Cold War Module 12 lessons 3/4

what did america do about the situation in hungary and why didn't we do anything about it

Although the Truman Doctrine had promised to support free peoples who resisted communism, the United States did nothing to help Hungary break free of Soviet control. Many Hungarians were bitterly disappointed. The American policy of containment did not extend to driving the Soviet Union out of its satellites. No help came to Hungary from the United Nations either. Although the UN passed one resolution after another condemning the Soviet Union, the Soviet veto in the Security Council stopped the UN from taking any action.

who was dwight eisenhower

American general who led the Allied invasion of North Africa and the D-Day invasion of France and commanded the Allied forces in Europe during World War II; as the thirty-fourth president of the United States, he faced many challenges during the Cold War.

what happened for the eisenhower doctrine to be made and what was the doctrine

Because of its support for Egypt in the Suez Crisis, the Soviet Union gained prestige in the Middle East. to counter this th epresident created the doctirne which was: a U.S. commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country, announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957. said that the United States would defend the Middle East against an attack by any Communist country.

what were soviets afraid of with the U-2s

By 1960, however, many U.S. officials were nervous about the U-2 program for two reasons. First, the existence and purpose of the U-2 was an open secret among some members of the American press. Second, the Soviets had been aware of the flights since 1958, as U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers explained.

what happened to the arms race as time went on

By the mid- to late 1950s, the Soviet Union had increased its nuclear capabilities to match those of the United States. Both superpowers now had the ability to retaliate to any attack with nuclear force. This essentially guaranteed that any such attack would result in the total destruction of both parties. As a result, neither country was willing to consider a direct attack against its opponent.

what was the hungarian uprising

Dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of World War II, the Hungarian people rose in revolt in 1956. They demanded the removal of the most oppressive leaders, to which Khrushchev agreed. The Hungarians formed a new government led by Imre Nagy (ēmʹrĕ nŏdʹyә), the most popular and liberal Hungarian Communist leader. A great supporter of reform, Nagy promised free elections. He also denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded that all Soviet troops leave Hungary.

how did the US intervene in africa and asia

During the 1940s and 1950s, many colonies sought independence, either peacefully or through violent uprisings. American leaders feared that the governments of these newly independent nations would be receptive to Communist influence, especially if the Soviets promised them financial or military aid. To prevent this from happeneing america offered aid to these countries as well he government sent money, technical assistance, and sometimes military forces to such countries as Indonesia and Vietnam. This aid was intended to convince the new countries to form Western, democratic governments. Feeling trapped between rival powers, many of these new nations chose to remain unaligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. They wanted no part of the Cold War.

who else was affected by the suez crisis

Egyptian control of the canal also affected Israel, which had become independent following World War II. On May 14, 1948, the United Nations created the nation of Israel out of the Palestine Mandate it was Placed under British control, the mandate was intended in part to eventually provide a home for Jews from around the world. Thousands of Jews had migrated there from Europe before and during World War II. Israel became the "promised land" they had been seeking since biblical times. The creation of Israel was one of the few issues upon which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed. Arab nations in the region, however, considered the creation of Israel an invasion of their territory. Several launched raids and large-scale attacks on Israel. They were determined to reclaim what they considered their land. Although outnumbered, the Israelis defended their borders

Who was Alger Hiss?

Former U.S. government official who was accused in 1948 of participating in a Communist spy ring. He denied the charges, but was convicted of lying under oath in 1950. A young conservative Republican congressman named Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. Within four years of the highly publicized case, Nixon was elected vice-president.

what was SEATO

In 1954 the governments of the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan joined with the United States, France, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand to form the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). This organization was dedicated to fighting the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Although most of its members were not actually located in that region, they all had cultural or economic ties there. None wanted to see it fall under Soviet domination.

what was the Suez war

In 1955 Great Britain and the United States agreed to help Egypt finance construction of a dam at Aswan on the Nile River. However, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt's head of government, tried to play the Soviets and the Americans against each other. He tried to improve relations with each one in order to get more aid. In 1956, after learning that Nasser was making deals with the Soviets, Secretary of State Dulles withdrew his offer of a loan. Angered, Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal, the Egyptian waterway that was owned by France and Great Britain. The French and the British were outraged.

explain why a U-2 is shot down

In July 1955 Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to meet with Soviet leaders. There, Eisenhower put forth an "open skies" proposal. He suggested that the United States and the Soviet Union allow flights over each other's territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. Although the Soviet Union rejected this proposal, the world hailed the "spirit of Geneva" as a step toward peace. the CIA still flew over the soviet union and took picutrs even thought the soviets said no. A flight took place on May 1, and the pilot was Francis Gary Powers. Four hours after Powers entered Soviet airspace, his plane was shot down, and Powers was forced to parachute into Soviet-controlled territory. In an attempt to conceal the purpose of Powers's mission, the United States issued a false story that a plane had disappeared while on a weather mission. Khrushchev, however, announced that the U-2 had been brought down 1,300 miles inside the Soviet Union by a Soviet rocket and that Powers had been captured alive and had confessed his activities.

what was the space race

In the competition for international prestige, the Soviets leaped to an early lead in what came to be known as the space race.

why did the soviet leader call off the summit

Khrushchev demanded an apology for the flights and a promise to halt them. Eisenhower agreed to stop the U-2 flights, but he would not apologize. Khrushchev angrily called off the summit. He also withdrew his invitation to Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union. Because of the U-2 incident,

who was nitkita Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions. Like Stalin, Khrushchev believed that communism would take over the world, but Khrushchev thought it could triumph peacefully. He favored a policy of peaceful coexistence, in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically.

