Chapter 10 Review
Jack is seven years old. He did not eat his lunch at school. He knows that his mother would be angry if she does not know the reason why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believes that his mother would understand if he explained to her that the food was stale. According to Selman, this scenario illustrates level _____ of perspective-taking skills in childhood.
1
T/F: A conduct disorder is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as school phobia.
F
T/F: As children undergo the cognitive developments of middle childhood, their self-concepts focus on concrete external traits, such as appearance, activities, and living situations.
F
T/F: Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
F
T/F: Children of working mothers tend to be inflexible in their gender role stereotypes.
F
T/F: Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
F
T/F: Conflicts among friends tend to be very intense and often remain unresolved.
F
_____ is an irrational, excessive fear that interferes with one's functioning.
Phobia
T/F: Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.
T
T/F: Students do not do as well when teachers rely heavily on criticism, ridicule, threats, or punishment.
T
T/F: When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.
T
Although children during this stage are able to perform mental operations, they work poorly when applied to abstract ideas.
concrete operations
Conservation is a hallmark of which of Piaget's developmental stages?
concrete operations
In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence is linked to _____.
depression
Gender segregation reaches a peak during this period of development.
early childhood
According to studies by Nomaguchi in 2006 and Wright & Young in 1998, children of working mothers tend to be:
flexible in their gender role stereotypes
Nearly all forms of physical disability, chronic illness, acute illness, and accidents are more frequent among children living in poverty. Why is this so?
less access to health care, more dangerous home and neighborhood situations, higher levels of stress
Which developmental period has the lowest death rate?
middle childhood
Charlene was born as a girl, but she feels that she should have been a boy. She would prefer to be a boy and engage in activities for boys. She is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery to become male. Which of the following terms best describes Charlene?
A transsexual
Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?
Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
According to Anita Woolfolk, which of the following is a way in which teachers can help motivate all students to do their best?
By making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem of children in middle childhood?
By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
Which of the following is true of parent-child relationships in middle childhood?
Children spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
Children with conduct disorders:
Children with conduct disorders:
Which of the following refers to the gradual transfer of control from parent to child during middle childhood?
Coregulation
According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?
Intimate and mutual sharing
Which of the following is true of middle childhood?
Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities.
Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?
Peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
Which of the following deals with the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others?
Social cognition
Which of the following theories focuses on the importance of rewards and modeling in middle childhood?
Social cognitive theory
According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by:
a decline in egocentrism.
According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in level 0:
are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children:
are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
According to studies by Rodkin et al. in 2013 and Xie et al. in 2006, socially speaking, popular children:
are nurturant, cooperative, and helpful.
According to studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with low self-esteem are more likely to have _____.
authoritarian parents
Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to:
cling to their parents and follow them around the house.
Children with _____ exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.
conduct disorders
Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail biology because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates Jacob's _____.
external attribution style
According to studies by Tobin et al. in 2010 and Underwood & Rosen in 2011, in middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____ than boys.
general academics
According to a study by Hangal & Aminabhavi in 2007, daughters of employed women:
have higher goals for themselves.
According to studies by Abrams et al. in 2014 and Smith & Rose in 2011, children with better perspective-taking skills tend to:
have improved peer relationships.
According to a study by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological ''alarm reaction,'' indicating that their:
heart rate rises sharply.
A similarity between schools and parents is that both:
make demands for mature behavior.
In 1980, Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _____ stage, children remain egoistic.
momentary physical interaction
According to a study by Steca et al. in 2014, a child with low self-esteem in academics tends to:
quit following failure.
According to studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.
restrictive
Except for extreme cases, it is usually not better for children with _____ to remain at home until the origins of the problem are uncovered and resolved.
school phobia
A child with _____ may voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime.
separation anxiety disorder
According to a study by Rice in 2014, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed children (and adults) ''underutilize'' the neurotransmitter _____.
serotonin
According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in level 1:
understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.
