Entire rome intro cards

Rise of Pompey

From a noble family helped sulla in second march on rome in 83 bc Conquered back for sulla the provinces of Africe and Sicily: First triumph in 81 BC with no official office, "The Great" Helped with Spartacus slave revolt - crassus did most of it, started by a group of gladiators

What important bodies of water surround Italy?

From east - the Adriatic Sea; south - the Ionian Sea; southwest - the Mediterranean Sea; west - Tyrrhenian Sea

Give an account of the sequence of events that led to Gaius' assassination. What measure did the Senate invent to stabilize the situation? How did this potentially violate Romans' civic rights?

Gaius ran for a third term as tribune, but lost. The consul, Opimius, then proposed a measure to repeal Gaius' legislation. Gaius, Flaccus, and their supporters withdrew to the Aventine Hill in protest to emulate the succession of the plebs. One of the consul's heralds was killed in the withdrawal, so the Senate issued an SCU to restore stability to the republic. The SCU (senatus consultum ultimum) was a constitutional innovation that allowed the consuls to restore stability to the republic by any means necessary at a time when it was threatened. This violated citizens' rights as it typically involved the execution of citizens and the loss of citizens' right to trial.

Claudius

Gaius' uncle, son of Drusus. Scholarly mind and training -became princeps in 41, appointing 2 praetorian prefects rather than 1 and loosened his reliance on the P. Guard. -deaf in 1 ear

a Greek doctor that brought many medical ideas to Rome

Galen

cut open dead animals and recorded his findings to find out more about inner organs

Galen

emphasized the importance of anatomy

Galen

Who attacked Rome in 387BC?

Gauls

after Romans fully conquered Eruscans, they conquered...

Greece

Galen

Greek doctor that brought medical ideas to Rome Example: importance of human anatomy

45. How did Augustus consolidate his power after the elimination of Antony as a rival? Why did he claim to have restored the republic?

He "restored ("leading man") rather than Imperator ("emperor"). "Restored" the republic and the senate so as not to make the same mistakes as Julius Caesar.

What changes did he make to the state-subsidized grain distribution? Why?

He abolished grain distributions instituted by Gaius Gracchus. He viewed this as an "unwarranted drain on the treasury. (Boatwright, 118)

Who permitted Clodius to change his status from patrician to plebeian? Why did Clodius want to do this? What did Clodius do to win the favor of the Roman people during his tribunate? How was Cicero affected in particular?

Caesar permitted Clodius to change his status from a patrician to a plebeian. Clodius wanted to do this so that he may run for the office of the tribune. To win the favor of the Roman people, he proposed various measures that included, the annexation of Cyprus under Cato, the restoration of the guilds (collegia), free grain for the citizens, and punishment of exile for those found guilty of executing citizens without trials. Cicero had executed people without a trial. One of the new laws passed made this illegal and exiled the person who broke this law.

Agustus Caesar

Octavian, a.k.a. _____________, stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome, instituted civil service, and defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

a 14-year-old boy and controlled Rome for almost 15 years; was killed by a group of Visigoths

Odoacer

Agrarian Law

Old - no more than 500 iugera of public land could be exploited by a single person New - Confiscate excess land owned illegally, but the 500 iugera become private property, collected land given to poor people

Palatine

One of the seven hills in ancient Rome

consul

One of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic. Given veto power over the other.

Apostle

One of twelve disciples chosen by Jesus to help him preach and spread the Word of God.

Consul

One of two elected officials who led the government in the ancient Roman republic

benefactor

One who makes a charitable donation to a person, institution, etc.

Patricians and Plebeians

Only ________ could hold political, religious, or military offices. __________ had to serve in the army and pay taxes.

Carthage

Originally a Phoenician colony Punicus = phoenician = Punic wars controlled: Batearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and Panormus in sicily (western) Had the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean Used mercenaries for the army (people who fought for monetary or material gain)

basilica

Originally a large hall built primarily as a court of law or meeting place for officials, its design served as the model for some of the most important early Christian churches in the Empire.

Augustus Caesar

Originally named Octavian, he was Caesar's nephew and became Rome's first Emperor, thus the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire in 44 BC

Name two participants in the triumphal procession, apart from the general and his troops. Why were the troops and crowd permitted to shout curses at the triumphant general?

Other participants included Lictors wearing purple tunics that preceded the general, men who had served on the campaign, such as secretaries, aides, and armor-bearers, musicians such as trumpeters, a chorus of harpists and pipers, and a number of incense bearers. The other participant was a captured person of prominence from the peoples that Rome had conquered, they were paraded around the city during the triumph and killed.

Otho

Overthrew Galba in Jan 69 -former husband of Poppaea and Nero's friend -declared emperor by the praetorian guard -encouraged identifying with Nero: completed construction on Domus Aurea, called self Nero Otho -rule lasted for 3 months: overthrown by Vitellius

Where Rome's richest people lived

Palatine Hill

Constantius

Caesar under Maximian in the West -dies in 306 and his son proclaimed Augustus of the West by Constantius' troops (not following tetrarchy rules)

Agrippina the Younger

"Evil slut of antiquity" who seduces and marries Claudius -sets up her son Nero to be the next emperor over Brittanicus (Claudius' son) who was younger

11. What did Caesar do while in this command? How successful was he? How did he treat the conquered peoples?

He forestalled the Helvetti, a Celtic people settled on the Swiss Plateau. Also broke the Germanic Suebi who were causing problems in Gaul. Supressed the Eburones and Belgae in northern Gaul in 53. Also stopped prince of the Arverni, Vercingetorix, from winning in their revolt in central Gaul. Beseiged the prince at Alesia and defeated his army. He was very successful in his campaign, seeing as he secured all of Gaul. He also got hellaz rich. ← one of the reasons he didn't treat the Gauls too well; he wanted the money. There are estimates that up to one million Gauls were killed and another million enslaved.

The changes that Julius Caesar made when he was dictator of Rome

He gave people jobs and set up colonies

Catiline's plan in case of defeat and the aftermath

He had planned an armed revolution. Cicero the consul heard and denounced the conspiracy. Catiline and all his supporters are killed in final battle

18. How did Caesar justify the civil war? Who supported him? How did the senate view him? How did the majority of senators act during the civil war?

