Chapter 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

What is the function of the hepatic portal system? It is where the division of blood cells and blood components are stored in the liver until needed for defense. Collection of lymphatic fluid so it can be returned to the bloodstream. It is where the breakdown of wastes, reformulation of drugs and retention of water occur in the liver. Transport of venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

Transport of venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver

T/F Blood pressure is the force of blood on the blood vessels as it is propelled to virtually every cell in the body.

True

T/F Cardiovascular centers in the brain stem affect blood pressure through the autonomic nervous system.

True

T/F Excessive blood volume can be decreased by a hormone produced by the heart.

True

T/F The pluripotent stem cell is a type of cell that develops into a blood cell

True

T/F The pressure-driven movement of interstitial fluid back into the capillaries is known as reabsorption.

True

T/F The primary method for the exchange of many substances through the capillary wall is by diffusion.

True

T/F exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes in the cell occur only in capillaries.

True

All of the following are branches of the abdominal aorta EXCEPT mediastinal arteries. mesenteric arteries. iliac arteries. celiac trunk. inferior phrenic arteries.

mediastinal arteries

Which statement does not describe pulmonary circulation? the pulmonary trunk emerges from the right ventricle the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs the aveoli are surrounded by capillaries there are four pulmonary veins

pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs

Which of the following pulse locations do not match correctly? femoral artery - inferior to inguinal ligament radial artery - within the axilla dorsal pedis artery - top of the foot common carotid artery - base of the neck popliteal artery - back of the knee

radial artery - within the axilla

Which statement is true about capillary exchange? the most important method is bulk flow transcytosis is primarily used to transport carbohydrate-insoluble substances substances pass through the capillaries via fenestrations sinusoids do not allow passage of proteins bulk flow is considered an active process

substances pass through the capillaries via fenestrations

Which of the following statements is true? subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure indicates the pulse pressure Korotkoff sounds are the closing of the atrioventricular valves diastolic pressure is the pressure on vessel walls during contraction a sphygmomanometer is an instrument for listening to heart sounds the radial artery is compressed during the measurement of blood pressure

subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure indicates the pulse pressure

Which vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein? inferior vena cava and right colic vein splenic and left colic veins superior mesenteric and splenic veins inferior and superior mesenteric veins splenic and pancreatic veins

superior mesenteric and splenic veins

Which of the following is not true? the cavities in the temporal bone are called carotid sinuses the carotid sinus reflex regulates blood flow to the brain the vagus nerve communicates vessel pressure information to the brain quickly standing up reduces blood pressure to the brain baroreceptors sense changes in vessel pressure

the cavities in the temporal bone are called carotid sinuses

Which of the following is incorrect following birth? the umbilical vein becomes the round ligament the foramen ovale allows continued passage of blood to the left ventricle the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum the umbilical arteries become the medial umbilical ligaments the placenta or "afterbirth" is disposed of

the foramen ovale allows continued passage of blood to the left ventricle

Which of the following is not considered a factor in vascular resistance? the length of a vessel the viscosity of blood the pH of the blood the size of the internal diameter of a vessel brain stem control of peripheral resistance

the pH of the blood

Which statement is not true of venous return to the heart? an incompetent tricuspid valve decreases venous return when standing, the proximal and distal valves in the leg are open the respiratory pump increase venous return to the left atrium milking refers to contraction of the calf muscles to increase venous return venous return is generated by contraction of the left ventricle

the respiratory pump increase venous return to the left atrium

Which is a true statement? elastic arteries are also known as distributing arteries muscular arteries act as a pressure reservoir an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery elastic arteries are medium-sized arteries elastic arteries have greater vasoconstriction abilities

an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery

Total peripheral resistance to blood flow is created primarily by the veins capillaries arteries arterioles

arterioles

Which statement is true of capillary exchange? interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from the capillaries to the interstitial fluid blood hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venous end of a capillary blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to dissolved ions filtration is the movement from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries blood hydrostatic pressure is caused by the elasticity of the large arteries

blood hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venous end of a capillary

A sphygmomanometer wrapped above the elbow measures blood pressure in the common carotid artery. brachial artery. femoral artery. radial artery. dorsalis pedis artery.

brachial artery

A well-trained athlete would have a slow heart rate called: bradykinesia tachycardia dyspnea bradycardia pulse pressure

bradycardia

Diffusion of a substance across a cell membrane is due to one-way valves in the cell membrane the concentration gradient of the substance on either side of the membrane the amount of energy available to push the substance across the membrane capillary pressure pushing a substance across the membrane

concentration gradient of the substance on either side of the membrane

If my blood pressure is too low, one method of increasing pressure is to relax large veins in the trunk. increase urination. constrict many arterioles in the body. increase blood cell production.

constrict many arterioles in the body.

A major concern of high blood pressure is delivering too much blood to an organ loss of consciousness damage to or breaking of blood vessels breakdown of nutrients in the blood

damage to or breaking of blood vessels

When a large particle is moved into the cell while keeping it surrounded by a vesicle formed by the cell membrane, this process is known as consumption exocytosis endocytosis conscription

endocytosis

Chemoreceptors are associated with all of the following except: detecting hypercapnia located near the proprioceptors detecting hypoxia are found in the carotid bodies providing input to the respiratory center

located near the proprioceptors

Which pairing is matched correctly regarding the structure of an artery? tunica media - thinnest layer, consists of elastic and collagen fibers tunica intima - consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers tunica externa - consists of simple squamous cells, called exothelium tunica intima - has a basement membrane and an internal elastic lamina tunica media - layer closest to the lumen

tunica intima - has a basement membrane and an internal elastic lamina

On the distal end of the capillary bed reabsorption of some of the interstitial fluid occurs because ____ is the greatest force acting on the fluid.

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

What major changes occur in the circulation of blood in the heart of a newborn baby? Blood flow reverses direction. Blood no longer flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, but instead goes only from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Blood that was primarily pumped to the body by the right ventricle is now pumped by the left ventricle High oxygen blood no longer flows only into the left atrium, but now either atrium can receive high oxygen blood.

Blood no longer flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, but instead goes only from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

There are three parameters that maintain the homeostasis of blood pressure: cardiac output, resistance to blood flow, and... blood cell production blood volume cerebral control level of activity

Blood volume

The filtration of fluid and substances out of the capillaries on the proximal end and reabsorption of interstitial fluid on the distal end of the capillaries is collectively referred to as biosynthesis bulk flow metabolism competitive transport

Bulk flow

T/F Active cells consume oxygen during the production of ATP in the endoplasmic reticulum.

False

T/F If my blood pressure becomes too high, one method my body can use to lower it is to increase blood volume.

False

T/F The pressure-driven pushing of fluid through capillary pores is known as osmosis.

False

What is the purpose of pulmonary circulation? It provides a location for the exchange of nutrients between the outside world and the bloodstream. It provides a location for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the bloodstream. It is the primary location for the removal of excess water from the body. It provides defense against pathogens trying to enter the body through the lungs.

It provides a location for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the bloodstream.

An increase in stroke volume will have what kind of effect on cardiac output? it will increase it will not have an effect it will decrease there is not enough information to determine the effect

It will increase

Active cells contain increased carbon dioxide levels due to

aerobic ATP production

If my blood pressure is too low, I can also release Renin which may result in the activation of Angiotensin II, which causes the release of aldosterone. The general effect of aldosterone is to increase blood cell production. increase blood volume. increase urine output. increase ATP production.

increase blood volume.

Which change does NOT occur with age? decreased compliance of the aorta. increase in cardiac muscle fiber size. decreased cardiac output. increase in systolic blood pressure. the decrease in HDL.

increase in cardiac muscle fiber size.