Chapter 22 Questions

Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Supplies the body with oxygen Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure The lungs play a critical role in the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

Select all that apply The respiratory system does which of the following?

Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

Forced expiratory volume

The forced expiratory volume (FEV) is the volume of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Meninx

The meninges are the protective membrane surrounding the brain.

Physiological dead space

The physiological dead space refers to the anatomical dead space (the conducting zone) and any portion of the respiratory zone no longer capable of gas exchange

Serous

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

choanae

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Supplies the body with oxygen Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Functions in vocalization and speech

The respiratory system does which of the following?

respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures.

This is an application of Henry's law.

Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.

This is the Hering-Breuer reflex.

hypocapnia

condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood)

Epiglottis

is an elastic cartilage structure which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing.

pharynx

is superior to the larynx. Air comes through the pharynx to the larynx. To get from the larynx to the bronchi, air next flows through the trachea.

base

is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Laryngopharynx

is the inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx.

150mL

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Producing speech

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

cigarette smoke

COPDs are almost always caused by ______.

inspiration

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

4

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

Coughing

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

Emphysema

Long term of inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

Squamous-cell carcinoma matches Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium Adenocarcinoma Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria Small-cell carcinoma matches Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Match each type of lung cancer to its description.

expiration

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

Intercostal muscles

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing, : Although the intercostal muscles contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage, they only produce about about one-third of the pulmonary airflow.

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. Remember that an increase in H+ concentration corresponds to a lower (more acidic) pH. Also recall that oxygen is being unloaded, not loaded, in the alveoli.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

nasopharynx

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

base

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

apex

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open in the ______.

Expiratory reserve volume

The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of air that a person can exhale with maximum effort following a normal, tidal exhalation.

Acidosis, alkalosis is higher than 7.45

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Eupnea

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Anatomical dead space

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Systemic gas exchange

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Alveolar gas exchange

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Nasopharynx

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

Hyperpnea

excessive breathing

Apnea

is a cessation of breathing.

Acidosis

is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

Tachypnea

is a rapid form of breathing.

Oropharynx

is the mid-portion of the pharynx just posterior to the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone.

Systemic gas exchange

is the process of gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

peritoneum

is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.

pericardium

is the serous membrane surrounding the heart.

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Tidal

volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

Any blood pH below 7.35 is considered acidosis.

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.

True, When lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. This will pull air into the lungs.

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapor

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

The heme group

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH.

What does this graph illustrate?

Pleura

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Brainstem

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

At the capillary networks of the tissues, Across the respiratory membrane Reason: This exchange is called alveolar respiration.

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

Anterior to the esophagus, The trachea is located inferior to (below) the larynx. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The trachea is located within the mediastinum.

Where is the trachea located?

To produce sound To keep food and drink out of the airway

Which are functions of the larynx?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Nitrogen

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Emphysema

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

Medulla oblongata Pons

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Diaphragm

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Trachea

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Hypoxia

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?

Diaphragm Intercostals

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

Nostrils Nares

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.

Hypoxemic

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?