developmental psychology ---- chapter 6
Compared to non-Latino white Americans, which of the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families?
African Americans Latino Americans
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play
Freud and Erikson's
The ________ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are _____ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented
authoritative
With few exceptions, ______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures
authoritative
What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?
authoritative parenting
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people
autonomous
In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?
emotional abuse
What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?
emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as ________
play
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures
play
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
play
Sensorimotor _________ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?
emotional security theory
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings
empathy
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
According to Daniel Berlyne, play helps to satisfy children's ______ drive
exploratory
According to Daniel Berlyne, play helps to satisfy children's ______ drive.
exploratory
It is rare for parents to actually favor one sibling over another.
false
Parents exert little to no influence on children's peer relations
false
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home
false
True or false: The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce
false
True or false: There is only one type of play called social play
false
True or false: To be classified as child maltreatment, harm to the child from physical abuse must be intentional
false
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
practice
True or false: When it comes to parenting and child development, the most important factor is the quantity of time that parents spend with children.
false
True or false: Young children are unable to understand that facial expressions indicate specific emotions or that emotions affect behavior.
false
"Intelligent, achieving, and conscientious" best describe a child in what position of birth order?
firstborn
The television show Sesame Street has been linked with producing positive outcomes in which of the following?
learning about the world cognitive skills attitudes toward outgroups
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT do which of the following?
leave children to make their own rules be punitive or aloof
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to child maltreatment?
length of parents' marriage
According to the research, the ability of birth order to predict behavior is
limited
Social interactions during play can increase which of the following in children?
literacy skills communication skills language skills
After a divorce, each of the following is more likely to be experienced by mothers than fathers EXCEPT
loss of child custody
Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?
low self-esteem social incompetence immaturity inability to handle independence
Physical abuse has been linked to
lower levels of cognitive development.
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are classified as part of the ______ because they represent broader societal contexts.
macrosystem
Which of the following was NOT effective in reducing child maltreatment?
mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions
A schema guides an individual's general perceptions. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of
male and female
When it comes to parenting styles, parents
may use a combination of styles.
Research has found that during the adult years, individuals who were maltreated as children are more likely to experience which of the following?
mental problems sexual problems physical ailments
While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll
might be made fun of by other children
Which of the following cultural trends are affecting families?
migration to urban areas fewer extended-family households greater family mobility
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
African Americans and Latinos interact ______ often with extended family members compared to white children.
more
According to one study, after the birth of a second child, which of the following did mothers NOT become with their firstborn child?
more empathetic
Young children are ______ than previously believed
more socially sensitive and perceptive
According to Phyllis Bronstein's research, fathers show ______ attention to and engage in ______ activities with sons than they do with daughters
more, more
Freud believed children began to develop gender identities around the age of 5 or 6; developmentalists believe gender-typing occurs
much earlier
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?
multiple
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
The decline in play
negatively effects children's development
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child _________
neglect
According to Baumrind, the _____ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life
neglectful
Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?
social cognitive
The ______ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior
social cognitive
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
social hierarchy division of labor
Which type of play involves interactions with peers?
social play
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
social role theory social cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following family-associated characteristics is linked with child maltreatment?
socioeconomic difficulties
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sibling relationships?
stability
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the moral element of personality is the
superego
Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
sweden
Which of the following is NOT an example of a social cognitive influence on gender development?
the level of sex hormones in a child's body
Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control
their own emotions.
Spanking can cause a child to do which of the following?
to avoid the parent to imitate the parent to fear the parent
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities
Ruth Chao suggests that the control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of
training
Biology influences gender development.
true
True or false: A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone
true
True or false: Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family
true
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
true
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children
true
Use of corporal punishment is legal in every state in America
true
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every ___ mothers with children under the age of 5 is in the labor force.
two
The developmental concept of ____ is defined as the child's representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
unhappiness and fear anxiety about comparing themselves with others failure to initiate activity weak communication skills
Which country has the most favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
united states
Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?
verbal abuse mental injury psychological abuse
Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?
verbal give-and-take
Why is corporal punishment NOT recommended for children?
-- because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent -- because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations -- because corporal punishment may lead to physical abuse
In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?
-- by how they manage their children's lives -- through the opportunities that they provide their children -- through interactions with their children
According to research findings examining moral reasoning in various situations, what kinds of children were virtually nonexistent?
-- children who cheat in every situation -- totally honest children
Between the ages of 4 and 5, children show increased ability to do which of the following?
