Ch 6 Socioemotional development in infancy

insecure resistant babies

often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. In the Strange Situation, these babies often cling anxiously to the caregiver and don't explore the playroom. When the caregiver leaves, they often cry loudly and then push away if she tries to comfort them on her return.

Scaffolding

practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents

primary emotions

present in humans and other animals; these emotions appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development. these emotions include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

difficult child

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

self-conscious emotions

require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me." these emotions include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, most of these occurring for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

basic cry

rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. Some infancy experts believe that hunger is one of the conditions that incites this

Michael Lewis

self-conscious emotions

reciprocal socialization

socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.

Harry Harlow's attachment research

studied infant attachment using monkey Sentence: In the 1950s, researcher Harry Harlow raised baby monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys.

social referencing

term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

locomotion

the ability to move from place to place

joint attention

the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

these Psychiatrists identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament

oxytocin and vasopressin

two neuropeptide hormones that play a role in forming the maternal-infant bond

securely attached babies

use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. When they are in the presence of their caregiver, infants explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it. When the caregiver departs, infants might protest mildly, and when the caregiver returns these infants reestablish positive interaction with her, perhaps by smiling or climbing onto her lap. Subsequently, they often resume playing with the toys in the room.

reflexive smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.

social smile

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age.

pain cry

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present. stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus

anger cry

A variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords

Face-to-face play

Infants respond more positively to people than objects at 2 to 3 months of age Still-face paradigm Increases in imitative and reciprocal play between 18-24 months

inhibition to the unfamiliar

Jerome Kagan regards shyness with strangers as one feature of a broad temperament category called

prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala

One theoretical view proposed that these parts of the brain likely have an important role in maternal attachment behavior

phase 3

Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

parent-infant synchrony

Refers to the time oriented or temporal coordination of social behavior, which plays an important role in children's development.

visual self-recognition

The mirror technique was devised as a means of assessing an infant's:

Harlow's Monkeys

This study clearly demonstrated that feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that contact comfort is important.

gaze following

a characteristic of social interaction in which one person shifts his or her visual attention in the direction another person has turned to look

oxytocin

a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth

attachment

an emotional tie with another person

separation protest

an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

stranger situation

an observational measure of infant attachment that takes about 20 minutes in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. mary ainsworth

insecure disorganized babies

appear disoriented. In the Strange Situation, these babies might seem dazed, confused, and fearful. To be classified as disorganized, babies must show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

Mary Rothbart and John Bates

argue that three broad dimensions best represent what researchers have found to characterize the structure of temperament: extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control (selfregualtion)

Effortful control (self-regulation)

attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure"

insecure avoidant babies

avoiding the caregiver. In the Strange Situation, these babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver, are not distressed when she leaves the room, usually do not reestablish contact when she returns, and may even turn their back on her. If contact is established, the infant usually leans away or looks away.

family

can be thought of as a constellation of subsystems—a complex whole made up of interrelated, interacting parts—defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. Each family member participates in several subsystems. The father and child represent one subsystem, the mother and father another, the mother-father-child yet another, and so on.

still face paradigm

caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive

low effortful control

children are often unable to control their arousal; they become easily agitated and intensely emotional.

freud's view on attachment

emphasized that infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction. For most infants, this is the mother, since she is most likely to feed the infant

positive emotions

enthusiasm, joy, and love.

emotion

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition

focuses on differences between shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood

easy child

generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

slow-to-warm-up child

has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

negative emotions

include anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.

negative affectivity

includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort" These children are easily distressed; they may fret and cry often. Kagan's inhibited children fit this category

extraversion/surgency

includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter. Kagan's uninhibited children fit into this category.

temperament

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. With regard to its link to emotion, this refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away.

high effortful control

infants with this show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves.

react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect, beginning at about 7 to 9 months of age.

inhibited children

developmental cascade model

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes. Developmental cascades can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. Further, links can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development, such as infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's 2nd stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

trust

Following a life of regularity, warmth, and protection in the mother's womb, the infant faces a world that is less secure. Erikson proposed that infants learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent, warm manner. If the infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is likely to develop.

phase 2

From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

phase 4

From 24 months on. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

phase 1

From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.