Chapter 21
Two or more genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene are known as genes.
homologous
Moderately repetitive sequences are typically present in the genome in:
hundreds or thousands of copies
Restriction sites are sequences recognized by restriction enzymes. They are often palindromic meaning that the sequence is
identical when read in the opposite direction on the complementary strand.
Eukaryotic genomes are typically ______ than those of their bacterial and archaeal counterparts.
larger and more complex
A collection of recombinant vectors that contain DNA fragments of of a given organism is called a DNA
library
The items needed to produce recombinant vectors include:
ligase restriction enzymes
The nuclear genome of eukaryotic species is usually found in sets of chromosomes that are in shape.
linear
The goal of PCR is to make ______ copy/copies of DNA in a defined region, perhaps encompassing a gene or part of a gene.
many
A DNA can be used to monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.
microarray
What technique can be used to identify which genes are transcribed by a specific cell?
microarray
Sequences that are repeated a few hundred to several thousand times are called repetitive sequences.
moderately
Repetitive sequences fall into two broad categories: Blank 1Blank 1 moderately , Correct Unavailable and Blank 2Blank 2 high , Incorrect Unavailable repetitive.
moderately highly
DNA microarrays allow researchers to
monitor the expression of many genes.
Eukaryotic genomes contain ______ compared to bacterial and archaeal genomes.
mroe genes
How do gene families arise?
multiple gene duplication events followed by sequence divergence
CRISPR-Cas technology is used to
mutate genes.
What types of organisms have transposable elements in their genomes?
nearly all species
The second step of a PCR cycle involves which of the following?
primer annealing
During the second step of a PCR cycle are annealed to the separated DNA strands.
primers
PCR is useful in making many copies of a section of DNA that can be flanked by two .
primers
The use of laboratory techniques to isolate and manipulate fragments of DNA is known as DNA technology.
recombinant
In the gene cloning procedure, the third step involves putting the carrying the desired gene into host cells and allowing them to propagate.
recombinant vector
DNA is a procedure that is aimed at determining the order of bases in a DNA molecule.
sequencing
The genome found in the nucleus of eukaryotic species is usually organized in what way?
sets of linear chromosomes
What are the goals of the Human Genome Project? Select all that apply.
to identify all human genes to develop programs that address the ethical, legal, and social implications of the information obtained from the Project to sequence the entire human genome to analyze the genomes of model organisms to develop technology for the generation and management of human genome information
Unlike the technique of gene cloning, PCR makes copies of DNA without the use of and host cells.
vectors
The human genome is comprised of two sets of ______ linear chromosomes.
23
The transposition of a retrotransposon requires three enzymes: polymerase, transcriptase, and .
Blank 1: RNA Blank 2: reverse Blank 3: integrase
Recombinant vectors are produced when DNA of interest and vectors are cut into pieces using enzymes known as and linked together using the enzyme DNA .
Blank 1: restriction Blank 2: enzymes or endonucleases Blank 3: ligase
Recombinant DNA technology is the use of laboratory techniques to bring together fragments of from multiple sources.
DNA
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate which of the following items on a gel?
DNA proteins
A vector could also be referred to as a
DNA carrier
A collection of bacterial cells that contain vectors with different fragments of chromosomal DNA is called which of the following?
DNA library
When a transposon moves, transposase cleaves the transposon DNA and inserts it at a new location. When a retroelement moves, the transposon DNA must first be transcribed into .
DNA rNa
Transposable elements fall into two groups: transposons and .
DNA retrotransposons
This is a method to determine the order of bases contained in DNA molecules:
DNA sequencing
What is the name for a transposable element that moves via a DNA molecule?
DNA transposon
Because of their mobility, are sometimes referred to as "jumping genes".
DNA transposons
What are the two main groups of transposable elements?
DNA transposons retrotransposons
Which of the following statements is correct regarding eukaryotic genomes in comparison to bacterial and archaeal genomes?
Eukaryotic genomes are larger and contain more genes.
What are inverted repeats?
Identical DNA sequences that run in opposite directions
What is the function of transposase?
It facilitates movement of a DNA sequence from one site of the genome to another.
Why are researchers interested in sequencing eukaryotic genomes?
It makes it easier for researchers to identify and characterize the genes of model organisms. They can use this information to better identify and treat human diseases that are caused by mutation. The information can be used to better understand evolutionary relationships among organisms. They can use this information to develop breeds of livestock and crops with improved traits for greater yields.