-- reflect on emotions -- understand that the same event can elicit different feeling in different people -- manage their emotions to meet social standards
Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
-- the use of the authoritative parenting style -- a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents
Recent research has shown that play improves language and communication skills in which of the following ways?
-- through negotiations over rules -- through discussions regarding roles -- by boosting literacy skills -- through social interactions that require practicing words and phrases
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every
10 minutes
By what age do most children know their sex (that is, the labeling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia)?
2
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under ________ years of age not watch TV
2
What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?
20%
Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.
25 to 50 percent
Around the age of ______, children prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates.
3
By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble?
4
Make-believe play often reaches a peak at ______ years of age, then gradually decline
4 to 5
authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?
Dialogue between parent and child
Match the age to the stage in Piaget's theory of moral development
4 to 7 years of age matches heteronomous morality 7 to 10 years of age matches transition between the two stages 10 years of age and older matches autonomous morality
Psychological traits and emotional terms are first incorporated into a young child's self-description around the age of ______ years
4-5
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses
What percentage of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce?
40%
Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?
5 to 7 years of age
Approximately how many U.S. children are victims of child abuse?
700,000
By the time they reach kindergarten, ______ percent of U.S. kindergartners have been spanked by their parents
80%
Which of the following are true about parental favoritism of one sibling over the other?
A majority of mothers and fathers show favoritism toward one sibling. Sibling favoritism is linked to lower self-esteem in the less-favored sibling.
Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between young girls in same-sex groups?
collaborative
______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution
Constructive
Which of the following statements about gender is true?
Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males.
What are the advantages of emotional development in young children?
It allows them to begin to control their own emotions. It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions.
How do firstborns and later-born children tend to differ?
Later-born children are the most rebellious and liberal.
Which of the following socialization strategies most accurately describes mothers' socialization strategies in many cultures worldwide?
Mothers place more restrictions on their daughters' autonomy.
Piaget concluded that peer relationships are more likely than parent-child relationships to advance moral reasoning for which of the following reasons?
Peer relationships involve more give-and-take. Peers negotiate, coordinate, and reason about disagreements. Peers share a more mutual power status.
Unsupportive caregivers do which of the following when it comes to a child's emotion socialization?
Punish a child for emotional outbursts.
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding violence in cartoons?
Saturday morning cartoons have, on average, twenty-five violent acts per hour.
______ is primarily confined to infancy, whereas ______ play can be engaged in throughout life
Sensorimotor; practice
Which of the following are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?
Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned.
Which of the following is true about the problems seen in children from divorced homes?
Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce
Which of the following has resulted from the trend toward smaller families and fewer extended family living situations?
There are fewer resources available to children. There is more openness and communication between parents and children.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of games?
They are most popular in the preschool years, (more popular during elementary school years).
Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?
They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.
Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following?
They have difficulty differentiating between their desired and actual competence. They rarely engage in social comparison. They compare their present abilities with what they could do at an earlier age.
Which statement best describes the influence of peers on children's gender behavior?
They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play
Which of the following are appropriate emotion socialization strategies for caregivers?
Validate children's emotions. Discuss emotions with children. Have a positive emotional demeanor when interacting with children.
Research has found which of the following statements to be true regarding childhood aggression and the viewing of television violence?
Watching television violence may be related to children acting aggressively
Which of the following is NOT a recent research finding regarding children's social understanding?
Young children are more egocentric than Piaget thought.
All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT
a difficult temperament
By early childhood, children show ______ for same-sex peers
a preference
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other
acceptance; demand
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize higher-SES parents?
acting more directive and less conversational
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master
anxieties and conflicts.
As compared to nonimmigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families
assume higher levels of responsibility
Parent-infant ________ psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant helped to reduce child maltreatment
attachment
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others
authoritarian
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups
authoritarian
In the rural areas of many countries, ______ parenting is widespread
authoritarian
In the rural areas of many countries, ______ parenting is widespread.
authoritarian
Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin
bicultural
What event is a major contributor to mothers becoming more negative, coercive, and restraining toward their firstborn child?
birth of a second child
Which factor does NOT significantly contribute to child maltreatment?
birth order
In which of the following ways does play encourage exploratory behavior?
by offering novelty and surprise by offering complexity and uncertainty by offering incongruity
Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. What sorts of barriers are they likely to encounter?
changes in their socioeconomic status separation from social networks language issues
What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment?
