Chapter 20 quiz

How did the Korean War transform Japan's relationship with the winners of World War II? A.) Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism. B.) Japan once again became a strong, aggressive neocolonial power. C.) Japan became an important ally of the Soviet Union in the fight to expand communism. D.) Japan used the Korean War as an opportunity to attempt to redress the war crimes it had committed in World War II.

Correct Answer: A.) Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism.

European visual propaganda justified both war against other powers and the defense of Europe's own colonies. A.) True B.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True

The Cold War superpowers stayed out of civil wars in Third World countries, believing that such conflicts ought to be resolved internally. A.) True B.) False

Correct Answer: B.) False

The United States opposed decolonization because it hoped to keep colonial peoples within Western Europeans' sphere of influence. A.) True B.) False

Correct Answer: B.) False

Which of the following is a reason why historians have described World War II as a total global conflict? A.) All countries in the world were involved in the war, suffering severe financial losses and dislocation to their economies. B.) Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica. C.) Class, race, and gender boundaries were dissolved by the needs of total war in all the combating nations. D.) World War II led to significant transformations of all the major prewar forms of government.

Correct Answer: B.) Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica.

Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post-World War II Western Europe? A.) Europeans had successfully prosecuted Nazis and Fascists, so saw nothing to be gained from another authoritarian system such as communism. B.) Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care. C.) Communist political parties were outlawed in Western European countries. D.) Observers who visited the Soviet Union were able to observe and report on the differences between communist theory and Soviet practice.

Correct Answer: B.) Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care.

Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence shocked French citizens and the colons? A.) The colons controlled Algeria's best land and finances. B.) The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France. C.) The colons introduced terror tactics to force the population to choose between them and the nationalists. D.) France had already granted independence to all of its other African colonies.

Correct Answer: B.) The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France.

Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War? A.) The Soviet Union changed its support from the Nationalists to the communists. B.) The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior. C.) The Nationalist army was diverted to fight against the Germans, who had hopes of conquering China. D.) Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek died suddenly, throwing the Nationalist army into disarray.

Correct Answer: B.) The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior.

During the 1950s, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways? A.) Hollywood produced fewer movies than before because so many directors, stars, and writers were blacklisted. B.) American society became more egalitarian, so that communism would be less appealing. C.) Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. D.) Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States.

Correct Answer: C.) Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. INcorrect Answer: D.) Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States.

Which of the following led to the internal migration of 12 million South Asians in 1947? A.) Millions of people returned from overseas British-controlled plantations and factories to seek independent incomes in the new India. B.) Millions of dalits, the lowest caste in India, moved from Hindu provinces to Muslim provinces, where they were promised equality under law. C.) Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts. D.) Millions of South Asians moved from rural poverty to seek better lives in urban centers.

Correct Answer: C.) Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts.

Which of the following was a response to Nikita Khrushchev's speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism? A.) Supporters of Stalin attempted to regain control of the Politburo. B.) The Politburo gave orders to have Stalin's supporters quietly poisoned to avoid open disunity among the communist elite. C.) Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls. D.) The Soviet army commanders withdrew troops from Eastern Europe.

Correct Answer: C.) Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls.

Which of the following was one of the principal causes of World War II? A.) The Germans and the Russians had a long-standing agreement to divide the world between them. B.) Communism failed to expand its presence in Europe. C.) Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I. D.) The Great Depression led to decreased military spending in Germany and Japan, which invited aggression from their neighbors.

Correct Answer: C.) Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I.

Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war? A.) The Bay of Pigs invasion B.) The Prague Spring C.) The Cuban Missile Crisis D.) The Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Correct Answer: C.) The Cuban Missile Crisis

What did the Berlin Wall signify? A.) Nazi Germany's last attempt to resist the Allied advance B.) The appeal of Communist policies to Western Europeans in the aftermath of World War II C.) The Soviet Union's attempt to insulate its sphere of influence from the West D.) The Marshall Plan's success at stimulating economies throughout Europe

Correct Answer: C.) The Soviet Union's attempt to insulate its sphere of influence from the West

What was the cause of the OPEC oil embargo of 1973? A.) OPEC wanted to force increased exploration for petroleum and other energy resources. B.) Threats of war in the Persian Gulf led to closing off the oil fields for fear that they might be destroyed in the fighting. C.) OPEC states were running low on petroleum reserves and needed to find a way to slow down oil consumption. D.) Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them.

Correct Answer: D.) Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them.

In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956? A.) Both were attempts to undercut the Marshall Plan in eastern Europe. B.) Both were primarily revolts conducted according to the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience. C.) Both were responding to the Cultural Revolution. D.) Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military.

Correct Answer: D.) Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military.

Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan-Arab nationalism in 1956? A.) Egypt had been the capital of the last Muslim Caliphate, so it was the symbolic home of pan-Arab sentiments. B.) Because Egypt was the site of the oldest civilization in the region, it had great prestige. C.) Egypt was the site of origin of the Muslim Brotherhood, which soon came to power after they overthrew the king. D.) Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis.

Correct Answer: D.) Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis.

During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries? A.) They expected them to remain politically neutral. B.) They expected them to adapt elements from First World and Second World political philosophies to their own specific circumstances. C.) They expected them to encourage world peace and nuclear disarmament. D.) They expected them to join one of the two opposing Cold War camps.

Correct Answer: D.) They expected them to join one of the two opposing Cold War camps.

How did Pacific Rim nations such as South Korea and Taiwan escape the typical Third World cycle of poverty and dependence? A.) They closely followed the international market model. B.) They built a new system from the basic ideas of Karl Marx. C.) They used the World Bank to fund infrastructure projects and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to prop up their currencies. D.) They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms.

Correct Answer: D.) They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms.

Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule? A.) Western-educated Vietnamese living overseas strongly supported the colonial government. B.) The Vietnamese intelligentsia were granted land and mining concessions to ensure their loyalty. C.) The Vietnamese intelligentsia rejected Western culture and returned to traditional Shinto values. D.) Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement.

Correct Answer: D.) Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement.

How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites? A.) Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition. B.) Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway. C.) Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees. D.) Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations' partition.

Correct Answer: A.) Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition.

What contributed to Japan's postwar economic "miracle"? A.) The Japanese government's protectionism and partnerships with private firms B.) The complete elimination of trade barriers with European countries C.) The Soviet Union's infusion of experts and machinery D.) The Japanese military's pressure to accelerate national industrial growth

Correct Answer: A.) The Japanese government's protectionism and partnerships with private firms

The reason that Nazi bureaucrats decided to exterminate, instead of deport, the Jewish population of eastern Europe was that they believed that deportation was too costly. A.) True B.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True

Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King, Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights? A.) Nelson Mandela B.) Mohandas Gandhi C.) Ho Chi Minh D.) Gamal Abdel Nasser

Correct Answer: B.) Mohandas Gandhi

Which of the following first tested President Harry Truman's containment policy? A.) The siege of Stalingrad B.) The Marshall Plan C.) The bombing of Nagasaki D.) The Berlin blockade

Correct Answer: D.) The Berlin blockade

Why did the development of more effective nuclear weapons ultimately decrease the risk of a direct confrontation between the United States and the USSR? A.) Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world. B.) The spread of nuclear weapons to other states created new common enemies for the old allies. C.) Cooperating to develop the new weapons minimized the tension between the two powers. D.) Both countries felt secure in their own arsenals and were less concerned about their individual rivals.

Correct Answer: A.) Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world.

Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization experiences of Algeria and South Africa? A.) Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power. B.) Both countries were independent before the end of World War II. C.) Both countries suffered violent civil wars to end colonial control. D.) Both countries had trained large numbers of indigenous people in the civil service and military, making the transition to independence easier.

