CHEM 1001 Robert Cook
giga
G 10^9
The SI scale for temperature
Kelvin scale
State five distinguishing characteristics of science. Which characteristic best serves to distinguish science from other disciplines?
Science is testable, reproducible, explanatory, predictive, and tentative. Testability best distinguishes science.
tera
T 10^12
Normal body temperature is about 37*C. What is this temperature in Kelvins?
T=310 K
Why can't scientific methods always be used to solve social, political, ethical, and economic problems?
These problems usually have too many variables to be treated by the scientific method.
centi
c 10^-2
The SI unit for energy
joule
The smallest characteristic part of most compounds
molecule
micro
µ 10^-6
The number of elements known today is approximately what?
100
301 K to degrees Celsius
28 * C
mega
M 10^6
What is the SI-derived unit for volume? What volume units are more often used in the lab?
The SI-derived unit for volume is liter (L). Because one L represents a relative large quantity, volumes measure in milliliters (mL) and sometimes in microliters (µL) are often used in the lab.
Penicillin kills bacteria, thus saving the lives of thousands of people who otherwise might die of infectious diseases. Penicillin causes allergic reactions in some people, which can lead to death if the resulting condition is not treated. Do a risk-benefit analysis of the use of penicillin by society as a whole.
The benefits to society are very great. The risk to selected people is great but is managed by restricting access to penicillin by prescription and requiring the care of a doctor. The DQ is high.
An aluminum tube has an outside diameter of 0.998 inches and an inside diameter of 0.782 inches. Without doing a detailed calculation, determine whether the aluminum tube will fit inside another aluminum tube with an inside diameter of 26.3 millimeters.
Yes. The 26.3 mm i.d. tube is larger than 25.4 mm (1 inch).
Which one(s) of the following are likely to be paired incorrectly? Add or remove zeroes to the incorrect masses to make them more reasonable. a) large paper clip - 1000 mg b) pair of wire framed glasses - 20 g c) carpet covering a large living room - 10 kg d) case of bottled water - 1 kf
a & b
Calculate the amount, in moles, of each of the following: a) 16.4 g SF6 b) 21.4 g Na2S2O8 c) 13.7 g ZnF2
a) 0.112 mol b) 8.98 x 10^-2 mol c) 0.132 mol
Convert the following a) 542 mm to m b) 60 ns to μs c) 84.2 mg to kg d) 29.6 dm^3 to L
a) 0.542 m b) 6.0 x 10^-2 μs c) 8.42 x 10^-5 kg d)29.6 L
Ice floats on liquid water. A reasonable value for the density of ice is a) 0.92 g/cm^3 b) 1.08 g/cm^3 c) 1.98 g/cm^3 d) 4.90 g/cm^3
a) 0.92 g/cm^3
Which of the following has a volume of roughly 250 mL (0.250 L)? a) 1 cup b) 1 gallon c) 1 pint d) 1 tablespoon
a) 1 cup
Two compounds, V & W are composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Compound V is 80.0% carbon by mass and 20.0% hydrogen by mass. Compound W is 83.3% carbon by mass and 16.7% hydrogen by mass. What is the ratio of masses of hydrogen in these compounds given a fixed mass of carbon? a) 1.00 : 1.25 b) 1.00 : 1.75 c) 2.00 : 2.25 d) 2.00 : 3.00
a) 1.00 : 1.25
Calculate the mass, in grams, of each of the following: a) 7.43 mol BrF3 b) 7.10 mol Fe3O4 c) 0.360 mol IF5
a) 1020 g b) 1640 g c) 79.9 g
Convert (a) 1.83 kg to grams and (b) 729 microliters to milliliters.
a) 1830 g b) 0.729 mL
Express the length of a 31 cm ruler in (a) mm, (b) meters, and (c) n.
a) 310 mm b) 0.31 m c) 3.1 x 10^8 nm
What is the volume of (a) 227 g of hexane (in milliliters) and (b) a 454-g block of ice (in cubic centimeters)?
a) 344 mL b) 495 cm^3
Express each of the following measurements in terms of an SI base unit in both decimal & exponential form. a) 4.12 cm b) 947 ms c) 3.17 nm
a) 4.12 x 10^-2 m 0.0412 m b) 0.947 s c) 3.17 x 10^-9 m 0.00000000317 m
Carry out the following conversions: a) 5.52 x 10^4 mL to L b) 325 mg to g c) 27 cm to m d) 27 mm to cm e) 78 µ to ms
a) 55.2 L b) 0.325 g c) 0.27 m d) 2.7 cm e) 0.078 ms
Without consulting tables, name each of the following: a) Fe b) Mg c) He d) N
a) Iron b) Magnesium c) Helium d) Nitrogen
How many types of atoms are present in a given compound? a) at least two b) hundreds c) three or more d) depends on the mass of the compound
a) at least two
According to Dalton's atomic theory, when elements react, their atoms combine in a) one or more single whole number ratios b) exactly a 1:1 ratio c) pairs d) random proportions
a) one or more single whole number ratios
Identify the following changes as physical or chemical. a) Bits of yellow plastic are melted and forced into a mold to make a yellow toy. b) Waste oil from restaurants is converted to biodiesel fuel that burns differently from cooking oil. c) Orange juice is prepared by adding three cans of water to one can or orange-juice concentrate.
a) physical b) chemical c) physical
Creating solid ice from liquid water involves a) a physical change b) a chemical change
a) physical change
Identify each of the following as a substance or a mixture. a) gelium gas used to fill a balloon b) the juice squeezed from an orange c) distilled water d) carbon dioxide gas
a) substance b) mixture c) substance d) substance
Relative masses in the modern periodic table are based on the value for a) the carbon-12 isotope b) the hydrogen atom c) naturally occurring oxygen d) the oxygen-16 isotope
a) the carbon-12 isotope
The smallest characteristic part of an element
atom
A compound containing only oxygen and rubidium has 0.187 g of O per 1.00 g of Rb. The relative atomic masses are 16.0 for O and 85.5 for Rb. What is an O-to-Rb mass ratio for this oxide of rubidium? a) 16.0 : 171 b) 16.0 : 85.5 c) 8.0 : 85.5 d) 32.0: 85.5
b) 16.0 : 85.5
Which of the following is a reasonable volume for a teacup? a) 25 mL b) 250 mL c) 2.5 L d) 25 L
b) 250 mL
Which of the following is a reasonable approximation for the area of a credit card? a) 400 cm^2 b) 40 cm^2 c) 4 cm^2 d) 4 m^2
b) 40 cm^2
Which of the following properties of iron are chemical properties? a) It has a mass of 112.23 g b) It reacts with chlorine to form iron chloride c) It rusts in water d) It is shiny
b) It reacts with chlorine to form iron chloride c) it rusts in water
Which of the following is an example of matter? a) sunlight b) air pollution c) magnetic field d) ultraviolet light
b) air pollution
Which of the following has a thickness of roughly 1 cm? a) brick b) cell phone c) knife blade d) text book
b) cell phone
An inch is about 250% longer than a a) meter b) cm c) millimeter d) decimeter
b) cm
Which of the following is a chemical property? a) iodine vapor is purple b) copper tarnishes c) salt dissolves in water d) balsa wood is easily carved
b) copper tarnishes
Which are realistic masses for a cellular telephone and a laptop computer, respectively? a) 100 mg, 100 g b) 100 g, 100 mg c) 100 g, 2 kg d) 1 kg, 2 kg
c) 100 g, 2 kg
When 60.0 g of carbon is burned in 160.0 g of oxygen, 220.0 g of carbon dioxide is formed. What mass of carbon dioxide is formed when 60.0 g of carbon is burned in 750.0 g of oxygen? a) 60.0 g b) 160.0 g c) 220.0 g d) 810.0 g
c) 220.0 g
When diamond - a pure form of carbon - is burned in an oxygen atmosphere, each carbon atom combines with two oxygen atoms. If a 2.000 g (10.00 carat) diamond is burned in a closed container with only 6.000 g of oxygen, how much will the container's contents weigh after the burning process? a) 2.000 g b) 6.000 g c) 8.000 g d) uncertain
c) 8.000 g
Which of the following is a chemical change? a) An egg is broken and poured into eggnog mix. b) A tree is pruned, shortening some branches. c) A tree is watered and fertilized, and it grows taller. d) Frost forms on a cold window.
c) A tree is watered & fertilized, and it grows taller.
Which statement is correct in regards to recycling? a) Compounds are never altered. b) New elements may be created, except for gold. c) Elements remain unaltered. d) Only iron can be recycled.
c) Elements remain unaltered.
The composition of water (solid [ice], liquid, or gas [water vapor]) always yields 88.81% oxygen and 11.19% hydrogen by mass, which illustrates: a) Dalton's atomic theory b) Democritus' atomic theory c) the law of definite proportions d) the law of conservation of mass
c) the law of definite proportions
A substance made up of 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
compound
Your doctor recommends you take 1000 µg of vitamin B12. That is the same as: a) 1 centigram b) 1 decigram c) 1 gram d) 1 milligram
d) 1 milligram
Water boils at a) 0 *C b) 100 *F c) 273 *C d) 373 K
d) 373 K
Which statement in regards to molar mass is incorrect? a) The molar mass of carbon-12 is 12.0000 g/mole. b) It is the mass of 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of an element. c) It is the mass of 6.022 x 10^23 molecules of a compound. d) It can only be applied to atoms of an element.
d) It can only be applied to atoms of an element.
Which statement in regards to a mole is incorrect? a) It contains the Avogadro's number of carbon atoms. b) It is a quantity of carbon. c) It weighs 12.0107 g. d) It contains 12 atoms of carbon.
d) It contains 12 atoms of carbon.
Bending glass tubing in a hot flame involves a) applied research b) a chemical change c) an experiment d) a physical change
d) a physical change
Which is not an example of matter? a) methane gas b) steam c) silver d) a rainbow
d) a rainbow
One cubic cm is equal to one a) deciliter b) dram c) liter d) milliliter
d) milliliter
According to Dalton, elements are distinguished from each other by a) density in the solid state b) nuclear change c) shapes of their atoms d) weights of their atoms
d) weights of their atoms
deka
da 10^1
One of the fundamental substances from which all material things are constructed
element
femto
f 10^-15
In his 1789 textbook, Antoine Lavoiser listed 33 known elements, one of which was baryte. Which of the following observations best shows that baryte can't be an element? a) Baryte is insoluble in water. b) Baryte melts at 1580*C. c) Baryte has a density of 4.48 g/cm^3 d) Baryte is formed in hydrothermal veins and around hot springs. e) Baryte is formed as a solid when sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide are mixed. f) Baryte is formed as a sole product when a particular metal is burned in oxygen.
f) Bartye is formed as a sole product when a particular metal is burned in oxygen.
hecto
h 10^2
The energy flow from a hot object to a cold one is what?
heat
Atoms of an element that have different masses
isotopes
What law does the following list of compounds illustrate? N2O, NO, NO2, N2O4
law of multiple proportions
nano
n 10^-9
pico
p 10^-12
Involves an alteration in the physical appearance of matter without changing its chemical identity or composition
physical change
Every sample of the sugar glucose (no matter where on Earth it comes from) consists of 8 parts (by mass) oxygen, 6 parts carbon, and 1 part hydrogen. Is glucose a substance or mixture? Explain.
substance
Having a definite, or fixed composition that does not vary from one sample to another
substance
To convert a temperature on the Kelvin scale to degrees C, we do what?
subtract 273
States that a compound always contains the same elements in certain definite proportions and in no others
the law of definite proportions
Earth's oceans contain 3.50 x 10^8 mi^3 of water and cover an area of 1.40 x 10^8 mi^2. What is the volume of ocean water in cubic kilometers?
1.46 x 10^9 km^3
Magnesium oxide decomposes into magnesium and oxygen. If 4.02 g of magnesium oxide decomposes to form 2.43 g of magnesium, what mass of oxygen gas is also released in the reaction?
1.60 g
373 K to degrees Celsius
100 * C
Diethyl ether boils at 36*C. What is the boiling point of this liquid on the Kelvin scale?
309 K (K=*C + 273.15)
When 1 g of gas burns, it yields about 10.3 kcal of energy. What is this quantity of energy in kilojoules (kJ)?
31.1 kJ (10.3 kcal x 1000 k cal/1 kcal x 4.184 J/1 cal x 1 kJ/1000 J)
A silver ingot has a volume of 53.6 cm^3 and weights 500.0 g. What is the density, in grams per cubic cm, of silver?
9.33 g/cm^3
A metal stand specifies a maximum load of 450 lb. Will it support an aquarium that weighs 59.5 lb and is filled with 37.9 L of seawater? (d = 1.03 g/mL)
Yes
a) SI unit of length b) SI unit of mass
a) meter b) kilogram
Liquid nitrogen, used for freezing sperm samples, has a temperature of 77 K. What is this temperature in Celsius?
-196 *C
Arrange the following in order of increasing mass (lightest first): (1) a 5 lb bag of potatoes, (2) a 1.65 kg cabbage, (3) 2500 g of sugar.
1) cabbage (lightest) 2) potatoes 3) sugar (heaviest)
If the volume of a rock is 80.0 cm^3 and its mass is 160.0 g, its density is what?