child neglect
Match the type of child maltreatment with the correct definition or example
child neglect matches failure to provide for a child's basic needs emotional abuse matches psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems physical abuse matches infliction of physical injury sexual abuse matches incest, rape, or fondling genitals
Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?
child's predivorce adjustment child's personality and temperament custody situation
Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?
children who are not responsible children who do not have an easy temperament children who are not socially mature
Which of the following are among the possible biological influences in gender development?
chromosomes hormones evolution
Children of emotion-_____ parents show fewer behavior problems than children of emotion-dismissing parents.
coaching
The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ______ and ______ aspects of play
cognitive; social
___________ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
constructive
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men
contrasting
The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as
coparenting
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades
declined considerably
Which of the following is a negative result of children's screen time?
decreased physical activity
Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?
delinquency dropping out of school
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females
Which of the following are among the negative influences that television viewing has on children?
distracting them from homework promoting passive learning teaching stereotypes and unrealistic world views
Forty percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' ____________
divorce
What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?
doing nothing at all
Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?
drug issues depression academic problems anxiety
Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys
dyads and triads
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?
easier adaptation to school
Which theory would be most likely to explore the idea that parenting is influenced by culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status?
ecological theory
Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy
emotion regulation.
Which term refers to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions?
emotion-coaching parents
Diana Baumrind has described ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement
four types 1. authoritarian parenting 2. authoritative parenting 3. neglectful parenting 4. indulgent parenting
Which of the following provides a framework for how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender?
gender roles
With regard to quick-fix parenting strategies,
good parenting takes time and effort.
Which of the following factors does NOT influence children's behavior?
grandparent longevity
According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children?
guilt
According to Freud, the foundation of moral behavior is
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty.
Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research?
has a desirable personality
Children of indulgent parents often
have difficulty controlling their own behavior.
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? ---
height hair color
As adults, maltreated children are at _____ risk for violent behavior toward other adults
higher
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence
Gender _____ is a person's inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender
identity
According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (2002), which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?
if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce if parenting would become more inept after the divorce
Which of the following are cognitive benefits of play?
imagination abstract thought creativity
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in
immanent justice
______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice
immanent justice
According to Baumrind, children raised by ______ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, the _______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
indulgent
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
intervening and helping resolve admonishing or threatening doing nothing
The research regarding the effect of physical punishment on child development
is inconclusive in cases where the parents are not acting in an abusive manner
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents
just as likely to be
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
neglectful
children raised by _____ parents generally feel that other aspects of their parents' lives are more important than they are and tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
Match the description to the corresponding parenting style
neglectful parenting matches uninvolved authoritative parenting matches encourages independence, verbal give-and-take, nurturing authoritarian parenting matches restrictive, punitive, firm limits and controls indulgent parenting matches highly involved, but few demands or controls
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up
no more likely
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 2- to 5-year olds should watch
no more than one hour of TV a day.
Good peer relations may be necessary for
normal social development
Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions ---
optimistic
Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?
parents
Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are
peers
Factors beyond birth order that influence children's behavior include which of the following?
peers heredity school
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is referred to as
perspective taking.
Match the definition to the corresponding style of play.
practice matches involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports pretense/symbolic matches involves physical environment transformed into a symbol social matches involves social interactions with peers constructive matches combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years
preschool
What type of play are children engaging in if they pick up a building block and pretend to be talking on the phone?
pretense/symbolic
Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?
psychological abuse mental injury verbal abuse
What two important themes are not captured by parenting styles?
reciprocal socialization synchrony
If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous
reduced
Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing their relationships with peers.
regulation
In early childhood, self-understanding involves self-____
regulation
Researchers consider the growth of emotion ______ in children a part of becoming socially competent. Multiple choice question.
regulation
An important component of self-regulation or of executive function is emotion
regulation.
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize lower-SES parents?
relying less on physical punishment
When individuals are reinforced for behavior that is consistent with social laws and conventions, they are likely to ______ that behavior
repeat
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
social biological theory
A gender ______ is a set of expectations that prescribes how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender
role
Approximately 20 percent of ______ couples are raising children under the age of 18 in the United States.
same-sex
The amount of time individuals spend with television, DVDs, computers, video games, and hand-held electronic devices such as smartphones is referred to as ________ time
screen
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
self-concious
What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
self-concious
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?
self-reliance and achievement orientation friendliness with peers cheerfulness and self-control
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of
self-understanding
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of ---
self-understanding
child _____ abuse includes the fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials
sexual
Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent
sexual attraction to
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant
