

B Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Application

59) A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in which of the following? A) the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies B) the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells C) the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type D) no reaction because type O is a universal donor E) no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies

B Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Comprehension

58) What would be the major concern for an individual with type A blood who receives a transfusion of type B blood? A) the antibodies in the serum of the donor B) the antibodies in the serum of the recipient C) the anti-A antibodies produced by the donor D) the production of memory cells that will occur in the recipient E) antibodies in both the donor's and recipient's serum

B Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Comprehension

70) A person with AIDS would be unlikely to suffer from which of the following diseases? A) cancer B) rheumatoid arthritis C) hepatitis D) tuberculosis E) influenza

B Topic: Concept 43.5 Skill: Application

75) The genetic material of HIV consists of A) single-stranded DNA. B) single-stranded RNA. C) double-stranded DNA. D) double-stranded RNA. E) none of the above

B Topic: Web/CD Activity: HIV Reproductive Cycle

76) Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a A) promoter. B) provirus. C) transposon. D) lac. E) homeobox.

B Topic: Web/CD Activity: HIV Reproductive Cycle

73) Clonal selection is the division of ________ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned ________. A) helper T cells; plasma cells B) B cells; plasma cells and memory cells C) T cells; B cells D) B cells; macrophages E) macrophages; B cells and T cells

B Topic: Web/CD Activity: Immune Responses

83) Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and cytotoxic T cells respond to invaders? A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. B) B cells kill viruses directly; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. C) B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. D) B cells accomplish cell-mediated immunity; cytotoxic T cells accomplish humoral immunity. E) B cells respond the first time the invader is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.

80) An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? A) the antibody-binding site B) the heavy-chain constant regions only C) the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined D) the light-chain constant regions only E) the antibody tail

10) Inflammatory responses may include all of the following except A) clotting proteins sealing off a localized area. B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. D) release of substances to increase the blood supply to an inflamed area. E) increased release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

C Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

13) Which of the following is a false statement about innate immunity? A) They include inflammatory responses. B) They include physical and chemical barriers. C) They must be primed by the presence of antigen. D) They may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes. E) Macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process.

C Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

20) A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. C) phagocytic cells must first be activated by the complement system. D) antigen receptors are not the same. E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response.

C Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

19) The clonal selection theory is an explanation for how A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. B) V gene and J gene segments are rearranged. C) an antigen can provoke development of very few cells to result in production of high levels of specific antibodies. D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

C Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

53) Naturally acquired passive immunity would involve the A) injection of vaccine. B) ingestion of interferon. C) placental transfer of antibodies. D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes. E) injection of antibodies.

C Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Comprehension

37) Which of the following is the last line of defense against an extracellular pathogen? A) lysozyme production B) phagocytosis by neutrophils C) antibody production by plasma cells D) histamine release by basophils E) lysis by natural killer cells

C Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Knowledge

61) In which of the cases would the mother not exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus? A) case 1 only B) case 3 only C) cases 2 and 3 only D) cases 1, 2, and 3 E) It cannot be determined from the data given.

C Topic: Concept 43.4 Skill: Application

71) Which choice could be used as an analogy to describe how HIV affects the body? A) bypassing a light switch so that electricity is constantly flowing to a light B) rebooting a computer after getting a program error message C) snipping the wires coming from a car battery so that no electricity flows to the car components D) an elevator stopping at the floor for which the button has been pushed E) changing the color of your house to match the color of your car

C Topic: Concept 43.5 Skill: Comprehension Media Activity Questions

78) Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local inflammation? A) arteriole constriction B) fever C) attack by cytotoxic T cells D) release of histamine E) antibody- and complement-mediated lysis of microbes

82) Which of the following molecules is incorrectly paired with a source? A) lysozyme—tears B) interferons—virus-infected cells C) antibodies—B cells D) chemokines—cytotoxic T cells E) cytokines—helper T cells

84) Which of the following results in long-term immunity? A) the passage of maternal antibodies to a developing fetus B) the inflammatory response to a splinter C) the administration of serum obtained from people immune to rabies D) the administration of the chicken pox vaccine E) the passage of maternal antibodies to a nursing infant

14) What is the single most important event establishing a primary immune response? A) the presentation of viral protein complexed to class I MHC B) the lyses of virally infected cells by cytotoxic T cells C) the phagocytosis of microbes by antigen-presenting cells D) the recognition of self versus foreign E) apoptosis of virally infected cells

D Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Application

3) Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following? A) the mucous membranes that cover their surface B) the secretion of complement proteins C) the release of slightly acidic secretions D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface E) interferons produced by immune cells

D Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

6) Which statement about the complement system is true? A) These proteins are involved in innate immunity and not acquired immunity. B) These proteins are secreted by cytotoxic T cells. C) This group of proteins includes interferons. D) These proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins. E) none of the above

D Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

7) In the inflammatory response, the absence of which of the following would prevent all the others from happening? A) dilation of arterioles B) increased permeability of blood vessels C) increased population of phagocytes in the area D) release of histamine E) leakage of plasma to the affected area

D Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

9) Which cell and signaling molecule are responsible for initiating an immune response? A) phagocytes: lysozyme B) phagocytes: chemokines C) dendritic cells: interferon D) mast cells: histamine E) lymphocytes: interferon

D Topic: Concept 43.1 Skill: Comprehension

28) A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system? A) B cells B) plasma cells C) natural killer cells D) T cells E) macrophages

D Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Application

17) If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen? A) His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface. B) His immune system would not function. C) Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur. D) His T cells would not undergo the test of self-tolerance. E) His B cells would be reduced in number.

D Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

26) Which of the following is true of both T cells and B cells? A) They produce effector cells against specific pathogens. B) They are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. C) They can attack and destroy invading pathogens. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.

D Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Comprehension

15) What are antigens? A) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump B) proteins embedded in B cell membranes C) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies E) proteins released during an inflammatory response

D Topic: Concept 43.2 Skill: Knowledge

55) Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? A) The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. B) The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. C) Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. D) There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. E) All of the above are true.

D Topic: Concept 43.3 Skill: Application

54) A major difference between active and passive immunity is that active immunity requires A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. C) transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta. D) direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. E) secretion of interleukins from macrophages.