Chapter 12

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Dopamine receptor binding is _____________ in the brains of obese individuals, dopamine release is ____________ in the brains of obese individuals.

Decreased; increased

Which of the following are true regarding the mesolimbic dopamine reward system and obesity?

Dopamine release is increased and dopamine receptor binding is decreased in response to food cues in obese individuals.

Which of the following is true regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Dreams mostly contain conflict or negative emotional states. Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams Everyone dreams, including people who say they don't dream--they just don't remember their dreams.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

Dreams mostly contain positive emotional states. People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams.

You have been studying hard in Norlin Library and haven't eaten in 7 hours. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Endocannabinoids Ghrelin

Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger?

Endocannabinoids or ECs

Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Ghrelin Low blood insulin and glucose

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain. GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus.

You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate hunger in patients experiencing difficulty eating. Which of the following substances would stimulate hunger and/or decrease satiety?

A CRH antagonist

The lateral hypothalamus is _______________, the VMH and PVN are __________________.

A hunger center; satiety centers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with hunger?

Orexin

You are a physician treating a patient with insomnia. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Damage to the VLPO hypothalamus. Over-activation of the lateral hypothalamus.

You are a physician treating a patient with narcolepsy. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus. Damage to the reticular activating system

Dopamine receptor binding is _____________ in the brains of obese individuals, dopamine release is ____________ in the brains of obese individuals.

Decreased; increased

You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in REM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

He appears to be dreaming. It is late in the subject's sleep period.

Which of the following is associated with low levels hunger and high levels of satiety?

High insulin levels

Which of the following is an argument in favor of REM sleep being necessary? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

If deprived of REM sleep, people experience "REM rebound".

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Dopamine release is _____________ in the brains of obese individuals, dopamine receptor binding is ____________ in the brains of obese individuals.

Increased; decreased

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?

It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking.

Which of the following is characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

It is characterized by much less dreaming but night terrors in children. It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses.

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

It is characterized by occasional twitches but large movements are not common It is characterized by much more dreaming and more vivid, narrative dreams.

Which of the following is characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking. It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. It is characterized by much less dreaming but night terrors in children.

You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in NREM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of NREM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

It is early in the subject's sleep period.

You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is in slow wave or NREM sleep. Which of the following electrophysiological patterns would you most expect to see in this subject?

Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.

Hunger is regulated by the ________________.

Lateral hypothalamus but not VMH and PVN

Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety?

Leptin Cholecystokinin or CCK Serotonin

Which of the following is associated with high levels hunger and low levels of satiety?

Low cholecystokinin (CCK) levels Low insulin levels

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT associated with stimulating hunger?

Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH

You are a research scientist studying drugs that influence appetite. You inject some mice with a promising new drug that mimics the effects of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter and increases satiety. Which of the following neurostransmitters in the hypothalamic appetite circuit increase satiety and thus might this drug be affecting? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH

Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity. Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight. Mutations to the leptin gene occur in both mice and humans Mutations to the leptin receptor cause overeating and obesity even though leptin levels are normal.

You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is demonstrating large slow EEG waves, low EMG activity, and no EOG activity. Which stage of sleep or wakefulness is this subject in?

NREM sleep

Which of the following is an argument AGAINST REM sleep being necessary? Please select all of the answers that are AGAINST REM sleep being necessary below.

Nearly all anti-depressant medications suppress REM sleep and patients who take them go months without REM sleep without obvious negative consequences.

Which of the following is an argument AGAINST REM sleep being necessary?

Nearly all anti-depressant medications suppress REM sleep and patients who take them go months without REM sleep without obvious negative consequences. Some animals, such as whales, appear to have little if any REM sleep.

You are a research scientist studying drugs that influence appetite. You inject some mice with a promising new drug that mimics the effects of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter and increases hunger. Which of the following neurostransmitters in the hypothalamic appetite circuit increase hunger and thus might this drug be affecting? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Orexin Neuropeptide Y or NPY

You are a physician treating a patient with insomnia. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Over-activation of the reticular activating system. Over-activation of the basal forebrain.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming?

People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams.

You are a sleep researcher and one of your subjects is demonstrating short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, and high EOG activity.

REM sleep

You are a sleep researcher and one of your subjects is demonstrating short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, and high EOG activity. Which of the following states of arousal is your subject in?

REM sleep

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

Rapid and dramatic weight loss doesn't typically have any effect on leptin levels. Most human obesity is genetic, and leptin levels are usually much lower in most obese people. Mutations to leptin but not its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Release of acetylcholine by neurons of the basal forebrain.

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes wakefulness?

Release of acetylcholine by neurons of the basal forebrain. Release of excitatory neurontransmitters like norepinephrine by neurons of the reticular activating system.

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Release of acetylcholine by neurons of the basal forebrain. Release of orexin by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

Sensory information cannot be incorporated into dreams. People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams.

Which of the following is NOT a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

Serotonin Cholecystokinin or CCK Leptin

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of wakefulness?

Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.

You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is in wakefulness. Which of the following electrophysiological patterns would you most expect to see in this subject?

Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of fast-wave or REM sleep?

Short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her nucleus accumbens. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The "liking" of the reward of eating will be reduced.

Which of the following brain regions does NOT promote wakefulness?

The VLPO hypothalamus

Which of the following brain regions promotes sleep?

The VLPO hypothalamus

Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for the influence of emotional states, food aversions, and stress on eating behaviors?

The amygdala

Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The anterior cingulate cortex The amygdala The hippocampus

Activity of which of the following brain regions is decreased during dreaming?

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

The Freudian interpretation of why we dream, i.e., that dreams are a manifestation of our subconscious wishes, desires, and fears, is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is decreased and activity of the amygdala is increased during sleep.

The belief that dreams function as a time of memory pruning and consolidation is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that activity of the hippocampus and sensory association cortices is increased during dreaming.

The theory that dreams are nothing more than meaningless brain activity is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that epileptics having seizures and schizophrenics having hallucinations report similar experiences to dreaming.

Your uncle has had a stroke and now he overeats because he can't remember when he ate last or how filling or good tasting it was. Which of the following brain regions is responsble for providing input to the hunger circuit about how recently we ate and how filling and good tasting it was and thus was likely to have been damaged in your uncle's brain?

The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

The fact that activity of the hippocampus and sensory association cortices increases during dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?

The idea that dreams are a form of memory pruning and consolidation.

The fact that epileptics having seizures and schizophrenics having hallucinations report similar experiences to dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?

The idea that dreams are meaningless brain activity.

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her amygdala. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The influence of emotions on eating behavior, such as food aversions, emotional states, stress, etc. on eating will be decreased.

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is NOT involved in stimulating satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The lateral hypothalamus

You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You create a lesion in the brain of a rat that causes it to no longer eat. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you created your lesion? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following brain regions promotes wakefulness?

The lateral hypothalamus The basal forebrain

Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for input to the hunger centers about the liking of reward?

The nucleus accumbens

Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for input to the hunger centers about flavor, or the combination of taste, smell, "mouth feel" and other sensory cues?

The orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You create a lesion in the hypothalamus of a mouse that causes the animal to eat incessantly. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode?

The paraventricular nucleus or PVN The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH

Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for input to the hunger centers about the wanting of reward?

The ventral tegmental area or VTA

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is NOT involved in stimulating hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH The paraventricular nucleus or PVN

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The ________________ regulate satiety.

VMH and PVN but not the lateral hypothalamus

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Satiety is regulated by the _______________ while hunger is regulated by the _______________.

VMH and PVN; lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, and high EOG activity?

Wakefulness