Chapter 6 - Lipids
long-chain fatty acids
fatty acid with 14-24
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of blood vessels
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from gallbladder to small intestine
as little as possible
how much trans far should we include in our diet?
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in body
eicosanoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone like functions
based on density
how do we classify lipoproteins?
fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
stroke
occurs when a clot blocks an artery in brain, brain cells that are nourished by vessel die
myocardial infarction
heart attack, occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to heart muscle
HDL
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues -created by liver and picks up cholesterol released from cells
alpha-linolenic acid
omega-3, 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with 3 double bonds
bile salts
component of bile, aid in lipid digestion
oxidized LDL
damaged by free radicals and contributes to atherosclerosis
pancreatic phospholipase
digestive enzyme that removes one fatty acid from the phopholipid molecule
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
CVD
elevated LDL is strongly linked to increased risk of ....
lipoprotein lipase
enzyme in capillary walls, breaks down the triglycerides and cells can use it for energy
adipose cells
VLDLs shuttle lipids to ....
three types of lipoproteins
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Diglyceride
a lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
olive oil
a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
small intestine
lipid digestion begins in the _____
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods, precursor for: -steroid hormones > estrogen and testosterone -bile -vitamin D
hormonal
lipids in chyme stimulates ____ response
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls
CVD
low HDL is linked to increased risk of
low-density lipoprotein
low protein, high cholesterol
homocysteinuria
group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
High-density lipoprotein
high protein, low lipid
an emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
cholecystectomy
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
Hydrogenation
the food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats.
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
three major classes of lipids
triglycerides phospholipids sterols
false occurs in small intestine
true/false majority of lipid absorption occurs in the stomach
true
true/false the body can make cholesterol in the liver
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells
cis fatty acids
most naturally occuring unsaturated fatty acids
unsatuated and saturated fatty acids
most triglycerides contain a mixture of ....
linoleic acid
omega-6, 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds
hydrophilic
part of molecule that attracts water
hydrophobic
part of molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
phospholipids
partially water soluble because the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic, but it also has a hydrophoibic portion
steatorrhea
presence of lipid in stool
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
protein produced primarily by liver in response to inflammation; marker of CVD
prostaglandins
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects in the body
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water
LDL
"bad" cholesterol, small, dense ___ contributes more to plague formation
HDL
"good" cholesterol, does not contribute to plaque formation
prostaglandins effects
-stimulate uterine contractions -regulate blood pressure -mediate immune system response
major functions of lipids in the body
1. providing and storing energy 2. forming and maintaining cell membranes 3. producing steroid hormones 4. insulating body against cold temps 5. cushioning the body against bumps and blows 6. forming body contours 7. absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
oleic acid
18 carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
stearic acid
18 carbon saturated fatty acid
Glycerol backbone
3 carbon alcohol
10
american heart association recommends limiting saturated far intake to less than ____ % of total kcals
homocysteine
amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
precursors to eicosanoids
arachidonic acid (AA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
emulsifier
because of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, phospholipid can serve as an...
phospholipid
cell membrane of lipid
adipose cells
cells that store triglycerides
a phospholipid
chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
plant sterols & stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol; found in: -grains -fruits -vegetables
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
absorptive cells of villi
short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse into the.....
yes
should we eat foods rich in fiber to reduce risk of atherosclerosis?
omega-6
we should consume 5-10% of total energy intake in the form of what fatty acid?
lacteal
what does the chylomicron leave the enterocyte into?
proteins
which are more dense? lipids or protein
Fatty acid
a hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group.
decrease
as blood concentrations of triglycerides increase, HDL levels ____
arteriosclerosis
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
sterol
cholesterol of lipid
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms ... hard at RT
monounsaturated (MUFA)
fatty acid that has one double bond within carbon chain
polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain... liquid at RT
short chain fatty acids
fatty acid with 2-4 carbons
medium-chain fatty acids
fatty acid with 6-12 carbons
Monoglyceride
is a lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
chylomicrons
largest and least dense lipoprotein
essential fatty acid
linoleic acid (omega-6) alpha-linolenic acid (Omega-3)
Triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol. -main one we consume
sterols
lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or fatty acid
VLDL
lipoprotein made in liver -carries much of TG in bloodstream
LDL
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissue -VLDL stripped of TGs and cholesterol is left in a ....
triglycerides
main lipid we consume
cholesterol and bile absorption
plants containing soluble fiber interfere with ____ and ____
lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate blood lipid levels
three
the body makes how many different types of lipoproteins?
false long chain fatty acid absorption requires additional steps
true/false long-chain fatty acid absorption happens through the absorptive cells of the villi just like short and medium chain fatty acids
chylomicron(CM)
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from GI tract
trans fats
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
very-low-density lipoprotein
very low protein, high triglycerides
choline
water soluble vitamin-like compound and is a component of lecithin
lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids through bloodstream