Correct Answer: A.) Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power.

Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies? A.) European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans. B.) The European powers determined that it was time to live up to their Enlightenment ideals. C.) The United States encouraged decolonization, but the USSR opposed it. D.) The treaty ending World War II called for immediate decolonization.

Correct Answer: A.) European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans.

Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a "hot" war? A.) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars. B.) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union became involved in armed conflict. C.) It became a hot war when the Soviet Union enforced its will on its Eastern European satellite states. D.) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union established foreign military bases in Third World countries.

Correct Answer: A.) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars.

Which of the following reflects the Chinese communist party's approach toward women? A.) It freed women from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government. B.) It believed that women were selfish to demand more rights during the war with Japan. C.) It rejected women's rights in order to build support with the patriarchal Chinese peasantry. D.) It subordinated women's individual rights to the rights of the family as an institution.

Correct Answer: A.) It freed women from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government.

Which of the following was a consequence of Rachel Carson's book, *Silent Spring*? A.) It led to the environmental movement, which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the *"American Dream"* had rested. B.) It, along with Betty Friedan's *The Feminine Mystique*, created the modern women's liberation movement. C.) It led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act. D.) It led to more pesticides being used on crops in Third World countries in order to increase food production.

Correct Answer: A.) It led to the environmental movement, which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the "American Dream" had rested.

What was the Marshall Plan's goal? A.) Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments. B.) Its goal was to ensure that eastern European states would have communist governments, providing a buffer between the USSR and Germany. C.) Its goal was to build an "iron curtain" across the center of Europe, blocking the expansion of communism. D.) Its goal was to humiliate the Soviets by showing how few resources the Soviets could muster to rebuild Europe.

Correct Answer: A.) Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments.

How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War II? A.) Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians." B.) Japan claimed that its conquests were protecting East Asia from American colonial aggression. C.) Japan claimed that conquest was necessary in order to forestall the spread of world communism. D.) Japan claimed that if it failed to take over, Europeans would extend their colonial presence into the region.

Correct Answer: A.) Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians."

In which of the following ways did the United States attempt to counter growing radicalism in Latin America? A.) President John Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism. B.) President Kennedy condemned the persecution and execution of protestors in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela. C.) The United States accepted the right of Latin American peoples to choose their own form of governance. D.) U.S. policymakers supported the democratically elected government of socialist Salvador Allende in Chile.

Correct Answer: A.) President John Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism.

Why was the launch of Sputnik significant in the context of the Cold War? A.) Sputnik elevated the prestige of Soviet science to observers in the Third World. B.) Sputnik's success led several states to leave NATO. C.) Sputnik demonstrated that Western and Soviet scientists could collaborate on scientific projects. D.) Sputnik's success diminished the risk of nuclear war.

Correct Answer: A.) Sputnik elevated the prestige of Soviet science to observers in the Third World.

Why did Joseph Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe? A.) The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism. B.) The Soviet Union had been promised control of eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference. C.) The Soviet Union had more money than did the United States to rebuild the devastated region after the war. D.) The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded.

Correct Answer: A.) The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism.

Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the 20th century? A.) They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination. B.) They wished to create a new European colony in the Middle East, to replace the Ottoman Empire. C.) They hoped to learn Palestinian agricultural techniques in order to achieve economic success. D.) They sought assimilation into an existing regional Semitic culture.

Correct Answer: A.) They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination.

Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union? A.) They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies. B.) Their expanding overseas empires impinged on one another, creating borderland conflicts. C.) They had been on opposing sides during World Wars I and II. D.) They both wanted to colonize Western Europe's former colonies.

Correct Answer: A.) They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies.

What purpose did the Warsaw Pact serve? A.) It established a nuclear nonproliferation agreement between Western Europe and the Soviet Union. B.) It institutionalized a Soviet response to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). C.) It initiated a Polish government promise to promote the country's self-sufficiency. D.) It provided a platform for Eastern European resistance to Soviet rule.

