Chapter 9 and 10

Which of the following soils would be classified as clay loam?70% clay, 10% silt, and 20% sand 60% clay, 70% sand, and 30% silt 60% clay and 40% silt 70% silt and 30% sand 30% clay, 40% sand, and 30% silt

30% clay, 40% sand, and 30% silt

The figure demonstrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than 1 kg of milk.

4

What is the approximate minimum percent sand a soil can have and still be considered "sandy loam"?

43%

Which soil horizon is most depleted through erosion?

A

Decomposers are most likely found in the ________.

A and O horizons

The land on a 100-acre farm is equally suited for grazing cattle and growing corn. Of the following ways of distributing land use, which would produce the greatest number of calories of human consumption?

Acres for Grazing Cattle Acres for Growing Corn 0 100

Which of the following procedures would be best for remediating the effects of soil salinization?

Addition of large amounts of water to leach out salts

Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification

Australia

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is produced by domestic livestock?

CH4, methane

Which of the following practices leads to the greatest amount of soil erosion from one location?

Clearing all vegetation from a hillside

Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (A) Photosynthesis (B) Eutrophication (C) Denitrification (D) Decomposition (E) Transpiration The rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low-nutrient soils

Decomposition

At the current rate of growth, Earth's human population will double in about 50 years. Which of the following is the LEAST viable strategy for ensuring adequate nutrition for a population of this size?

Doubling the area of arable land on a global basis

Which of the following methods of agricultural irrigation results in the loss of the least amount of water by evaporation?

Drop irrigation

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true?

Genetic resistance to pests and diseases can be increased by crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties.

A consequence of the _____ was the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and monocultures

Green Revolution

How is biological control used for battling pests?

It is a strategy that uses the predators of crop pests for pest control

Which of the following has been the result when pollen from Monsanto-patented GMO plants has contaminated the fields of farmers who do NOT use (or want) GMO crops?

Monsanto sues the farmer with the contaminated plants and claims patent infringement.

The initial degradation of plants by microarthropods, bacteria, and fungi occurs in the __________ soil horizon.

O

Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of using organic fertilizers?

Organic fertilizers increase humus in soils.

Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following concepts related to energy (A) Heat flow (B) Kinetic energy (C) Potential energy (D) First law of thermodynamics (E) Second law of thermodynamics An energy transformation occurs and results in increased disorder.

Second law of thermodynamics

Soil that is 30% silt could be classified as any of the following EXCEPT ________.

Silt loam

Your friend plants Roundup Ready seeds in her garden and several months later notices that her garden is overrun with weeds. She calls the seed company to complain. How should the customer service agent respond?

The customer service agent should point out that the Roundup Ready plants would survive being sprayed with Roundup. Your friend never used Roundup on her garden, so the weeds overran her garden.

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources?

The development of new strains of crops with higher yields

Which of the following statements is true about the diversity of our crops today?

The diversity of our crops has decreased with the Green Revolution.

Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"?

Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease.

Overirrigation in dry areas can cause __________

a buildup of salt in the soil to the point where it negatively affects plant growth

From the standpoint of plant growth, one of the important characteristics of soils is its cation exchange capacity. What is a soil's cation exchange capacity?

a measure of how many reactions the soil can catalyze over a certain period of time

Which of the following describes the cycle of agriculture and sedentary lifestyles?

a positive feedback cycle

Which of the following situations would be most apt to form new, healthy soil?

a warm, moderately wet climate with many decomposers

Soil classified as sand is ________% sand.

at least 85

Which of the following soils would have the best cation exchange capacity?

basic (high pH) soil

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

beef

Desertification of soil __________

can be caused by overgrazing

The practice of "intercropping," planting multiple crop species in the same plot, reduces soil erosion, can add nutrients to the soil, and __________.

can reduce pest damage on crops

Soil that is 50% clay, 20% silt, and 30% sand would be categorized as ________

clay

Tommy and Teagan are learning the process of good home gardening and decide to help their parents as best as they can. Every day they walk along rows of bean plants, carefully inspecting each plant for harmful insects, and removing any that they find. However, the bean plants do not grow well, and few beans form. Their parents notice the poor beans, inspect the plants and soil, and tell the children that walking around the plants every day has hurt the plants by ________.

compacting the soil, decreasing aeration and infiltration

Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are

erosion and desertification

The presence of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria in a water source indicates that the water

has been contaminated by untreated human or animal waste

The type of agriculture that occupies over 25% of the world's croplands and dominates farms in the Midwest is __________

industrial agriculture

Which of the following practices does very little to control soil erosion?

industrial monoculture agriculture

Which of the following agricultural systems would be most susceptible to diseases or pests?

monocultures

Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion?

no-till agriculture

When a rain forest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to

oxidation of carbon compounds

The water-holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following?

pesticide

Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because ______

pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

Erosion can result in a positive feedback loop because

plants are less likely to grow in eroded soil

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of the biological control of pests?

potential disruption of nontarget species in the ecosystem

What is the name given to the idea that, when genetically modified organisms are produced, we should not take action until the environmental and human health effects are well documented?

precautionary principle

An integrated pest-management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following?

reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level

In Japan, the presence of ducks and the aquatic fern Azolla in rice cultivation has shown that ________

restoring portions of the biodiversity of a natural ecosystem can increase crop yields and profits

Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water?

runoff from a nearby hog farm

Which of the following types of soil would allow water and minerals to move most quickly through it toward the lower soil horizons?

sand

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following?

second law of thermodynamics

Based on the information in the figure, you might decide to make changes in your diet to diminish your ecological footprint by ________

shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products

A child named Emma in Uganda has a large abdomen and reddish hair that used to be black, suggesting that Emma probably _______

suffers from kwashiorkor

Which of the following horizons of soil would most likely contain the most minerals?

the B horizon

Biological control can have unintended consequences when _______

the biological control agent becomes invasive and affects nontarget species

Weather can dramatically affect a farmer's yield. Government subsidies to farmers can compensate for this risk but may lead to __________

undervalued produce

A sustainable society would emphasize

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.

with steeply sloped fields