He justified the civil war by saying that the senators had abused the constitution by needlessly resorting to an SCU and rejecting the rights of tribunes. He also wanted to protect his dignitas, saying that the senators could not dictate his future in a way that was sure to ruin him. Allies of Caesar were disreputable, young, poor for Caesar. His supporters mainly wanted a revolution in order to make money from it. The majority of senators were neutral -- they did not want to get involved in another civil war like Sulla's and get proscription-killed, or worse, expelled.

40. Be familiar with the basic details of Antony's campaign against the Parthians.

He lost. 1/3 of his army was killed and he lost tons of public support. Meanwhile, Octavian was having success against Sextus Pompey, winning him national favor.

Constantine

He was the first Roman emperor to be converted to Christianity and made Christianity the empire's state religion. He moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinopolis (Constantinople). He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church.

Crassus

Part of the First Triumvirate (with Caesar and Pompey) after defeating Spartacus. Considered the richest man in Rome.

Tiber River

Passes through Rome

Roman Peace

Pax Romana means...

Martyrs

People who are willing to die for their religous beliefs

Domus Aurea

"Golden House" -controversial because it's expensive during a financial crisis and built on land that was seized after the fire of 64 -built by Nero (employs people but is lavish when there are homeless citizens) -Vespasian opens it up to the public to set himself apart from Nero

Pax Romna

"Roman Peace," a time when ancient Rome was prosperous and peaceful.

alea iacta est

"The die is cast" spoken by Caesar when he declares war against Pompey in Rome

Ara Pacis

"altar of augustan peace" an altar of peace envisioned as a Roman goddess. portrayed peace and fertile prosperity of Augustus' rule

Auctoritas

"authority"

Venatio

"beast hunt" -man v. beast fights in amphitheater

Damnatio memoriae

"condemnation of memory" refers to the process of removing the name and image of a deceased person from public places (such as inscriptions upon buildings); essentially, erasing all memory of them, as if they had never existed. -What the senate does to Domitian

Pietas

"duty, obligation, devotion" devotion to family and country. Exemplified when Aeneas escapes burning Troy carrying his father on his back

pileus

"freedman's cap" hat worn by freedmen to signify that they were once slaves. It kept them in their place.

Libertas

"freedom, freedom of speech"

imperator

"general; emperor"

maius imperium

"greater power" given to Octavian by the senate in second settlement. The legal basis for his power.

princeps

"leading citizen

Dominus et deus

"lord or god" -Domitian rejected the title "imperator" and "princeps" and insisted on being addressed as a master

Tabulae novae

"new tablet" the forgiveness of all debts. proposed by Catiline during his run for consul in 63 BC

Popularis

"of the people". describes any attempt to curry favor with or enact policy through the peole rather than the senate

Pax

"peace" the senate dedicates Ara Pacis "the altar of peace" to Augustus

imperium

"power; empire"

Pompa

"procession/parade" -procession that began the gladiatorial games, involving animals, gladiators, etc -Order of events: Pompa, Venatio, Executions, Gladiator fights

publicus servus

"public slave" Slaves that worked in temples, roads, kept public space in top shape (public slaves)

religio

"reverence for religion"

the republic was a...

"thing of the people"

Triumph

Highest honor for a victorious general that's living procession or ceremony kill certain # enemies, defeat opposing party Granted by Senate

How was Scipio Aemilianus related to the famous Scipio Africanus? Who was Scipio's father by birth?

His biological father was Lucius Aemilius Paullus by birth but was then adopted by Publius whose father was Scipio Africanus.

esse quan videri

"to be rather than to appear/seem" First stated by Cicero; (state motto of North Carolina)

tribunes of the plebs

'defenders' of the plebs against patrician magistrates. 10 in total. considered sacred, and could veto actions of magistrates, decisions of the senate or assemblies, and initiate legislation.

marius

(157 BC - January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. He was elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens, eliminating the manipular military formations, and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts. Marius defeated the invading Germanic tribes, for which he was called "the third founder of Rome."[2] His life and career were significant in Rome's transformation from Republic to Empire.

Aurelian

(270-275 AD) rose to power through military skills -encouraged worship of Sol Invictus (the sun god) -tried to strengthen frontier defenses by building a 12 mile wall around Rome -assassinated in 275

Tribune

In ancient Rome, men who were appointed to protect the rights of plebeians.

Consul

In ancient Rome, one of two officials who managed the government and the army.

Dictator (4th c bc)

In case of emergency, selected not elected, extraordinary powers/absolute powers, appointed by a consul, 6 months or until the end of the emergency, second in command: master of cavalry

Tribunes of the Plebs (10) (4th C BC)

Intercessio Sacrosanctitas *both are explained in set for 1 to 2

Diocletian

(284-305) -proclaimed emperor by his troops in 284 -reforms included administrative, military and economic -put in a clear plan of succession -worked to create a vast and expansive bureaucracy -Economic reforms: raised taxes (breaks for senators & merchants), balanced budget, Price Edict -Administrative reforms: 101 provinces, 12 dioceses supervised by a vicar who reported to the Praetorian Prefects, Provincial govs can act as judges, separation of civil and military jobs, Italy no longer exempt from property tax, yearly census, delegated more power to the bureaucrats -Military reforms: centralized authority, increased size and salaries, used mandated soldiers instead of volunteers, created reliable supply lines -instituted the tetrarchy as succession plan

Jewish Revolt

(66-73 AD) -Vespasian sent to deal with this -Jews copied Fabius' guerilla tactics -there was a lot of internal conflict within the Jewish sects -70 AD: Titus (oldest son of Vespasian) stormed Jerusalen and destroyed a temple Jews used to sacrifice at (they didn't rebuild it because it was "foreseen/predicteda" -pockets of resistance remained, including at Masada, until 73 AD -Jewish population decimated; proselytizing prohibited, but not required to sacrifice to the emperor

Vespasian

(69-79 AD) -equestrian origin -rose to prominence throught military successes under Julio-Claudians -Command in Britain under Claudius -67: sent to Juadaea by Nero to deal w/ Jewish revolt -July 69: declared emperor by his troops, supported by prefect of Egypt and Pannonia troops -Dec. 69: devastating war in Rome; senate and people declared Vespasian emperor in absentia -tried to distance himself from Nero to show difference from the Judo-Claudian family line -opened Nero's palace (Domus Aurea) to the public -dedicated the colossus statue of Nero to the Sun god & worked hard to cast Nero as a tyrant

Titus

(79-81 AD) -declared successor to his father -had vast military and administrative experience -79: eruption of Mt. Vesuvius -80: Fire at Rome

Domitian

(81-96 AD) -Vespasian's youngest son, declared emperor after Titus became ill and died without grooming a successor -had little experience in military or administrative affairs -really, soldiers just tend to be loyal to the family of their generals -reminiscent of Nero: alienated senate; took title "dominus et dues"; wore triumphal garb in the senate -did enjoy support of roman people and soldiers -became increasingly paranoid, distrustful and had senators and family members killed -assassinated by a conspiracy of the Praetorian prefects, stabbed in the groin -senate immediately condemned him to be remembered as a tyrant, megalomaniac

persecute

It means to punish.

pillage

It means to rob.

porcius cato

(95 BC, Rome - April 46 BC, Utica), commonly known as Cato the Younger (Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather (Cato the Elder), was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. A noted orator, he is remembered for his stubbornness and tenacity (especially in his lengthy conflict with Gaius Julius Caesar), as well as his immunity to bribes, his moral integrity, and his famous distaste for the ubiquitous corruption of the period.

