Chapter 5

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased, increased

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases.

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

Of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline.

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?

Chloride

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density?

temperature and salinity

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________.

Halocline

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

(Clockwise) Starting with top left Density Temp Thermocline Water at max depth Inver related Water temp constant a few degrees above zero

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- An increase in salinity increases seawater density. - A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. - An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply.

- Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. - Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. - Catch and melt fresh falling snow.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the items on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.

- Ions− charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons - Hydrogen bonds− bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together - Electrons− negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus - Atoms− basic building blocks of all matter - Covalent bonds− bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. B: Oxygen atom 2. E: Negatively charged side of the water molecule 3. A: Hydrogen bond 4. C: Hydrogen atom 5. D: Positively charged side of the water molecule

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. C: Condensation 2. B: Melting 3. A: Vaporization (evaporation/boiling) 4. D: Freezing

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. C: Gas 2. A: Liquid 3. B: Solid

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. D: Curve for low latitudes 2. C: Layer with the highest density 3. E: Curve for high latitudes 4. B: Mixed layer 5. A: Thermocline

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point?

Freezing point

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. D: Runoff 2. A: Greatest amount of evaporation (worldwide) 3. F: Infiltration 4. C: Smaller amount of precipitation (worldwide) 5. B: Greatest amount of precipitation (worldwide) 6. E: Smaller amount of evaporation, including transpiration (worldwide)

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. F: Potassium 2. D: Calcium 3. A: Sulfate 4. B: Sodium 5. C: Chloride 6. E: Magnesium

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Note that some terms may remain unused.

1. Water expands when it is heated, making the density decrease. 2. Water that is isothermal will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations in temperature with depth. 3. The Sun penetrates surface waters enough at low latitudes to create a thermocline. 4. We expect a water column to be isopycnal for density at high latitudes. 5. In lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through ocean water, water density will increase while water temperature will respond inversely. 6. Both the thermocline and pycnocline present a barrier to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths.

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

The average salinity of typical seawater is:

3.5%.

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 meters

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest?

Atmospheric water vapor

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

Bottom to Top Increased salinity Decreased salinity Just east of the bahamas off the west coast of africa from the red sea From the baltic sea

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?

Color

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?

Evaporation

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

What happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system?

It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

Off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water?

Osmosis

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply.

Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Measure the chlorinity of the water.

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?

Respiration

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

Sodium

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.

Sublimation− change in state from solid to gas Condensation− change in state from gas to liquid Evaporation− change in state from liquid to gas Pycnocline− area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth Halocline− area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

Sulfate

What happened when the two slats were pulled out?

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Which of the following best defines heat?

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater.

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

The polarity of water molecules.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply.

Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules have polarity. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds.

Select the three statements below that apply.

The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds.

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

increased, decreased

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.

ions

The surface tension of water:

is relatively high.

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________.

molecules

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a:

pycnocline.

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density?

tap water, with a small amount of food coloring

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature.

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

the high cost of energy involved