Chapter 10 Study Guide

The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus do what?

-abduct and medially rotate thigh -during walking, shift weight of trunk toward limb with foot on the ground as other foot is lifted

The latissimus dorsi does what?

-adducts and medially rotates humerus -extends the shoulder joint as in pulling on the oars of a rowboat -produces backward swing of arm in such actions as walking and bowling -with hands grasping overhead objects, pulls body forward and upward, as in climbing -aids in deep inspiration, sudden expiration such as sneezing and coughing, and prolonged forceful expiration as in singing or blowing a sustained note on a wind instrument

The adductor magnus does what?

-adducts and medially rotates thigh -extends thigh at hip

The adductor longus does what?

-adducts and medially rotates thigh -flexes thigh at hip

What is the movement of the suprasinatus?

-aids deltoid in abduction of arm -resists downward slippage of humeral head when arm is relaxed or when carrying weight

The sartorius does what?

-aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing -abducts and laterally rotates thigh

The palmaris longus does what?

-anchors skin and fascia of palmar region -resists shearing forces when stress is applied to skin by such actions as climbing and tool use -weakly developed and sometimes absent

The deltoid, does what?

-anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm -later fibers abduct arm -posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm -involved in arm swinging during such actions as walking or bowling, and in adjustment of hand height for various manual tasks

The pronator teres does what?

-assists pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in rapid or forceful action -weakly flexes elbow

What movement does the buccinator give you?

-compresses cheek against teeth and gums -directs food between molars -retracts cheek from teeth when mouth is closing to prevent biting cheek -expels air and liquid from the mouth

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

-condyles, popliteal surface, and lateral supracondylar line of femur -capsule of knee joint

The tibialis anterior does what?

-dorsiflexes and inverts foot -resists backward tipping of body (as when standing on a moving boat deck) -helps support medial longitudinal arch of foot

What movement does the mentalis give you?

-elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, pouting, and expressions of doubt or disdain -elevates and wrinkles skin of chin

What movement does the frontalis give you?

-elevates eyebrows in glancing upward and expressions of surprise or fright -draws scalp forward and wrinkles skin of forehead

The levator scapulae does what?

-elevates scapula if cervical vertebrae are fixed -flexes neck laterally if scapula is fixed -retracts scapula and braces shoulder -rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder

What movement does the orbicularis oris give you?

-encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips as in kissing -uniquely developed in humans for speech

The extensor carpi unlaris does what?

-extends and fixes wrist when fist is clenched or hand grips an object -aids in ulnar flexion of wrist

The teres major does what?

-extends and medially rotates humerus -contributes to arm swinging

The triceps brachii does what?

-extends elbow -long head extends and adducts humerus

The rectus femoris does what?

-extends knee -flexes thigh at hip -flexes trunk on hip if thigh is fixed

The vastus lateralis does what?

-extends knee -retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements

The gluteus maximus does what?

-extends thing at hip as in stair climbing (rising to next step) or running and walking (backswing of limb) -abducts thigh -elevates trunk after stooping -prevents trunk from pitching forward during walking and running -helps stabilize femur on tibia

The extensor carpi radialis longus does what?

-extends wrist -aids in radial flexion of wrist

The extensor carpi radialis brevis does what?

-extends wrist -aids in radial flexion of wrist

The extensor digitorum does what?

-extends wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints -tends to spread digits apart when extending metacarpophalangeal joints

The biceps femoris does what?

-flexes knee -extends hip -elevates trunk from stooping posture -laterally rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed -laterally rotates femur when hip is extended -counteracts forward bending at hips

The semitendinosus does what?

-flexes knee -medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed -medially rotates femur when hip is extended -counteracts forward bending at hips

What is the movement of the iliacus?

-flexes thigh at hip when trunk is flexed -flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed -balances trunk during sitting

The pair of rectus abdominis muscles do what?

-flexes waist, as in bending forward or doing sit-ups -stabilizes pelvic region during walking -compresses abdominal viscera

The flexor carpi radialis does what?

-flexes wrist anteriorly -aids in radial flexion of wrist

The flexor carpi ulnaris does what?

-flexes wrist anteriorly -aids in ulnar flexion of wrist

The pectoralis major, does what?

-flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, as in climbing or hugging -aids in deep inspiration

The internal intercostal muscles give you what movement?

-in inspiration, the intercartilaginous part aids in elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity -in expiration, the interosseous part depresses and retracts the ribs, compressing the thoracic cavity and expelling air -the latter occurs only in forceful expiration, not in relaxed breathing

The tibialis posterior does what?

-inverts foot -may assist in strong plantar flexion or control pronation of foot during walking

The fibularis (peroneus) longus does what?

-maintains concavity of sole during toe-off and tiptoeing -everts and plantar flexes foot

What is the movement of the teres minor?

-modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted -rotates humerus laterally

What is the movement of the subscapularis?

-modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted -rotates humerus medially

What is the movement of the infrapinatus?

-modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from slipping upward -rotates humerus laterally

The gastrocnemius does what?

-plantar flexes foot, flexes knee -active in walking, running, and jumping

What movement does the diaphragm give you?

-prime mover of inspiration (responsible for about two-thirds of air intake) -contracts in preparation for sneezing, coughing, crying, laughing, and weight lifting -contraction compresses abdominal viscera and aids in childbirth and expulsion of urine and feces

The biceps brachii does what?

-rapid or forceful supination of forearm -synergist in elbow flexion -slight shoulder flexion -tendon of long head stabilizes shoulder by holding humeral head against glenoid cavity

What movement does the occipitalis give you?

-retracts scalp -fixes galea aponeurotica so frontalis can act on eyebrows

What movement does the orbicularis oculi give you?

-sphincter of the eyelids -closes eye in blinking, squinting, and sleep -aids in flow of tears across eye

The trapezius does what?

-stabilizes scapula and shoulder during arm movements -elevates and depresses apex of shoulder -acts with other muscles to rotate and retract scapula

The external abdominal oblique do what?

-supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity -stabilizes vertebral column during heavy lifting -maintains posture -compresses abdominal organs, thus aiding in deep breathing, loud vocalizations such as singing and public speaking, and in expulsion of abdominopelvic contents during childbirth, urination, defecation, and vomiting -unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of the spine, as in twisting at the waist

What movement does the genioglossus give you?

-unilateral action draws tongue to one side -bilateral action depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue

What is the movement produced by the sternocleidomastoid?

-unilateral action tilts head slightly upward and toward the opposite side, as in looking over one's contralateral shoulder -bilateral action draws the head straight forward and down, as when eating or reading -aids in deep breathing when head is fixed

The external intercostals give you what movement?

-when scalenes fix rib1, external intercostals elevate and protract ribs 2-12, expanding the thoracic cavity and creating a partial vacuum causing inflow of air -exercise a braking action during expiration so that expiration is not overly abrupt

The serratus anterior does what?

-with pectoralis minor, draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall -protracts scapula, and is the prime mover in all forward-reaching and pushing actions -aids in rotating scapula to elevate apex of shoulder -fixes scapula during abduction of arm

The pectoralis minor does what?

-with serratus anterior, draws scapula laterally and forward around chest wall -with other muscles, rotates scapula and depresses apex of shoulder, as in reaching down to pick up a suitcase

A muscle contains four connective tissue components. What are those four?

1. endomysium 2. perimysium 3. epimysium 4. fascia

What are the three lateral abdominal muscles?

1. external abdominal oblique 2. internal abdominal oblique 3. transverse abdominal

The elbow and forearm are capable of four motions: What are these four motions?

1. flexion 2. extension 3. pronation 4. supination

Muscles can be classified according to fascicle orientation into five categories. What are the 5 categories?

1. fusiform muscles 2. parallel muscles 3. triangular (convergent) muscles 4. pennate muscles 5. circular muscles (sphincters)

There are three types of muscular tissue in the human body and they serve at least five functions. What are those five functions?

1. movement 2. stability 3. control of body openings and passages 4. heat production 5. glycemic control

Skeletal muscles function in groups whose combined action produces the coordinated control of a joint. Muscles can be classified into four general categories according to their actions. What are the 4 categories?

1. prime mover 2. synergist 3. antagonist 4. fixator

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps?

1. rectus femoris 2. vastus lateralis 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus intermedius

Muscles are innervated by two general groups of nerves. What are these two groups?

1. spinal nerves 2. cranial nerves

The tendons of the four remaining scapular muscles form the rotator cuff. They are nicknamed the "SITS" muscles for the first letters of their names. What are the names of these muscles?

1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus 3. teres minor 4. subscapularis

The muscles of the trunk can be divided into three functional groups. What are the 3 groups?

1. those concerned with respiration 2. support of the abdominal wall and pelvic floor 3. movement of the vertebral column

Muscles acting on the arm consist of _____ muscles that cross and insert where?

9; cross the shoulder joint and insert on the humerus

Most skeletal muscles are attached to what and what occurs because of this?

a different bone at each end, so the muscle or its tendon spans at least one joint.