2.0 g/cm^3
To vaporize 1.00 g of sweat (water) from your skin, the water must absorb 584 calories. What is that value in kilojoules?
2.55 kJ
25 *C to kelvins
298 K
Calculate the number of molecules in 6.00 moles H2S.
3.61 x 10^25 H2S molecules
The label on a 100 mL container of orange juice packaged in New Zealand reads in part, "energy... 161 kJ." What is that value in kilocalories (food "calories")?
38.5 kcal
Calculate the number of moles of Cl atoms in 1.20 x 10^25 formula units of magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
4.00 moles Cl
Some metal chips having a volume of 3.29 cm^3 are placed on a piece of paper and weighed. The combined mass is found to be 18.43 g. The paper itself weighs 1.21 g. Calculate the density of the metal.
5.23 g/cm^3
A "crystal ball" is 148 mm in diameter and made of glass that has a density of 3.18 g/cm^3. What is the mass of the object? (The volume of the sphere is 4ᴫr^3/3 where r is the radius.)
5.4 x 10^3 g
A rope is 5.775 cm long. What is the length in mm?
57.75 mm (1 cm = 10 mm)
A block of balsa wood (d=0.11 g/cm^3) is 7.6 cm x 7.6 cm x 94 cm. What is the mass of the block in grams?
590 g = 5.9 x 10^2 g
What is the density of iron if 156 g pf iron occupies a volume of 20 cm?
7.80 g/cm^3
A student measures 49.1 mL of concentrated nitric acid, which has a density of 1.51 g/mL. What is the mass of the acid?
74.1 g
Cavendish found that water was composed of two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom. Explain how this supports the law of definite proportions.
Cavendish's development of quantitative methods of establishing the proportions of atoms in a substance produced results substantiating the law of definite proportions.
What is a DQ? What does a large DQ mean? Why is it often difficult to estimate a DQ?
DQ, the desirability quotient, is benefits divided by risks. A large DQ means that risks are minimal compared to benefits. Often it is hard to quantify risks and benefits.
Consider the following macroscopic (visible to the unaided eye) objects. Which are best classified as discrete (like Democritus' description of matter), and which are continuous (like Aristotle's description)? a) people b) cloth c) calculators d) milk chocolate e) M&M candies
Discrete at the macroscopic level: a) people c) calculators e) M&M candies Continuous (giving the impression that they can be infinitely divided): b) cloth d) milk chocolate
Explain how the periodic law allowed Mendeleev to construct his periodic table and to predict the existence and properties of elements yet to be discovered.
Mendeleev used the relationship between the chemical properties of the elements and their atomic masses to create his periodic table. His organization caused him to predict the existence of yet-to-be-discovered elements when known elements would otherwise have to be placed in columns with elements whose chemical properties didn't "fit."
What is risk-benefit analysis?
Risk-benefit analysis compares benefits of an action to the risks of that action.
MRSA infections are becoming more common as the prescribing of antibiotics increases. (a) Is the DQ for the use of antibiotics to routinely treat sore throats high or low? Justify your answer briefly. (b) How does this DQ differ from the DQ for the use of antibiotics to treat influenza (higher or lower)? Justify your answer briefly.
The DQ for routinely treating sore throats is low, especially if the origin of the problem is unknown. The risk of development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria likely outweighs the possible benefits of the treatment. The flu is a viral problem that does not usually respond to antibiotics so the desirability quotient for antibiotic use in that instant would likely be considerably lower than for their use to treat a sore throat of bacterial origin.
Fructose (fruit sugar) is always composed of 40.0% carbon, 53.3% oxygen, and 6.7% hydrogen regardless of the fruit it comes from. What law does this illustrate?
The law of definite proportions states that elements combine in the same proportions in any compound regardless of the source of origin of that compound.
Which is not true of Mendeleev's periodic table? a) It includes new elements that he had just discovered. b) The elements are arranged generally in order of increasing atomic mass. c) He left gaps for predicted new elements. d) He placed some heavier elements before lighter ones.
a
Change the unit for each of the following measurements by replacing the power of ten with an appropriate SI prefix. a) 1.0 x 10^-1 L b) 8.5 x 10^-12 g c) 1.05 x 10^-3 m
a) 1.0 dL b) 8.5 pg c) 1.05 mm
Identify the following research projects as either applied or basic. a). A Virginia Tech chemist tests a method for analyzing coal powder in less than a minute, before the powder goes into a coal-fired energy plant. b). A Purdue engineer develops a method for causing aluminum to react with water to generate hydrogen for automobiles. c). A worker at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign examines the behavior of atoms at high temperatures and low pressures.
a) applied b) applied c) basic
Distinguish the difference between (a) the atomic view and the continuous view of matter and (b) the ancient Greek definition of an element and the modern one.
a) atomic: matter is made of discrete particles continuous: matter is infinitely divisible b) Greek: four elements, no atoms modern: each element has its own kind of atom
A compound can be separated into its elements by: a) chemical means b) mechanical means c) physical means d) using a magnet
a) chemical means
Indicate which is the larger unit in each pair. a) mm or cm b) kg or g c) dL or µL
a) cm b) kg c) dL
Which of the following represent elements, and which represent compounds? a) Ir b) I c) InN d) IF^7
a) element b) element c) compound d) compound
Paints used on today's automobiles are often composed of two components and harden several hours after mixing. One component is an isocyanate that can sensitize a person, causing an allergic reaction, if it is breathed (even in small amounts) over a long time period. Do a risk-benefit analysis of the use of these paints by (a) an automotive factory worker and (b) a hobbyist who is restoring a 1965 Mustang. How might the DQ for both of these people be increased?
a) high b) high (but lower than a)
Which of the following mixtures are homogeneous, and which are heterogeneous? a) copper water pipe b) distilled water c) liquid oxygen d) chicken noodle soup
a) homogeneous b) homogeneous c) homogeneous d) heterogeneous
Identify the following as physical or chemical properties. a) The glass on a tablet computer is cracked when a child sits on it. b) Bread becomes moldy when it is allowed to stand in the open. c) Gold and copper melt at almost the same temperature. d) A dessert custard is prepared by cooking a mixture of eggs, sugar, and milk.
a) physical b) chemical c) physical d) chemical
Meyer and Mendeleev arranged elements in their periodic tables a) alphabetically b) according to their chemical properties c) in the order they were discovered d) using the Eastern philosophical system of Feng Shui
b) according to their chemical properties
We can recycle materials because atoms a) always combine in the same way b) are conserved c) are indivisible d) combine in multiple portions
b) are conserved
The density of a wood plank floating on a lake is a) less than air b) less than water c) more than water d) same as water
b) less than water
What kind of change alters the identify of a material? a) temperature b) physical c) pressure
b) physical
Which of the following is an example of a physical change? a) A cake is baked from flour, baking soda, sugar, eggs, and milk. b) Milk left outside a refrigerator overnight turns sour. c) Sheep are sheared, and the wool is spun into yarn. d) Spiders eat flies and make silk.
c) Sheep are sheared, and the wool is spun into yarn.
A molecule is a) a collection of like atoms b) conserved in chemical reactions c) a group of atoms chemically bonded to one another d) indivisible
c) a group of atoms chemically bonded to one another
One quart is slightly less than one a) deciliter b) kiloliter c) liter d) milliliter
c) liter
Dalton postulated that atoms were indestructible to explain why a) the same 2 elements can form more than one compound b) no 2 elements have the same atomic mass c) mass is conserved in chemical reactions d) nuclear fission (splitting) is impossible
c) mass is conserved in chemical reactions
Which of the following has a mass of roughly 1 g? a) ant b) orange c) peanut d) watermelon
c) peanut
Dalton viewed chemical change as a a) change of atoms from one type to another b) creation and destruction of atoms c) rearrangement of atoms d) transfer of electrons
c) rearrangement of atoms
If a chemical alteration takes place in a sealed container, the mass of the container & its contents a) increase b) decrease c) remains unchanged d) is unpredictible
c) remains unchanged
Two identical items are taken from Earth to Mars, where they have: a) same mass & weight as on Earth b) neither same mass nor weight as on Earth c) same mass but not same weight as on Earth d) same weight but not same mass as on Earth
c) same mass but not the same weight as on Earth
Involves a change in the chemical identity of matter into other substances that are chemically different
chemical change
Describes how a substance reacts with other types of matter - how its basic building blocks can change
chemical property
deci
d 10^-1
kilo
k 10^3
milli
m 10^-3
What mass in kilograms of E85 (d=0.758 g/mL) can be contained in a 11.0 gal tank?
m=31.6 kg
What mass of nitrous oxide can be formed from 44.7 g of nitrogen?
m=70.2 g
A measurement of the quantity of matter that an object contains
mass
The stuff that makes up all material things
matter
A characteristic or behavior that can be observed or measured without generating new types of matter
physical property