What were the result of McCarthy's tactics

McCarthyism's tactics quickly spread beyond the Senate. The fear they inspired also spread. Proof of a Communist Party connection was no longer required. -The FBI and other investigators compiled lists of people who held questionable political views. Lists also included people who had refused to cooperate with their investigations. These investigations spread to other branches of the government, universities, labor unions, and private businesses. -Americans feared that if they did not take action against the listed individuals, they might be labeled "soft on communism." As a result, thousands of Americans lost their jobs for political reasons. McCarthyism had, in effect, made many American people wary of their own government.

what happened when the head government of egypt (Gamal Abdel Nasser) took control of the canal

Nasser refused to let ships bound for Israel pass through, even though the canal was supposed to be open to all nations. Great Britain, France, and Israel responded by sending troops. The three countries seized the Mediterranean end of the canal. Although the United States had supported the creation of Israel and remained a supporter, Eisenhower objected to the use of force to regain access to the canal. Soviet leaders also objected. With both superpowers in agreement, the UN quickly stepped in to stop the fighting. It persuaded Great Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw. However, it allowed Egypt to keep control of the canal.

who was john foster dulles

Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower; he favored building up the American nuclear arsenal as part of an effort to decrease Soviet influence around the world. Dulles was staunchly anti-Communist. For him, the Cold War was a moral crusade against communism. Dulles proposed that the United States could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation.

Why was there fear of communist influence

The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the Communist takeover of China shocked the American public.at the height of World War II, about 80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party. Some people feared that the first loyalty of these American Communists was to the Soviet Union. Their fears led to a new Red Scare, an anti-Communist movement similar to the one that had gripped the United States after World War

what was the soviets response to the hungary revolt

The Soviet response was swift and brutal. In November 1956 Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed approximately 30,000 Hungarians. Armed with only pistols and bottles, thousands of Hungarian freedom fighters threw up barricades in the streets and fought the invaders to no avail. The Soviets overthrew the Nagy government and replaced it with pro-Soviet leaders. Nagy himself was executed. Some 200,000 Hungarians fled to the west.

Who were the Rosenbergs and what happened to them?

-American couple executed for conspiracy to commit espionage; members of the Communist Party, they were accused of passing secrets about the nuclear bomb to the Soviet Union. The Rosenbergs were asked if they were Communists. They claimed they were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs. The Rosenbergs were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death -Judge Irving Kaufman declared their crime "worse than murder." To him, they were directly responsible for one of the deadliest clashes of the Cold War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg died in the electric chair in June 1953, leaving behind two sons. They became the first U.S. civilians executed for espionage

What were two events that made Americans even more scared of communism

-On September 3, 1949, Americans learned that the Soviet Union had exploded an atomic bomb. Most American experts had predicted that it would take the Soviets three to five more years to make the bomb. People began to wonder if Communist supporters in the United States had leaked the secret of the bomb. -. In 1950 German-born physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted giving the Soviet Union information about America's atomic bomb. The information probably enabled Soviet scientists to develop their own atomic bomb years earlier than they would have otherwise.

What were some other anti-communist measures

-Others besides Joseph McCarthy made it their mission to root communism out of American society. By 1953, 39 states had passed laws making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the government, even though such laws clearly violated the constitutional right of free speech. -Across the nation, cities and towns passed similar laws. In Indiana, professional wrestlers had to take a loyalty oath. In experiments run by newspapers, pedestrians on the street refused to sign petitions that quoted the Declaration of Independence because they were afraid the ideas were Communist. The government investigated union leaders, librarians, newspaper reporters, and scientists. It seemed that no profession was safe from the hunt for Communists.

what was the arms race

-competition between nations to gain an advantage in weapons. -With the Soviet development of the H-bomb, the two superpowers were once again technologically matched. Leaders on each side, however, feared that the other would gain an advantage. These fears led both countries to build enormous stockpiles of weapons. Any improvement or technological advance made by one country was soon matched by the other. Eisenhower's foreign policy was keeping the lead in the arms race -eisenhower's goal was to discourage the Soviet Union from launching a nuclear offensive. Eisenhower did this by vowing to launch a devastating counterstrike to any attack, whether nuclear or not. Such a counterattack would be as damaging—or even more damaging—to the attacking nation as it was to the one attacked, thereby deterring anyone from attacking the United States.

Who spoke out against McCarthyism?

-one group of six senators, led by Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine -Few Americans shared Smith's willingness to denounce McCarthy, or her legal protections as a senator. Across the country, people hesitated to criticize McCarthy or any aspect of the government. People were afraid of being called Communists or Communist sympathizers

What was the race for the H bomb

-the hydrogen bomb—a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the atomic bomb. -Despite such concerns, the United States entered into a deadly race with the Soviet Union to see which country would be the first to produce an H-bomb. On November 1, 1952, the United States won the race when it exploded the first H-bomb. However, the American advantage lasted less than a year. In August 1953 the Soviets exploded their own thermonuclear weapon

what were some of the convert actions in the middle east and in latin america

. In 1951 Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, nationalized Iran's oil fields. That means that he placed the formerly private industries (mostly British-owned) under Iranian control. To protest, the British stopped buying Iranian oil. Fearing that economic trouble might lead Mossadegh to seek Soviet assistance, the CIA began to support anti-Mossadegh rebels. It wanted the pro-American shah of Iran, who had recently been forced to flee, to return to power. The plan worked In Guatemala, Eisenhower believed that Guatemala's government had Communist sympathies because it had given more than 200,000 acres of American-owned land to peasants. In response, the CIA trained an army, which invaded Guatemala. The Guatemalan army refused to defend the president, and he resigned. The army's leader then became dictator of the country.

what was military industrial complex

The production of so many weapons created tremendous growth for the companies that made them. In fact, some munitions companies grew so large that many Americans began to fear they would begin to dominate the economy. Among those who feared the growing influence of these companies was President Eisenhower. Although he fully supported the beginning of the arms race, he had quickly grown concerned that defense spending had gotten out of hand. Before leaving office, Eisenhower warned against the dangers of what he called the "military-industrial complex." In his final speech as president, he warned Americans to beware its growing power.

What was the VENONA project?

This organization was a predecessor of the National Security Agency (NSA). The project's goal was to decode messages sent by Soviet intelligence agencies. Analysts soon decoded enough to learn that Soviet spies had infiltrated all levels of the U.S. government.

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

U.S. senator from Wisconsin who gained national fame in the late 1940s and early 1950s by aggressively charging that Communists were working in the U.S. government. He lost support in 1954, after making baseless attacks on U.S. Army officials.

Who was J. Edgar Hoover?

Under the leadership of director J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI conducted extensive background checks of all federal employees and applicants for federal jobs. Those found to have Communist ties were dismissed, although they could appeal their cases to the Loyalty Review Board. In addition, the U.S. attorney general drew up a list of 91 "subversive" organizations. Membership in any of these groups was grounds for suspicion.

what was massive retaliation

a Cold War military strategy intended to discourage a nuclear attack by committing to launch a devastating counterstrike to any attack.

what was mutually assured destruction

a Cold War policy to respond to any attack with nuclear force, resulting in the total destruction of both parties.

What was the House Un-American Activities Committee?

a congressional committee created in 1938 that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II. HUAC first made headlines in 1947, when it began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry. The committee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films. The committee pointed to the pro-Soviet films made during World War II when the Soviet Union had been an ally of the United States.

What was blacklisting?

a list of about 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist connections.

what was the Warsaw pact

a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites. Unlike NATO, which was governed jointly by a council of its member states, the Warsaw Pact was firmly under Soviet control. In addition to countering NATO threats, Soviet leaders used Warsaw Pact troops to crush internal rebellions. In June 1956, for example, Pact troops violently put down an anti-Communist protest in Poland, killing dozens of civilians.

How and why did McCarthy fall

in 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the U.S. Army. This resulted in a nationally televised Senate investigation. The audience watched as McCarthy bullied witnesses. This behavior alienated the audience and cost him public support. The Senate criticized him for improper conduct that "tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute." Three years later, Joseph McCarthy, suffering from alcoholism, died a broken man.

What were some of McCarthy's tactics

mccarthyism- the attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950s.When challenged, McCarthy simply launched more accusations. He was always careful to do his name-calling only in the Senate, though. There, he had legal immunity that protected him from being sued for slander.

What was the McCarran Act?

people thought that Truman's loyalty board didn't go far enough in protecting national security so In 1950 it congresses passed the McCarran Internal Security Act. This act required all Communist organizations in the United States to register with the federal government. It also made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the United States.

What was the Loyalty Review Board?

people were thinking that truman was being soft on communism so in March 1947 President Truman issued an executive order setting up the Federal Employee Loyalty Program. This program included the Loyalty Review Board. Its purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a national law enforcement agency, was responsible for the first round of screening.

Who were the Hollywood Ten?

ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood. They argued that the hearings violated their rights of freedom of speech and assembly and the right of accused persons to be fully informed of the nature of accusations against them. Because the Hollywood Ten refused to answer the committee's questions, they were sent to prison.

what was brinkmanship

the practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression. Under this policy, the United States trimmed its army and navy and expanded its air force (which would deliver the bombs) and its buildup of nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union did the same.

what was sputnik and the result of this

the world's first artificial satellite. Sputnik traveled around the earth at 18,000 miles per hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes. Its launch was a triumph of Soviet technology. Americans were shocked at being beaten and promptly poured money into their own space program. U.S. scientists worked frantically to catch up to the Soviets. The first attempt at an American satellite launch was a humiliating failure, with the rocket toppling to the ground. However, on January 31, 1958, the United States successfully launched its first satellite.