Nerva

(96-98 AD) -65 years old when he became emperor, but served both Nero & Flavian family -1st of 5 "good emperors" -struggled to be liked by the Romans (they had been fond of Domitian) -vowed to restore liberties that Domitian had taken away -died of natural causes after 2 years in office

Describe how the rise of the Roman Republic marked the beginning of a new chapter in Rome's history

(a) Rome fought and defeated: their surrounded enemies, other Latins living nearby, the Etruscans, and the Greeks living in southern Italy (b) Romans became the masters of almost all Italy after defeating the Greeks.

How did geography help the Romans prospered?

(a) Rome was located 15 miles up the Tiber River from the Mediterranean Sea, on a series of seven hill that were very steep to make it easy to defend the city from enemies' attacks, and accessible for trading. (b) Tiber River gave the Romans a source of water , a way to get to the rest of the Mediterranean world, protection against the raids by pirates from the sea, and an easy place for people to cross, travel, and do trading .

What was a standard Roman soldier armor? Why did the army carry them?

(a) armor made of iron strips joined by leather ties to protect their chests (b) shield made from sheets of wood glued together and covered with leather or cloth to protect themselves from enemy weapons (c) long iron point on the spear bendable after throw preventing the enemies from using it (d) short sword called "gladius" for fast response in the battle (e) spear called " pilum" for fast response in the battle

How did the Etruscans influence Roman civilization?

(a) changed Rome from villages of hut into a city of wood and bricks (b) laid out streets, temples, and public building around a central square (c) exposed Romans to a new style of dress, featuring shorts cloaks and togas (loose garments draped over one shoulder) (d) Etruscan army served as a model for the later Roman mighty army

Why was Rome army so powerful?

(a) excellent, well-trained soldiers and good fighters (b) practical problem solvers (c) very organized military forces (d) organized into groups called legions (6,000 soldiers each) (e) legions were divided into smaller groups of 60-120 soldiers to quickly cut through enemy lines (f) each unit had a standard, a tall poll topped with its own symbol, for their soldiers to see it above the conflict and to help keep the unit be together in the battle field (g) good planners- built permanent military settlements in the areas they conquered and built roads between the conquered areas to allow troops to travel quickly to any place in their growing territory

lepidus

(born c. 89 or 88 BC, died late 13 or early 12 BC)[2] was a Roman patrician who rose to become a member of the Second Triumvirate and Pontifex Maximus. His father, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, had been involved in a rebellion against the Roman Republic. Lepidus was among Julius Caesar's greatest supporters. He started his cursus honorum as a praetor in 49 BC, was placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece,[3] and was rewarded with the consulship in 46 BC after the defeat of the Pompeians in the East. When in February 44 BC Caesar was elected dictator for life by the senate, he made Lepidus "Master of the Horse", effectively deputy in the dictatorship.[4] Their brief alliance in power came to a sudden end, however, when Caesar was assassinated on March 15 44 BC (the Ides of March). One of the ringleaders of the conspiracy, Cassius Longinus, had argued for the killing of Lepidus and Mark Antony as well, but Marcus Junius Brutus had overruled him, saying the action was an execution and not a political coup.[5] After Caesar's murder, Lepidus, despite assuring the senate of his loyalty, allied himself with Mark Antony in a joint bid for power. But Caesar had left an heir: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, his great-nephew and adopted son in Caesar's will. Octavian, Antony and Lepidus met on an island in a river near Mutina (modern Modena), their armies lined along opposite banks,[6] and formed the Second Triumvirate, legalized with the name of Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power (Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate) by the Lex Titia of 43 BC. Unlike the First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, this one was formally constituted. In effect, it sidelined the consuls and the senate and signalled the death of the republic.[6] The triumvirate's legal life span of five years was renewed in 37 BC by the treaty of Tarentum for an equal period of time.

licinius crassus

(ca. 115 BC - 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who commanded the right wing of Sulla's army at the Battle of the Colline Gate, suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus, provided political and financial support to Julius Caesar and entered into the political alliance known as the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar. At the height of his fortune he was allegedly worth more than 200,000,000 sestertii. He is considered the wealthiest man in Roman history, and perhaps one of the richest men in all history. Crassus nonetheless desired recognition for his military victories; this ambition for acclaim eventually led him into Syria, where he was defeated and killed in the Roman defeat at Carrhae against a Parthian Spahbod (General) named Surena.

Lucius Mummius

(flourished 2nd century bc), Roman statesman and general who crushed the uprising of the Achaean Confederacy against Roman rule in Greece and destroyed the ancient city of Corinth. As praetor and proconsul in 153-152, Mummius defeated the rebellious Lusitanians in southwestern Spain. In 152 he celebrated a triumph at Rome. As consul in 146, he was appointed commander of the war against the Achaean Confederacy. He defeated the Greek forces at Leucopetra on the Isthmus of Corinth and captured and destroyed Corinth. The Roman Senate then dissolved the Achaean Confederacy, and Mummius organized the province of Macedonia, which was to be supervised by Roman military commanders. Mummius's indifference to works of art and ignorance of their value is shown by his well-known remark to those who contracted for the shipment of the treasures of Corinth to Rome, that "if they lost or damaged them, they would have to replace them with ware of equal value." Mummius celebrated a second triumph. In 142 he was censor with Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus; he helped alleviate Scipio's severity.