Correct Answer: B.) It institutionalized a Soviet response to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War II? A.) Primary school dropouts unable to find gainful employment B.) Urban unemployed, former servicemen, and Western-educated indigenous elites C.) Religious leaders, rural peasants, and urban artisans D.) Current and former members of colonial legislatures

Correct Answer: B.) Urban unemployed, former servicemen, and Western-educated indigenous elites

For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945? A.) Truman feared that if he didn't use the bomb the Russians would continue their drive to spread Communism into Western Europe. B.) The bomb had never been tested, and scientists needed to know if the theory behind it was valid. C.) An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child. D.) Germany refused to surrender, even though the Soviets, British, and Americans were converging on Berlin.

Correct Answer: C.) An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child.

Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930s and 1940s? A.) Both encouraged veneration of the emperor. B.) The Germans, but not the Japanese, forced large numbers of POWs (Prisoners Of War) and conquered people to work for their war efforts. C.) Both developed theories of racial superiority. D.) The Japanese, but not the Germans, behaved brutally toward the peoples of the territories they conquered.

Correct Answer: C.) Both developed theories of racial superiority.

Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge? A.) Europeans had claimed that social Darwinism supported their racial superiority. B.) Europeans had claimed that their democratic political system was superior to all others. C.) Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all. D.) Europeans had claimed that liberal capitalism was the most efficient governmental and economic system.

Correct Answer: C.) Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all.

Which of the following factors encouraged the British to transfer power quickly to the Indian National Congress following World War II? A.) The British, exhausted from World War II, were unable to cope with the cost of famine relief in 1946. B.) The British had to give up the rule of India because Indian nationalists threatened violent revolution over the British attempt to select the Indian cricket team to tour Australia in 1946. C.) The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress. D.) The outbreak of civil war between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia in 1945 encouraged the British to leave India as quickly as possible.

Correct Answer: C.) The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress.

In post-World War II Western Europe, the "woman question" concerned what new problem? A.) Women were being advised to focus their lives around acquiring a husband and children. B.) More women were moving into the workplace, but there were not enough available jobs to accommodate them. C.) Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility. D.) Women were more likely to be sympathetic to communism than were men.

Correct Answer: C.) Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility.

Which of the following techniques did Adolf Hitler use to create his racially based new world order? A.) He authorized a land invasion of India to block supplies of petroleum from reaching the British. B.) He assisted the Soviets in creating their own concentration camps to house those deemed racially inferior. C.) He accepted the work of German Jewish scientists and artists if they would agree to support his programs. D.) He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews.

Correct Answer: D.) He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews.

Which of the following was the main reason that the United States became involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam? A.) The United States felt it could be a neutral arbitrator in the region, since the United States had not been a colonial power in the region. B.) The United States became involved in order to get access to petroleum reserves off the eastern coast of Vietnam. C.) The United States supported North Vietnam because it admired Ho Chi Minh's nationalist goals. D.) The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia.

Correct Answer: D.) The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia.

Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward in 1958? A.) First World corporations refused to buy any of the items produced in the local Chinese communal factories. B.) Peasants refused to cooperate in communal living because it conflicted with traditional Chinese values. C.) The Red Guards were not behind the Great Leap Forward and undercut its effectiveness. D.) The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine, and the manufactured goods were inferior.

Correct Answer: D.) The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine, and the manufactured goods were inferior.

After World War II, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization? A.) The multiethnic empire B.) The European Economic Community C.) The Warsaw Pact D.) The nation-state

Correct Answer: D.) The nation-state

Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries? A.) They removed raw materials, and then left the local government to clean up the mess. B.) They allowed Third World countries to free themselves from dependence on the institutions of international capitalism. C.) They provided important technical knowledge that Third World countries could use to build their industrial bases. D.) They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms.

Correct Answer: D.) They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms.