DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the end result of transcription?
mRNA
Define translation. Where does translation occur?
, translation is the process in which ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins. ribosomes
Be able to identify the following chromosomal mutations and explain their consequences
Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal mutations They can change large parts of the chromosome.
How does DNA hold information?
It uses codons
What makes one organism different from another on the genetic level?
The DNA structure or proteins produced
What is an anti-codon?
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
What serves as the pattern to make the new DNA molecule?
codons
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What type of sugar is in DNA?
deoxyribose
What are the four possible nitrogen bases in DNA and how do they base pair?
four nitrogenous bases. A piars to T C pairs to G
What type of bonds form between nitrogen bases?
hydrogen bond
Why is DNA considered a polymer? What are DNA's subunits called?
it is made up of so many nucleotides ( 1 nitrogenous base + 1 pentose sugar + 1 phosphate group = 1 Nucleotide )
What molecule carries the DNA message to the ribosomes?
mRNA
Explain the 3 steps of translation
mRNA goes to ribosomes. tRNA leaves and gets an amino acid for the correct codon. tRNA returns a protein chain is created.
What are 3 types of RNA polymerase in transcription?
mRNA, tRNA, and, rRNA
What type of organic molecule is DNA?
nucleic acids
What is the end result of translation?
protein chain
Define a motion and list the two general types of mutations
substitution
Define replication (DNA synthesis)
the action of copying or reproducing something
What type of bond forms between amino acids?
peptide bond
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
It coverts DNA into mRNA
Explain the importance of mutations to the process of evolution?
Mutations allow species to evolve over the years. Mutation lets animals adapt to the changing environment. Mutations are good for letting animals to surive.
How can nucleotide sequences be used to determine evolutionary relationships?
Protein Structure and gene sequencing
What is the result of translation?
Protein chain
What type of organic molecule does DNA code for?
RNA
What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA is one strand. RNA has U instead of T
Point mutation and frameshift mutation
Bases changes in Point mutation. Insertion and Deletion are frameshifts.
What are the three parts to nucleotide?
( 1 nitrogenous base + 1 pentose sugar + 1 phosphate group = 1 Nucleotide )
Explain the three steps of replication?
1st the DNA unravel itself. 2nd the DNA strand enters the DNA polymerase and it creates an mRNA. The DNA is connected and the mRNA leaves.
Define a protein.
A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Define transcription. Where does transcription occur?
A particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA. It happens in the nucleus.
Define a codon, what does codon code for?
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. They code for proteins.
What is the result of DNA replication?
DNA replication results in two identical daughter molecules each consisting of one old (original) strand and one newly-synthesized strand
Explain how nucleotides piece together to make a double helix.
DNA strands are always put together using a preexisting strand as a pattern.
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Purines and Pyrimidines are the nitrogen-containing "bases" found in the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA. purines have two rings in their structure, while pyrimidines have just one.
What are some general causes of mutations?
Replication errors and Mutagens