25. How was the conspiracy revealed? How is Catiline implicated? How strong is this evidence?

- Cataline tries to get the Gallic Allobroges to join up with his revolutionaries. Cicero convinces them to become double agents because they have respect for the republic. Cataline sends a letter to his friend saying 'take care of my wife' which really isn't showing proof of a conspiracy. But the Allobroges are carrying this letter and their set up on the mulvian bridge and cicero has them arrested. Cicero gets this written text as evidence and shows it to senate which is more proof than 'he said, she said' but still easily forged. Was a challenge for Cicero to show how this all connects

26. What position did Cato take in the senatorial debate about the conspirators? Caesar? What arguments did each man use to defend his recommendation? What did the senate ultimately decide to do?

- Cato said kill them all because you can't show mercy to people trying to take the republic down. -Caesar says don't kill the conpirators but put them in prison and take their belongings because that's worse than death. and that we don't want to be setting precedents for future rulers about killing people without a trial. -Senate takes Cato's side and orders them all to death by hanging at the mulvian bridge where they got caught. This is all done during Ciceros rule as consul and he supported this measure of senate and Cato. - They did not get a trial, either, so this was extremely controversial

30. How did Cicero react to Antony's efforts to have Caesar's deeds ratified (approved) by the senate?

- cicero seized the initiative to try and convince senate that they need to eliminate Antony because Cicero thought he was trying to become a dictator. Because antony held on too the money given to the people in Caesars will. Philippics -- speeches against Antony

Why is the Roman language important?

-Because Latin became Europe's language for government, trade, and learning about AD 1500. -Latin became the basis of other languages like Spanish, Italian, and French.

Compare and contrast Greek and Roman Architecture

-Both used porches and row of columns called colonnades. -Romans added arches and domes to their designs while Greeks architectural design styles were Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles. -Romans were the 1st to make full use of the arch ( to build bridges, aqueducts, and buildings including curved ceilings) -Romans used concrete to create their designs but Greeks used wood, unbaked bricks, limestone and marble, terracotta, and metals.

How were Roman and Greek religions similar?

-Both worshiped many gods and goddessess - both believed that spirit lived in natural things (ex. trees, rivers) - Romans emperor were worshiped as gods - payed to the gods and offered food - carried out rituals - asked gods for guidance

19. What happened at Pharsalus? How did Caesar treat Pompey's supporters? Where did Pompey go after the battle? What happened to him? How did Caesar eliminate the remaining supporters of Pompey after Pharsalus?

-Caesar initially was retreating from Pompey because pompey's forces pushed him back with such vigor. Pompey did not want to fight a set battle because he didn't like the risk but his impatient optimates pushed him to do despite having the larger army he was defeated by Caesar and fled. (pg. 159) -Caesar allowed his enemy to be spared if they asked for mercy. clemency. -Pompey fled to egypt and his two sons and cato fled to north africa. -Pompey tried to gain the alliance of King Ptolemy XIII but the king had him cut down as soon he landed at the end of september. - Pompey's sons and other supporters had been hiding in Spain. Caesar destroyed them in the Battle of Munda, a bloodbath, and only Sextus Pompey survives

51. Be familiar with the mythological origins and basic characteristics of the Golden Age. What role did Saturn play? What was life like during the Golden Age? What sorts of values did Augustus advertise as part of his regime?

-Came from greek mythology, Ages of man, Gold being the highest point then silver then iron. Time of primordial peace and harmony and justice. -Age of saturn (lived on earth, time of peace and identified with Astrae). ←??? it's in the slides -life was peaceful and stable. People weren't trying to harm fellow man by collecting debt. There was no labor, people weren't trying to advance or work for anything. -Augustus tried to advertise peace, loyalty to country and family, libertas(free speech), harmony, justice, respect for religion, respect for tradition like hanging masks in your house which is odd because Augustus showed no respect for tradition in his rise to power. -Was weird how Augustus used the golden age to define this period because Greeks used to symbolize peace before the bad. like, Adam and eve. But in augustus' case it was used to define peace after the bad. like civil wars

27. How does Catiline die? How did Cicero respond to the news of Catiline's death? Why was Cicero exiled for his actions during the conspiracy? What role did Clodius play in Cicero's exile? How did Cicero die?

-Cicero and Antonius get an army together and antonious tracks Catline down and kills him while Cicero stays in Rome. Cataline dies in a noble way; fights at the front with his men rushing into battle. -Cicero proclaims himself the savior of the roman state and voted a thanksgiving by the senate. - Was exiled because he acted contrary to roman law allowing the conspirators to get executed w/o a public trial. -Clodius uses Cicero's lack of respect for the law to prosecute him and declared an exile. NO one comes to Cicero's defense and that was a huge blow to him. -Antony adds Cicero to a list to be killed because of his involvement with Caesars death. (Well, not exactly. Cicero made a bunch of speeches against Antony -- the Philippics -- about Antony's drunkenness, etc. So Antony was not entirely happy with Cicero anyways, and when they were proscribing people during the 2nd triumvirate -- partly because they wanted to get rid of their political enemies but mostly because they needed money and land to settle veterans and people on -- Antony put Cicero's name on the list to be proscribed, and he was killed. Dont' forget! His hands and head were cut off. ) Octavian did not stick up for him even though he helped him in the beginning. He was killed and his hands and head were taken to rome and placed on display where the orator would have stood to display a message not to stand against the triumvirate. He was caught and killed at a villa he owned near Caieta.

How did Roman statues differ from Greek ones?

-Greek statues were made to look perfect (healthy w/ beautiful bodies). -Roman statues were more realistic looking (wrinkles, warts).

Seneca

-One of best known Roman Stoic philosophers -Nero's tutor and helper - emphasis that a good ruler should be merciful

Tacitus

-Roman historian -took a darker view of Roman history than Livy -believed that Romans were loosing the values that made them strong and that people were wasting time on pleasures and sports. -believed that emperors had taken people's freedoms

Virgil

-Roman writer who wrote the epic poem the Aeneid -tells the story of how the Roman Prince Aeneid came to Italy -drew some ideas from Homer's (Greek) Odyssey

concrete

-Romans were the first to use mixture of volcanic ash, lime and water -allowed Roman buildings to be taller

What culture did Rome admire and study?

-Rome admired and studied Greek statues, buildings and ideas. -They changed and borrowed from Greek culture to suit their needs.

Augustus

-Rome's 1st emperor -ruled from 27 BC to AD 14 -paved the way for 200 years of peace and prosperity

Where different religions allowed during Ancient Rome?