Which technique is used to generate many copies of a DNA of interest?
PCR
Gene cloning allows you to produce a lot of copies of a gene and also to obtain a large amount of the gene product, such as a specific .
RNA
What is the relationship of these two DNA sequences to one another? 5'-TAGGCATA-3' and 5'-TATGCCTA-3' 3'-ATCCGTAT-5' 3'-ATACGGAT-5'
They are inverted repeats.
What are homologous genes?
Two or more genes that are derived from an ancestral gene and so have a similar function
What is a gene family?
Two or more paralogous genes that carry out related functions
A recombinant vector is best described as a vector that contains
a segment of chromosomal DNA
A goal of gene is to gather many copies of a gene of interest in order to study DNA directly or to use the DNA as a tool.
cloning
In simple terms, transposition of DNA transposons occurs by a(n) -and- mechanism.
cut paste
Which of the following happens during the third step of the PCR cycle? Choose all that apply.
dNTPs are added to the primers a complementary strand of DNA is synthesized the thermocycler is set to around 72 degrees Celcius
The first step of a PCR cycle involves what?
denaturation of the DNA
During the first step of a PCR cycle the template DNA is _______ to form two single-stranded DNA molecules.
denatured
Which type of genome is most complex?
eukaryotic
The third step of a PCR cycle where the Taq polymerase uses dNTPs to synthesize complementary DNA strands is referred to as
extension
How common are transposable elements?
extremely common, found in nearly all species examined
Multiple gene duplication events followed by sequence divergence can result in a group of paralogs with different but related functions, known as a gene .
family
Proteins or DNA can be separated using which technique?
gel electrophoresis
Sequencing the genomes of eukaryotic species gives insight into:
genes associated with human disease evolutionary relationships among organisms
The total amount of DNA, measured in megabase pairs, that a species has, is its:
genome size
The molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species is called .
genomics
The term refers to the use of techniques to study a genome.
genomics
Where are repetitive sequences found?
in eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal genomes.
In gene cloning, what is the next step after the vector and chromosomal DNA are cut with a restriction enzyme?
inserting the gene of interest into the vector
The following sequences: 5'-TAGGCATA-3' and 5'-TATGCCTA-3' 3'-ATCCGTAT-5' 3'-ATACGGAT-5' are an example of repeats that are found on the ends of DNA transposons.
inverted
At the ends of DNA transposons, sequences that are identical (or very similar) but run in opposite directions are known as .
inverted repeats
The sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are called restriction sites and are often , meaning that the sequence is identical when read in the opposite direction on the complementary strand.
palindromic
The third step of gene cloning involves treatment of host cells with agents to render them ________ to DNA so that they may incorporate the recombinant plasmid. This process is called ________.
permeable ; transformation
This technique is used to copy DNA without the aid of a vector:
polymerase chain reaction
When a piece of chromosomal DNA has been inserted into a vector, the vector is then called a
recombinant vector.
An organism typically contains short DNA sequences that are present in many copies in its genome. These are known as sequences.
repetitive
Eukaryotic genomes that are unusually large often contain a large proportion of
repetitive sequences.
Short DNA sequences that are present in many copies throughout the genome are known as
repetitive sequences.
Which of the following is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence?
restriction enzyme
Which transposons must be transcribed into RNA before they can move?
retroelements
A transposable element that undergoes transposition from one place to another in the genome of a cell by forming an intermediate RNA transcript is called a(n) .
retrotransposon
Which of the following enzymes play roles in the movement of a retrotransposon?
reverse transcriptase integrase RNA polymerase
What are transposable elements (TEs)?
segments of DNA that move to new locations within the genome
Two closely related eukaryotic species may have very different genome sizes due to:
the presence of repetitive sequences
An organism's genome size is:
the total amount of DNA, measured in megabase pairs
A segment of DNA that moves from its original location to a new site in the genome is known as a(n) element.
transposable
The enzyme that facilitates the movement of a short DNA sequence from its original site to a new site in the genome is known as .
transposase
The movement of a short segment of DNA from its original location to a new site in the genome is called .
transposition
Sequence elements in which the DNA itself moves from one location to another in the chromosome are known as DNA .
transposons
The process of PCR requires ________ for each region to be amplified.
two primers
A(n) is a DNA carrier of a DNA segment to be cloned.
vector