Chapter 12: The Kingdom Fungi
amanita verna
"destroying angel" a highly poisonous toadstool
Features that set fungi apart from other organisms
1. Fungi do not have chlorophyll and cannot produce their own food. They are nonphototsynthetic heterotrophs. 2. The bodies of fungi are made of masses of filaments woven together; there is no tissue differentiation 3. The fungal walls contain chitin; a complex polysaccharide. They do not contain cellulose as plants do.
Ascus
A microscopic saclike structure in which spores (called ascospores) are formed
Athletes foot
An imperfect fungi that are parasites of man. Itchy condition between the toes
How do yeasts reproduce asexually
Budding
Smuts
Causes crop damage
Soredia
Dustlike pieces of lichen(soredium)- contain both algae and fungus
Gills
Flat Structures in a mushroom that radiates outward from the stipe
Imperfect fungi
Fungi that is not known to reproduce sexually
Rusts
Have complicated life cycles, producing several different kinds of spores and alternating between two different plant hosts. Wheat rust, barberry bush
Thrush or candidiasis
Imperfect fungus that causes infection in the mouth
Crustose
Lichens appear as flat smears of dried paint. They often grow on rocks and trees
Foliose
Lichens look like small crinkled leaves
Fruticose
Lichens usually have small stalks or branches with conspicuous fruiting bodies on their ends.
Mycelia
Masses of intertwined hyphae
Agaricus bisporus
Mushrooms found at grocery stores. Grown in buildings where the temperature and humidity are controlled
Ascomycota
Named for characteristic reproductive structure- the ascus
Basidiomycota
Phylum containing most familiar fungi- mushrooms, puffballs, earth stars, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts. Called cub fungi because they form four sexually produced basidiospores on a club shaped cell called a basidium.
External digestion
Required the secretion of enzymes that digest the food into a soluble form outside the organism.
Shelf fungi
Saprophytes of deadwood or parasites of living trees
Mushrooms
Saprophytic fungi
Why does the list of imperfect fungi seem to get smaller
Scientists are able to culture and observe more fungi allowing them to find more that reproduce sexually
Hyphae
Slender filaments
Dimorphism
The ability to change form in reaction to a different environment
What are the only fruiting body on a mushroom
The cap and stipe(stalk)
A. muscria
The fly amanita- fatal in large doses
Symbiosis
The relationship of two organisms living together for mutual benefit
What is the most common function of fungi?
Their main job is to be a decomposer organism. They live in the soil and other dark, damp places, these fungi break down complex organic substances into simple, soluble form that plants can use.
Yeasts
Unicellular, predominantly saprophytic fungi found in soil or water
Armillaria
Worlds largest organism by area
mycorrhizzae
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and plants roots
sporangium fungus obtains food by ________
absorption
stolons
aerial hyphae that connect groups of hyphae together
fermentation produces what products?
alcohol and carbon dioxide
most yeasts are placed in phylum
ascomycota
sexual reproductive structures of ascomycota
ascospores produced by asci
sexual reproductive structures of basidiomycota
basidiospores produced by basidia
club fungi produce spores on a sac called a _____
basidium
_______ is a type of sexual reproduction in which an out growth from the parent organism forms a new organism
budding
ergot of rye
causes a purplish black swelling in rye grain
unlike a plant, a fungus does not have ______
chlorophyll
Basidiomycota
club fungi
penicillium notatum
common mold from which penicillin was named
Zygomycota
common molds
zygomycota
common molds primarily land dwellers
Aspergillus has sporophores that produce spores that are not within an enclosure. What are these sporophores called?
conidiophores
amanita ceasarea
delicious mushroom
what was the first source forlysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a hallucinogenic drug?
ergot of rye
although fungi can cause many types of skin infections, such as ringworm and althlete's foot, they never cause any life threatening diseases
false
each basidium will produce how many spores?
four
ophiostoma
fungus that causes dutch elm disease
the basidia are found on what part of the mushroom?
gills
budding
how yeast cells reproduce
tinea
medical term for ringworm
what fungi helps in flavoring cheese?
molds
examples of basidiomycota
mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, earthstars
hyphal structure in zygomycota
nonseptate
aerial hyphae
not embedded in the medium on which the fungus is growing. They absorb oxygen, produce spores, and spread the fungus
sac fungi are fungi that ______
produce spores inside an ascus
Ascomycota
sac fungi
hyphal structure of basidiomycota
septate
hyphal structure of ascomycota
septate or unicellular
example of zygomycota
species of genus Rhizopus like bread molds
______ are saclike structures that produce many spores
sporangia
what is the most common reproduction in all molds?
spores
a sporangium fungus reproduces by ______
spores and zygospores
asexual reproductive structures of zygomycota
spores produced by sporangia
claviceps purpurea
the causative agent of ergot of rye
fruiting body
the spore-producing reproductive structure of a slime mold and fungi- when the hyphae of different mating types come into contact P
conidia
the spores in a conidiophore
sporangium
the structure in which the spores are formed
mycology
the study of Fungi
what is true of lichens?
they are an example of symbiosis, they reproduce by soredia, theyu consist of a fungus and an algae, and they are good indicators of air quality
fungi are not classified with the plants because
they are heterotrophic and lack tissues
why are impergect fungi not classified in one of the three fungal phyla?
they have no known method of sexual reproduction
most fungi carry on external digestion
true
asexual reproductive structures of basidiomycota
various types of spores
sporangiophore
when a sporophore forms spores within an enclosure or sac
examples of ascomycota
yeast, powdery mildews, species of genus penicillium
sexual reproductive strucutures of zygomycota
zygospores produced by zygosporangia
Septate
Where hyphae are divided into individual cells by cell walls
sporophores
aerial hyphae that produce spores
what is the most common reproduction in yeast?
budding
yeast cells may reproduce by forming spores or by ______
budding
asexual reproductive structures of ascomycota
budding, conidia produced by conidiophores
what are the methods of asexual reproduction in fungi
budding, spore formation, fragmentation
st Anthony's fire
burning sensation in the arms and legs that is a hallmark symptom of the disease ergot of rye- hallucinogen
haustoria
hyphae on parasitic fungi that perforate a host's cells and obtain nutrition directly from the cytoplasm
Rhizoids
hyphae that are embedded in the material on which the fungus is growing
bread mold produces masses of threadlike structures called __
hyphea
a fungus would most likely be excluded from the phylum basidiomycota if
it produces ascospores
fungi are grouped into phyla based primarily on
method of sexual reproduction
club fungi include puffballs, bracket fungi and ______
mushrooms
what gives cheese its distinct flavor?
penicillum black molds
the common black bread mold is
rhizopus
____ are ungi that produce spores in special structures on the tips o hyphae
sporangia fungi
zygosporangia
thick-walled structures that characterize members of the phylum zygomycota
conidiophore
when the spores are not in an enclosure
Chitin
A complex polysaccharide
Lichen
A fungus and an algae living together