Chapter 21

Two or more genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene are known as genes.

homologous

Moderately repetitive sequences are typically present in the genome in:

hundreds or thousands of copies

Restriction sites are sequences recognized by restriction enzymes. They are often palindromic meaning that the sequence is

identical when read in the opposite direction on the complementary strand.

Eukaryotic genomes are typically ______ than those of their bacterial and archaeal counterparts.

larger and more complex

A collection of recombinant vectors that contain DNA fragments of of a given organism is called a DNA

library

The items needed to produce recombinant vectors include:

ligase restriction enzymes

The nuclear genome of eukaryotic species is usually found in sets of chromosomes that are in shape.

linear

The goal of PCR is to make ______ copy/copies of DNA in a defined region, perhaps encompassing a gene or part of a gene.

many

A DNA can be used to monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

microarray

What technique can be used to identify which genes are transcribed by a specific cell?

microarray

Sequences that are repeated a few hundred to several thousand times are called repetitive sequences.

moderately

Repetitive sequences fall into two broad categories: Blank 1Blank 1 moderately , Correct Unavailable and Blank 2Blank 2 high , Incorrect Unavailable repetitive.

moderately highly

DNA microarrays allow researchers to

monitor the expression of many genes.

Eukaryotic genomes contain ______ compared to bacterial and archaeal genomes.

mroe genes

How do gene families arise?

multiple gene duplication events followed by sequence divergence

CRISPR-Cas technology is used to

mutate genes.

What types of organisms have transposable elements in their genomes?

nearly all species

The second step of a PCR cycle involves which of the following?

primer annealing

During the second step of a PCR cycle are annealed to the separated DNA strands.

primers

PCR is useful in making many copies of a section of DNA that can be flanked by two .

primers

The use of laboratory techniques to isolate and manipulate fragments of DNA is known as DNA technology.

recombinant

In the gene cloning procedure, the third step involves putting the carrying the desired gene into host cells and allowing them to propagate.

recombinant vector

DNA is a procedure that is aimed at determining the order of bases in a DNA molecule.

sequencing

The genome found in the nucleus of eukaryotic species is usually organized in what way?

sets of linear chromosomes

What are the goals of the Human Genome Project? Select all that apply.

to identify all human genes to develop programs that address the ethical, legal, and social implications of the information obtained from the Project to sequence the entire human genome to analyze the genomes of model organisms to develop technology for the generation and management of human genome information

Unlike the technique of gene cloning, PCR makes copies of DNA without the use of and host cells.

vectors

The human genome is comprised of two sets of ______ linear chromosomes.

23

The transposition of a retrotransposon requires three enzymes: polymerase, transcriptase, and .

Blank 1: RNA Blank 2: reverse Blank 3: integrase

Recombinant vectors are produced when DNA of interest and vectors are cut into pieces using enzymes known as and linked together using the enzyme DNA .

Blank 1: restriction Blank 2: enzymes or endonucleases Blank 3: ligase

Recombinant DNA technology is the use of laboratory techniques to bring together fragments of from multiple sources.

DNA

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate which of the following items on a gel?

DNA proteins

A vector could also be referred to as a

DNA carrier

A collection of bacterial cells that contain vectors with different fragments of chromosomal DNA is called which of the following?

DNA library

When a transposon moves, transposase cleaves the transposon DNA and inserts it at a new location. When a retroelement moves, the transposon DNA must first be transcribed into .

DNA rNa

Transposable elements fall into two groups: transposons and .

DNA retrotransposons

This is a method to determine the order of bases contained in DNA molecules:

DNA sequencing

What is the name for a transposable element that moves via a DNA molecule?

DNA transposon

Because of their mobility, are sometimes referred to as "jumping genes".

DNA transposons

What are the two main groups of transposable elements?

DNA transposons retrotransposons

Which of the following statements is correct regarding eukaryotic genomes in comparison to bacterial and archaeal genomes?

Eukaryotic genomes are larger and contain more genes.

What are inverted repeats?

Identical DNA sequences that run in opposite directions

What is the function of transposase?

It facilitates movement of a DNA sequence from one site of the genome to another.

Why are researchers interested in sequencing eukaryotic genomes?

It makes it easier for researchers to identify and characterize the genes of model organisms. They can use this information to better identify and treat human diseases that are caused by mutation. The information can be used to better understand evolutionary relationships among organisms. They can use this information to develop breeds of livestock and crops with improved traits for greater yields.

Which technique is used to generate many copies of a DNA of interest?

PCR

Gene cloning allows you to produce a lot of copies of a gene and also to obtain a large amount of the gene product, such as a specific .

RNA

What is the relationship of these two DNA sequences to one another? 5'-TAGGCATA-3' and 5'-TATGCCTA-3' 3'-ATCCGTAT-5' 3'-ATACGGAT-5'

They are inverted repeats.

What are homologous genes?

Two or more genes that are derived from an ancestral gene and so have a similar function

What is a gene family?

Two or more paralogous genes that carry out related functions

A recombinant vector is best described as a vector that contains

a segment of chromosomal DNA

A goal of gene is to gather many copies of a gene of interest in order to study DNA directly or to use the DNA as a tool.

cloning

In simple terms, transposition of DNA transposons occurs by a(n) -and- mechanism.

cut paste

Which of the following happens during the third step of the PCR cycle? Choose all that apply.

dNTPs are added to the primers a complementary strand of DNA is synthesized the thermocycler is set to around 72 degrees Celcius

The first step of a PCR cycle involves what?

denaturation of the DNA

During the first step of a PCR cycle the template DNA is _______ to form two single-stranded DNA molecules.

denatured

Which type of genome is most complex?

eukaryotic

The third step of a PCR cycle where the Taq polymerase uses dNTPs to synthesize complementary DNA strands is referred to as

extension

How common are transposable elements?

extremely common, found in nearly all species examined

Multiple gene duplication events followed by sequence divergence can result in a group of paralogs with different but related functions, known as a gene .

family

Proteins or DNA can be separated using which technique?

gel electrophoresis

Sequencing the genomes of eukaryotic species gives insight into:

genes associated with human disease evolutionary relationships among organisms

The total amount of DNA, measured in megabase pairs, that a species has, is its:

genome size

The molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species is called .

genomics

The term refers to the use of techniques to study a genome.

genomics

Where are repetitive sequences found?

in eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal genomes.

In gene cloning, what is the next step after the vector and chromosomal DNA are cut with a restriction enzyme?

inserting the gene of interest into the vector

The following sequences: 5'-TAGGCATA-3' and 5'-TATGCCTA-3' 3'-ATCCGTAT-5' 3'-ATACGGAT-5' are an example of repeats that are found on the ends of DNA transposons.

inverted

At the ends of DNA transposons, sequences that are identical (or very similar) but run in opposite directions are known as .

inverted repeats

The sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are called restriction sites and are often , meaning that the sequence is identical when read in the opposite direction on the complementary strand.

palindromic

The third step of gene cloning involves treatment of host cells with agents to render them ________ to DNA so that they may incorporate the recombinant plasmid. This process is called ________.

permeable ; transformation

This technique is used to copy DNA without the aid of a vector:

polymerase chain reaction

When a piece of chromosomal DNA has been inserted into a vector, the vector is then called a

recombinant vector.

An organism typically contains short DNA sequences that are present in many copies in its genome. These are known as sequences.

repetitive

Eukaryotic genomes that are unusually large often contain a large proportion of

repetitive sequences.

Short DNA sequences that are present in many copies throughout the genome are known as

repetitive sequences.

Which of the following is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence?

restriction enzyme

Which transposons must be transcribed into RNA before they can move?

retroelements

A transposable element that undergoes transposition from one place to another in the genome of a cell by forming an intermediate RNA transcript is called a(n) .

retrotransposon

Which of the following enzymes play roles in the movement of a retrotransposon?

reverse transcriptase integrase RNA polymerase

What are transposable elements (TEs)?

segments of DNA that move to new locations within the genome

Two closely related eukaryotic species may have very different genome sizes due to:

the presence of repetitive sequences

An organism's genome size is:

the total amount of DNA, measured in megabase pairs

A segment of DNA that moves from its original location to a new site in the genome is known as a(n) element.

transposable

The enzyme that facilitates the movement of a short DNA sequence from its original site to a new site in the genome is known as .

transposase

The movement of a short segment of DNA from its original location to a new site in the genome is called .

transposition

Sequence elements in which the DNA itself moves from one location to another in the chromosome are known as DNA .

transposons

The process of PCR requires ________ for each region to be amplified.

two primers

A(n) is a DNA carrier of a DNA segment to be cloned.

vector