What is a muscle compartment?

a group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia

What is an extrinsic muscle?

a muscle that acts upon a designated organ or region such as the hand, but arises from another region such as the forearm

What is a synergist?

a muscle that aids the prime mover

What is the fascia?

a sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from the subcutaneous tissue

What is the perimysium?

a thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

What is the endomysium?

a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall enclose the abdominal cavity with three layers of broad flat muscles (two oblique and one transverse) that extend about halfway across the anterior ______ and an anterior layer that runs vertically from ______ to ______ (the rectus abdominis).

abdomen; sternum; pubis

What is the origin of the deltoid?

acromion and spine of scapula; clavicle

What is an intrinsic muscle?

any muscle contained entirely within a region of interest

In some cases, the tendon is a broad sheet called an ____________, such as the tendon located beneath the scalp, and the palmar __________ beneath the skin of the palm.

aponeurosis; aponeurosis

What is an example of fusiform muscles?

biceps brachii of the arm and gastrocnemius of the calf

What does the endomysium create room for?

blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber, ensuring that no muscle cell is without stimulation and nourishment

Skeletal muscles are attached to ________ through extensions of their connective tissue components in either indirect or direct attachments.

bones

The muscles acting on the forearm are found in where?

both the arm and the forearm itself

What is an aponeuroses?

broad fibrous sheets that continually medially and inferiorly

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

calcaneus

The transverse abdominal do what?

compresses abdominal contents, with same effects as external oblique, but does not contribute to movements of vertebral column

In addition to muscular tissue, a skeletal muscle contains what?

connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels.

A particular muscle may cause a _________ movement of the head or an _________ movement

contralateral; ipsilateral

Muscles acting on the foot include the _______ ________ , which are tightly bound by deep fasciae that compress them and aid in the return of blood from the legs.

crural muscles

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

What movement does the risorius give you?

draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain

What movement does the the zygomaticus major give you?

draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing

What movement does the depressor labii inferioris give you?

draws lower lip downward and laterally in chewing and expressions of melancholy or doubt

The brachialis is the prime mover of?

elbow flexion

What movement does the levator labii superioris give you?

elevates and everts upper lip in sad, sneering, or serious expressions

What movement does the the zygomaticus minor give you?

elevates upper lip, exposes upper teeth in smiling or sneering

What movement does the masseter give you?

elevation of the mandible, with smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion

Working muscles have a great demand for ___________, fatty acids, and oxygen. Extensive capillary networks reach each muscle fiber through the ________ to satisfy that demand

energy; endomysium

Deeper still is the _______ _______ , which runs from where? As it ascends, it divides in the upper lumbar region into three parallel columns

erector spinae; cranium to the sacrum

Muscle cells do what?

exert a useful force on organs and other tissues to produce or prevent movements.

Muscles of the back primarily do what?

extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column

What movement is produced by the trapezius?

extends and laterally flexes neck

The vastus intermedius does what?

extends knee

The extensor digiti minimi does what?

extends wrist and all joints of little finger

The anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh contains the quadriceps femoris, which is the prime mover of knee __________ and the most powerful muscle in the body.

extension

Muscles acting on the wrist and hand include ________ muscles in the forearm and ________ muscles in the hand itself.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Muscles of chewing and swallowing may contribute to what? The muscles are primarily concerned with what?

facial expression; but are primarily concerned with the manipulation of food, including tongue movements

Describe triangular (convergent) muscles

fan-shaped-- broad at one end and narrower at the other

Describe pennate muscles. Be sure to include the three types.

feather-shaped the 3 types are: 1. unipennate: all fascicles approach the tendon from one side 2. bipennate: fascicles approach the tendon from both sides 3. mulitpennate: shaped like a bunch of feather with their quills converging on a single point

What is the epimysium?

fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

The gracilis does what?

flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee

The flexor digitorum superficialis does what?

flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints depending on action of other muscles

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Describe circular muscles (sphincters).

form rings around certain body openings; when they contract, they constrict the opening and tend to prevent the passage of material through it

Describe parallel muscles

have a fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles

The largest muscles are found where?

in the lower limb

What is excitation of a muscle fiber based on in endomysium? Where does this take place?

it is based on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions between the endomysial tissue fluid and the nerve and muscle fibers

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

What is the origin of the triceps brachii?

long head: inferior margin of glenoid cavity and joint capsule lateral head: posterior surface of proximal end of humerus medial head: posterior surface of entire humeral shaft

What is the origin of the biceps brachii?

long head: superior margin of glenoid cavity short head: coracoid process

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

manubrium of sternum; medial one-third of clavicle

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

mastoid process; lateral half of superior nuchal line

What is the origin of the pectoralis major?

medial half of clavicle; lateral margin of sternum; costal cartilages 1-7; aponeurosis of external oblique

The vastus __________ has the same action as the vastus lateralis.

medialis

What is ipsilateral movement of the head?

movement of the head toward the same side as that of the muscle

What is contralateral movement of the head?

movement of the head toward the side opposite that of the muscle

What is an antagonist?

muscle that opposes the prime mover

What is a fixator?

muscle that prevents a bone from moving

What is a prime mover?

muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

Muscles of the head and neck can be grouped as what kind of muscles?

muscles of facial expression, muscles of chewing and swallowing, and muscles that move the head as a whole

What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?

olecranon; fascia of forearm

What is an example of circular muscles (sphincters)?

orbicularis could of the eyelids and the external urethral and anal sphincters

What is meant by origin and insertion?

origin: the attachment at the stationary end insertion: attachment at the moving end there are many cases in which the moving and nonmoving ends of the muscle are reversed when different actions are performed

What is an example of triangular (convergent) muscles?

pectoralis major in the chest and the temporalis on the side of the head

What is an example of parallel muscles?

rectus abdominis of the abdomen, sartorius of the thigh, and zygomaticus of the face

In some places, groups of tendons from separate muscles pass under a band of connective tissue called a ___________, such as the one that encircles the wrist like a bracelet.

retinaculum

The rhomboid major does what?

retracts scapula and braces shoulder; fixes scapula during arm movements

The rhomboid minor does what?

retracts scapula and braces shoulder; fixes scapula during arm movements

What is the most common action of the sternocleidomastoid?

rotating the head to the left of right

The internal abdominal oblique do what?

same as external oblique except that unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of waist

What is the movement of the psoas major?

same as iliacus

The anterior (extensor) compartment also includes the __________ (tailor's muscle), the longest muscle in the body.

sartorius

The ___________________ has the same action as the semitendinosus.

semimembranosus

Fascia that separate one compartment from another are particularly thick and are called intermuscular _______

septa

The deeper-lying ______ ______ ______ and ______ _____ ______ , extending from vertebrae to ribs, have unclear functions.

serratus posterior superior; serratus posterior inferior

Muscles have Latin names that describe some distinctive aspects of the structure, location, or action of a muscle. For example, flexor digiti minimi brevis is a _________ (brevis) muscle that ________ (flexor) the ________ (minimi) finger (digit).

short; flexes; smallest

The supinator does what?

supinates forearm

What is an example of a direct (fleshy) attachment?

the brachialis and the lateral head of the triceps brachii

What is meant by the belly of the muscle?

the central "bulging" portion

What is an example of pennate muscles (mulipennate)?

the deltoid of the shoulder

Muscles of respiration include those that enclose the thoracic cavity like what?

the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles.

The four heads of the quadriceps converge on the quadriceps (patellar) tendon that extends to the patella and then continues as the patellar ligament that inserts on the tibial tuberosity. All are innervated by what?

the femoral nerve

The largest muscles can be grouped into those that act on what?

the femur and hip joint, those that act on the leg and knee joint, extrinsic (leg) muscles that act on the foot and ankle joint, and intrinsic (foot) muscles that act on the arches and toes

Some cross both the hip and knee joints and produce actions at both, moving what?

the femur, tibia, and fibula

Muscles acting on the hip and femur mostly originate on what?

the hip bone

The innervation of a muscle refers to what?

the identity of the nerve that stimulates it

The anterior muscles of the hip are what?

the iliacus and the psoas major, collectively termed the iliopsoas

What does the perimysium carry?

the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles

The most prominent superficial back muscles are what? What are they concerned with?

the latissimus dorsi and trapezius; they are concerned with upper limb movements.

Muscles acting on the knee and leg form most of what and produce what?

the mass of the thigh and produce actions on the knee joint

What is an indirect attachment? What is a tendon?

the muscle ends conspicuously short of its bony destination, and the gap is bridged by a fibrous band or sheet called a tendon

What is an example of pennate muscles (unipennate)?

the palmar interosseous muscles of the hand and semimembranous of the thigh

The major muscles of the anterior group are what?

the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior

What is an example of pennate muscles (bipennate)?

the rectus femoris of the thigh

The orientation of fascicles partly determines what?

the strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull.

The major muscles of the posterior group include what?

the superficial trapezius and three deep muscles: the levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, and rhomboid major

Collagen fibers of the muscle continue into where?

the tendon and from there into the periosteum and matrix of the bone.

Muscles that move the head as a whole originate on what?

the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle, and insert on the cranial bones.

What is a direct (fleshy) attachment?

there is so little separation between muscle and bone that to the naked eye, the red muscular tissue seems to emerge directly from the bone. at a microscopic level, the muscle fibers stop slightly short of the bone and the gap between muscle and bone is spanned by collagen fibers

Facial muscles are responsible for facial expressions; but they also contribute to what?

they also contribute to speech, chewing, and other oral functions

Describe fusiform muscles

thick in the middle and tapered at each end

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

tuberosity of radius; fascia of forearm

What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi?

vertebrae T7-L5; lower three of four ribs; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia

Can you give an example of a fixator?

when you are extending your arm to reach out and pick up a cup of tea, fixator muscles contract at the same time as the biceps, holding the scapula firmly in place and ensuring that the force generated by the biceps moves the radius rather than the scapula

Could you give some examples of an antagonist?

when you are extending your arm to reach out and pick up a cup of tea, your brachialis acts as an antagonist to slow the extension and stop it at the appropriate point