-Yes, only it it did not threaten the government. -If it threaded the government it was severely persecuted and punished such as Christianity.

stoicism

-a Roman philosophy that encouraged Romans: (a) to hold back their emotions (b) to be practical, participate in public affairs, (c) to do their civic duty - was not about finding happiness through reason as the Greeks but to live in a practical way - best known Stoic philosophers were Seneca and Epitetus

Importance of Roman language of Latin

-became Europe's language of government, trade, and learning until about AD 1500 - became the basis for many European languages like Italian, French and Spanish -many English words come from Latin

Augustus' accomplishments

-built a permanent, professional army made up of Roman citizens -created the Praetorian guard (protect emperor) conquered territory -rebuilt Rome -fed population by importing grain improved tax system -improved government by appointing proconsuls (governors)

vault

-curved ceiling -Rows of arches built against each other -Romans used this technique to construct domes

24. What role did debt play in the Catilinarian conspiracy? Who were Catiline's supporters? Why was Catiline especially angry at Cicero?

-debt basically caused the problem. many people including Cataline and people of partician class had fallen on hard times. He promised them great wealth and riches and sexual pleasures if his followers helped him conspire. -slaves and lower class people and patricians who fell on hard times as well as gauls -Because at first cataline mocked cicero and his equestrian status and the fact he wasn't a 'real born roman' so cicero attacked catalines poplulist agenda and turned conservative romans against him which was weird becaus most conservatives would have supported a 'real roman born' and older guy. Also cicero and beat out Cataline for consul two years in a row. So this fueled his anger.

Sejanus

-had heavy influence in "ruling" Rome during Tiberius' absence from the city -eventually put to death for conspiring and having members of Tiberius' family killed (Drusus, the younger son of Tiberius, was poisoned)

Ptolemy

-important scientist of the Roman empire -carefully mapped 1000 different stars -studied the motions of the planets and stars and created rules explaining their movements -incorrectly placed the Earth in the center of the Universe -produced detailed maps of the world, as he knew it--explorers like Christopher Columbus depended on Ptolemy's maps

Pax Romana

-long era of peace -know as "Roman Peace" -began with Augustus in 27 BC -lasted until AD 180

Britannicus

-son of Claudius and Messalina, dies just before he turns 14 (either from epilepsy or poison in 55) -because he was the son of Claudius, he had a stronger claim to the princeps than Nero, and could challenge him for power

Postumus Agrippa

-son of Julia that came after Augustus' death -Tiberius had him killed for "playboy/badboy behavior" -was also the last person who could challenge him for the right to be emperor

"good emperors"

-starting at the beginning of AD 100s 5 emperors unrelated to Augustus or Vespasian -presided over 100 years of prosperity Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius -the empire reached its largest size under Trajan

Tiberius

-stepson to Augustus who was forced to divorce his wife and marry his stepsister Julia -had left rome for unknown reasons in 6 BC but returned 4 AD after the deaths of Lucius and his brother Drusus -legally adopted by Augustus and given tribunician power even though he wasn't Augustus' first choice as heir until 13 AD when Augustus gave him equal share of maius imperium -ruled from 14-37 AD, but spent great deal of time away from Rome in Capri -not that great of a politician -focused energies on military affairs, particularly subduing Germanic tribes along Rhine river -due to his absence, treason against Rome cases were at all-time high -didn't sponsor public games or building projects because of bad budget -great effort to rebuild after 34 Fire, but wasn't very good at playing the media -constructed barracks for the Praetorian Guard inside the city

arch

-supported bridges, aqueducts, and buildings -first used by Romans

the Pantheon

-temple built to honor Roman gods -domed roof was largest of its time

anatomy

-the study of body structure -the emphasis on anatomy was brought to Rome by Galen

23. What campaign was Caesar planning just before he was killed?

-was planning a campaign against Parthians. However cut short because he was killed by the foot of Pompeys statue. (page 166 in Boatwright, I'm pretty sure this is right? Some one please confirm.) Yeah, that's right. Also, he was killed by Brutus and Cassius and other senators. Just throwing that in there. -also i believe the TA said that is was good he couldn't finish his campaign there because the Parthians would have probably destroyed him b/c they were the best

31. When did Octavian come to Italy? What was his relationship to Caesar?

-when he heard of the assasination of caesar he sailed to Brundisium where he learned that Caesar had adopted him and had made him his principal heir. He was also accompanied by his friend Agrippa. -He was Caesar's grandnephew.

in which Punic war did Rome gain 3 islands

1

Soldiers After Marius

1 type - standardized money given to soldiers Gladii (swords) used to pierce not slash

Rome is dominant Italian power by end of 4th C BC

1. Latin War 2. Samnite Wars (3) 3. Central Italy (Sabines, Etruscans, Gauls) 4. Southern Italy (Tarentum, Phyrrus) Order: 1st Samine war - Latin war - 2nd and 3rd samnite wars - central Italy - Southern Italy

Name the civilizations in order that contributed to the development of the alphabet

1. The Greeks 2. the Etruscans 3. Romans

Give two examples of evidence of Rome's growing wealth during the 2nd century BC.

1. There was a building boom, and the wealthy started constructing large villas which were decorated with intricate frescoes and mosaics. 2. Latifundia-Large plots of land with slaves became common.

Between the ages of 14 and 16, describe how a Roman boy celebrated becoming a man.

1. burn his toys 2. put on a toga 3. join the family business 4. become a soldier 5. start a career in government

Military Tribune

10 years of military duty in the Roman Calvary(the equites) or in the staff of a general who was a relative or friend of the family

Caesar (Julius Caesar)

100 BC-44 BC. Roman general during the Republic, conquered Gaul, expeditions to Britain, popular hero with his troops and the ordinary people of Rome. Competed with and defeated Pompey for power in 48 BC. Became dictator for life, but was killed by his Senators

Iron Age

1000 BC + 800 BC Appearance of elite 700 BC Writing and Cities

Where was Rome's first law code written?

12 bronze tablets

Apostles

12 disciples of Jesus, chosen to help Him in his teaching

Bar Kokhba War

132-135 AD -Jewish war caused by Hadrian when he set up a veteran colony in Jerusalem and outlawed circumcising

how long does Hannibal stay in Rome

15 years, destroying everything along the way

Late Bronze Age

1600 - 1000 BC Scattered pottery shards on capitoline hill no cemeteries = no permanent settlements huts temporarily occupied but no city or village

Bronze Age

1800-1000 BC Villages increase in size and number

Senate

1st Half 2nd C BC: Heydays of senatorial power 300 senators: former officers, selected by censors every 5 years, for life unless removed by the censors Senatus Consultum - Advice of the Senate Decides the tasks to assign to magistrates Grants fund to governors Extends the imperium - prorogatio Accepts the treaties Grants Triumphs

Roman Politics of the 2nd C BC

1st half: Senate and Nobility dominate, codification of offices (sequence) 2nd Half: Gracchi

in which Punic war was Hannibal's attack

2

Catiline

2 conspiracies to overthrow the government that were discovered and thrwarted by Cicero. his army was killed with frontal wounds, showing courage

results of strike

2 solutions emerge: Law of 12 Tables and Tribunes

Copper Age

2000-1800 BC Import metal from eastern europe

1st Punic War (PW1) lasted

23 years

21. When were the first gladiatorial games staged in Rome? What ritual were they originally connected to? Who staged them in Republican Rome? In Imperial Rome? Why were they staged? Where were they held?

264BCE in a public forum is the start of first gladiatorial games. They were originally connected to funeral spectacules. They were parts of funerals. 105BCE we see the games staged by the Consuls. Now were staged for entertainment. Later in Rome they were held in ampitheaters, and were put on by emperors, or wealthy citizens

from PW1, Rome gains

3 islands

Samnite Wars

3 total South and East Italy Rome Wins

How many members made up the Roman Senate?

300

Three Punic wars

3rd - 2nd centuries Supremacy in Mediterranean basin

By 100 B.C., what percent of Italy's people were enslaved?

40%

Stone Age

4000-2000 BC Agriculture

Struggle of the Orders weapon

450 - 287 BC Secession - Military disobedience Plebs refused to fight in the Roman army until grievances were solved

When was Rome's first law code produced?

450BC

Battle of Pharsalus

48 BC Pompey fights set battle despite his concerns because his optimates were impatient; Caesar defeats Pompey in Greece. Offers mercy to him and supporters. Pompey goes to Egypt and his sons go to North Africa (Caesar follows in pursuit and gets involved with Cleopatra and Egyptian affairs

21. Be familiar with the details of Caesar's consulships and dictatorships (e.g. how many, why he took them). How did Roman senators feel about Caesar's decision to accept the title of dictator for life? What did Caesar do that might have alienated part of the senate? How did the senate treat Caesar once he was established as sole ruler of Rome?

49- Caesar was dictator for a few days to preside over elections and then appointed himself consul. 48- he served a one year term as dictator after his victory at Pharsalus. 47- He was elected to serve as consul in 46. 46- the senate allowed him to be eligible to be voted annual dictator for the next ten years. 45- he was sole consul again but resigned in the fall. 44- he served his 5th and final consulship, becoming Dictator in perpetuum that February. **The Roman senators saw his decision to accept dictator for life as a clear sign that the Republic would be destroyed for good. The senate bestowed many honors upon Caesar after he was sole ruler, mainly as a way for them to display that Caesar had too much power. Also, he was openly saying that the Republic was dead -- not good for being chummy with the senators. He also increased the number of senators from 600 to 900, adding new members from Gaul and Spain=new non-elite members are resented by older senat ors.

Republic officially begins in what year

509 BCE

10. What was the situation in Rome in 69 AD? When did the Senate officially declare Vespasian emperor? How was Vespasian able to consolidate his power and stay in command? What specific actions did Vespasian take to institutionalize the Principate? Ways that Vespasian distanced himself from Augustus and the Julio-Claudian family dynasty?

69 AD was known as the "Year of the 4 emperors". (Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian) In July, Vespasian was declared emperor by his troops, but the Senate didn't officially name him emperor until December. Leading up to that, troops in Pannonia had claimed support for him and marched to Italy, defeating Vitellius and advancing to Rome. Rome was devastated, so the people and Senate declared Vespasian emperor. Vespasian expanded the civil bureaucracy and employed equestrians. Vespasian worked to distance himself from the Julio-Claudian family (specifically Nero) by casting him as a tyrant and rededicating a statue of him outside the colosseum to the the Sun God. He also did this to justify his desire for the rise of his new family dynasty.

Lapis satricanum

6th century bc inscription about valerius poplicola

Kings in Rome

753 - 509 BC 7 Mythological Kings Romulus is first Ends with Tarquinius Superbus

1st March on Rome

88 BC Sulla offers his soldiers that fought with him against the samnites money to march the city with him Army seizes power illegally and repels the law of distribution Marius escapes to Northern Africa and becomes an enemy of Rome

Etruscans

8th Century BC Writing From Villanovans

What defined a "new man" (novus homo)?

A "new man" or novus homo was a man who had never been in political authority. Ex: Cato the Elder

Hannibal

A Carthaginian general. In the second Punic War he attacked the Romans by crossing the Alps. He repeatedly defeated the Romans, although he failed to take Rome itself.

Paul

A Jew from Asia Minor originally named Saul; Initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation he became a Christian and was the most influential in spreading Christianity

Cincinnatus

A Roman consul regarded as a model of simple virtue.

Marius

A Roman general and politician who was elected consul. He defeated Jugurtha and invaded Germanic tribes. After a power struggle with Sulla he was expelled from Italy, but returned to take Rome by force.

Livy

A Roman historian.

spartacus

A Thracian sold to slavery to become a Gladiator. He led a revolt of slaves against the Rome forces and won. He hoped to escape to freedom but his army waged more wars, they planned to invade Sicily but were betrayed and defeated in 71 B.C. Six thousand of his men were crucified as a warning.

Cleopatra

A beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt. Mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony. Killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian.

Prefect

A chief officer or military governor

Rome

A city near the middle of the western coast of Italy.

Etruscans

A civilization of ancient Italy in an area corresponding roughly to Tuscany. Proficient in metalwork.

the Eucharist

A commemoration of Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples, in which Christians eat bread and drink wine that has been blessed by a priest.

Plebian

A common citizen of ancient Rome.

Julius Caesar

A conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy. Part of the First Triumvirate (with Pompey and Crassus). Increased in power and popularity during the Roman Republic and was eventually declared dictator for life. Murdered by senators who thought he was a tyrant.

arch

A curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall above it. The Etruscans taught the Romans about this structure.

edict

A decree of proclamation.

Amenity

A desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place. Taxes paid for the amenities Rome gave its citizens like: gladiator fighting, circus maximus, bath houses, and other things.

47. What factors contributes to the 2nd Constitutional Settlement? What came of this? What is the significance of maius imperium? Of Augustus being granted tribunician power?

A failed senatorial assassination plot and a bout with serious illness led to Augustus wanting to create a more formal legal grounding for his rule/authority. He resigned the consulship but retained provincial command. Accepted maius imperium and tribunica potestas, the latter to highlight his role as defender of Roman citizenry

Appian Way

A famous ancient Rome road.

Colosseum

A famous roman arena.

disciple

A follower of a person or belief.

mercenary

A foreign soldier who serves in an army only for pay.

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Republic

A form of government in which citizens have the right to choose their leaders.

Senate

A governing body in which ancient Roman representatives served.

A Roman legion

A group of 4,000-6,000 soldiers, like a mini army. With them was a nurse, arrow makers, engineers so that they didn't have to go back to Rome to get supplies and get healed.

hierarchy

A group of persons organized in order or ranks with each level subject to the authority of one above.

Empire

A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

scapegoat

A group or individual who innocently bears the blame for the actions of others.

concrete (for construction)

A heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms a stone-like mass on hardening. Romans used this material to make complicated and vast structures.

Brutus

A high-ranking, well-regarded Roman nobleman who participates in a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. Brutus is motivated by his sense of honor, which requires him to place the good of Rome above his own personal interests or feelings. Thus, he plots against Caesar in order to preserve the republic even though he loves and admires Caesar personally. While the other conspirators act out of envy and rivalry, only Brutus truly believes that Caesar's death will benefit Rome. Brutus's sense of honor is also his weakness, as he tends to assume that his fellow Romans are as highminded as he is, which makes it easy for others to manipulate him.

Alaric

A king of the Goths who captured Rome.

Attila

A king of the Huns who ravaged vast areas before being defeated by the joint forces of the Roman army and the Goths.

Mediterranean Sea

A large body of water bordered by Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Villa

A large country house in ancient Rome consisting of residential quarters and farm buildings around a courtyard

latifundia

A large estate or ranch of ancient Rome.

Legion

A large military unit

epistle

A letter. In the Christian Bible, letters written by disciples like Paul to Christian groups.

Name two ways that Sulla weakened the office of Tribune of the Plebs. Why did he do this?

A man who served as a tribune was automatically barred from serving in any further office. They could only bring legislation to the Plebeian assembly that had already been approved by the senate. He did this to weaken the power of the tribunes and also to prevent people who were ambitious and wanted to move further in the cursus honorum from being a tribune. He saw the tribunes as threatening to higher powers.

patrician

A member of a wealthy, upper-class family in the ancient Roman Republic.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

Huns

A nomadic people who invaded Europe.

Census

A periodic and official count of a country's population

dictator

A person in the ancient Roman Republic appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency, with all the powers of a king.

martyr

A person who chooses to die for a cause he/she believes in.

vandal

A person who destroys property.

Dictator

A person who has total control over the people.

Constantinople

A place previously known as Byzantium which became the capitol of the Roman Empire or "new Rome"

Stylus

A pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to establish control over other countries land and people

Baptized

A ritual in which someone is blessed with holy water to join the Christians

Tiber River

A river in Italy.

dome

A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base. The Romans were the first people to realize the potential these structures had for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces.

Dictator

A ruler who has complete power over a country

Patriosim

A sense of pride in one's country.

Parable

A simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson

Patricians

A small number of wealthy Roman families that held all governmental power are the ___________.

Mercenary

A soldier who fights for any country or group that will pay him

parable

A story intended to teach a moral lesson.

aqueduct

A structure that carries water over long distances.

Jesus Christ

A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Him to be Son of God

Myth

A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

Gladiator

A trained fighter that fought for entertainment was a ____________.

Cuniculus

A trench system invented by the Etruscans to both drain and irrigate the land

republic

A type of government in which citizens have the right to select their leaders. The leaders rule in the name of the people.

legions

A unit of 3,000-6,000 men in the ancient Roman army.

province

A unit of an empire. Each of these units of the Roman Empire had a governor supported by an army.

Palenstine

A vast Grassland in the Southern plains of South America.

Colosseum

A vast amphitheater in Rome where thousands of spectators would be entertained by the scene of various kinds of combat.

Name two types of monuments that generals had built to commemorate their victories?

A votive temple was one that was vowed to a god or goddess by a military commander prior to battle. If he emerged victorious then he would construct the temple. An example of a votive temple included the Largo di Torre Argentina.

Hadrian's Wall

A wall built by Hadrian, he was an emperor and it was used for protection and to mark empire's boundary.

Civil War

A war between people of the same country

Patrician

A wealthy, powerful citizen of ancient Rome.

Seneca

A writer in Ancient Rome who was disgusted by brutal displays of gladiator battles.

Jesus

A young Jewish man who taught in Palestine and founded Christianity.

What kinds of activities were associated with the rites of Bacchus? How did the Senate react? Give an explanation of the Senate's actions in this affair.

Activities: The participants committed murder The rites were held in secret at night The participants seemed to be participating in some kind of fraud (frauding of wills) The rites involved sex, drunkenness, and riotous partying, which were out of line with sober Roman ideology

Why did Rome intervene in the quarrel between Jugurtha and Adherbal? What did Jugurtha do after Rome intervened and divided Numidia between him and Adherbal? Rome's response and rationale for now taking more serious action?

Adherbal came to Rome for help in stopping Jugurtha's unfair actions. Rome also wanted a stable neighboring civilization. After the "equal" division of the land between the two sons, Jugurtha invaded Adherbal's half of the kingdom and killed him taking over his land. Rome reacted by sending forces to discipline Jugurtha but were only somewhat successful. Jugurtha killed Italian merchants and Rome was forced to take notice.

Marcus Brutus

Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C. by _____________, a friend.

How did Tiberius finally get his land legislation passed by voters? How did the Roman senate get in the way of the operations of the land commission? How was Tiberius able to fund the activities of his land commission?

After Octavius had gotten thrown out of office, passed by plebeian assembly The Senate did not approve of Tiberius' platform, so they only gave him a small amount of funds to complete his job since they were in control of funding. During this time, Attalus III (the king of Pergamum) died and had no heirs left to pass on his kingdom and wealth. He left everything to the Romans in which Tiberius used the claim that the Senate could not handle foreign affairs. He ended up with the wealth.

New Governing Elite

After Struggle of the Orders up to Second Punic War Nobiles No codification in progression of offices Senate increases power because all ex-officers of Roman Republic join it Competition for offices - stand out in some way

Briefly describe the sequence of events after the discovery of the conspiracy. What action against captured followers of Catiline did Cicero oversee? Who defended these followers against this action? What civic right did this action violate?

After receiving evidence from the Allobroges, Cicero was able to confront 5 of Catiline's associates, obtain their confessions of guilt, and arrest them. This swung public opinion behind Cicero. Two days later, when he asked the senate what was to be done with the five, the decision after a tense debate was execution, a sentence which Cicero carried out. Caesar was completely against these executions. These executions violated a person's right to a trial because they were sentenced to death without a proper trial. He remains isolated from the political community...people were not okay with his actions.

became emperor of the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 527

Justinian

conquered most of Italy and northern Africa and the Persians in the east

Justinian

his wife helped him run the empire

Justinian

wanted to reunite the Roman empire and bring back Rome's glory

Justinian

was a strong leader; controlled the military, made laws, and was supreme judge

Justinian

Lex de Imperio Vespasiano

Law conferring constitutional powers and privileges on Emperor Vespasian

Plebeian Assembly (4th C BC)

Legislative Powers

Praetor

Age 39. (Former Aedile or Quaestors) Main function as judge

1. How did Agrippa originally figure in Augustus' succession plans? What role did Julia play? What happened to Julia when Agrippa died? What caused Augustus to settle on Tiberius as his successor? How did he go about transferring power to Tiberius?

Agrippa was originally the forerunner in succession. Augustus planned for this by marrying his daughter Julia to Agrippa (eased concerns of hereditary monarchy). Agrippa died in 12 BC, causing Augustus to force his stepson Tiberius to divorce his wife and marry Julia (his stepsister). Augustus only settled on Tiberius as his successor because Agrippa, Lucius, Gaius and Drusus (Tiberius was really the last choice). Augustus transferred power to Tiberius by granting him tribunician powers and making him proconsul (but not his equal) until 13 AD. At that point, Augustus gives Tiberius an equal share of maius imperium (sign of him preparing Rome for Augustus' death and the succession of Tiberius).

Visigoth leader that captured Rome in A.D. 410

Alaric

burned Roman records and looted the treasury

Alaric

his capture of Rome shocked the empire's people because it was the first time Rome had been conquered in 800 years

Alaric

Grid

All the cities were built on a grid, the grid was very consistent and orderly throughout Rome. Romans had very organized cities. Roman cities offered many amenities to the citizens.

1st triumvirate

Alliance between Caesar, Pompey and Crassus Pompey most powerful, Caesar least powerful, Crassus was third wheel. Results in Pompey's deeds being ratified & Caesar winning the consulship

Social war (war of the allies)

Allies are not given citizenship so they will try to take Rome Samnites join in with Allies Allies have success because they know how Romans fight New Confederation: Capital is corfinium and new officers Romans realize they need to grant citizenship to: loyal communities and then to communities who stop hostilities Latin Rights are given to people of Cisalpine Gaul Samnites don't give up (stronghold in Nola in Campania) Sulla takes power and Marius backs off

Mountain range located North of Rome

Alps mountain range

52. What sorts of construction activities did Augustus undertake? Why? Instances where his building projects emphasize his ties to Julius Caesar? His dynastic intentions?

Altars, temples, roads, aqueducts, sewers, forums, theaters, Romulus and Remus' hut. He left images and engravings of himself and his actions to leave a legacy for himself and his family. He built the Temple of Deified Julius Caesar to glorify his ancestor, thereby affirming his own claim to power. He had a statue made of him with Cupid tugging on his toga, which signified his relation to the goddess Venus. He built a Mausoleum for the bodies of him and all his too-great-for-a-normal-grave relatives, which is typical of a dynasty. also finished plans that caesar had started/thought of.

According to your book (the end of chapter 13/p.424) in what three important ways did the Romans surpass the Greeks and make an important mark on the world.

Although greek had very big and great ideas. The Romans, (Conquered Greece and owned their culture) instead of copying all their ideas Romans had three main original ideas. The ideas were military organization, engineering, and legal administration.

Aqueduct

An Aqueduct is a very functional water system. The aqueduct was a pipe that brought down water from the high mountains of the alps. Because the route was always at most a .25% decline, gravity brought the water to the water houses where they distributed it. The water was used for household use, bathhouses, and fountains.

diocese

An administrative division of the Christian church, often coterminous with a village.

Franks

An ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire.

Caesear

An ancient Roman emperor.

Latins

An ancient people living in the region of Latium, Italy

Italian Peninsula

An arm of land surrounded by the Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, and Adriatic Seas; location of the country of Italy.

inflation

An economic situation in which there is more money of less value or a fall in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices.

Byzantine Empire

An empire of lands that formed the eastern part of the Roman Empire with its center at the city of Constantinople.

What was an imago? What function did it have in the funeral procession, and what was its effect? What role did actors play?

An imago was a wax mask made in the image of the deceased (usually of a prominent person). An actor who looked similar to the deceased would wear it at the funeral and imitate their mannerisms. The more imagines, the more prominent people who had been in that family. This reminded people of the high influence of the family.

Carthage

An important Phoenician trading post in North Africa.

tribunes

An official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests.

Byzantium

An old Greek city, renamed Constantinople, that became the center of the Byzantine Empire; present-day Istanbul.

Heresy

An opinion contrary to popular belief or official religious teachings

plebeian

An ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic.

Marcus Aurelius

Ancient Roman Philosopher, general, and emperor who was perhaps the greatest of Romes " Five great Emperors".

Claudius

Ancient Roman emperor after Caligula who tried to improve conditions in the empire.

Nero

Ancient Roman emperor upon whose death civil war broke out.

Theodosius

Ancient Roman emperor who made Christianity Rome's official religion.

Diocletian

Ancient Roman emperor who restored order and strengthened the economy of the Roman Empire, dividing it into two parts.

Commodus

Ancient Roman emperor who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, and began the decline of the Roman Empire.

Augustus

Ancient Roman emperor whose rule began a long period of prosperity and peace called the Pax Romana or the " the Roman Peace", for the roman empire.

Scipio

Ancient Roman general who attacked Carthage and forced Hannibal to retreat from Rome.

Regulus

Ancient Roman general who was defeated and captured in a war between Rome and Carthage.

Junius Brutus

Ancient Rome Leader who, with his supporters, forced the Etruscan out of Rome.

Julis Ceaser

Ancient roman general whose murder led to the end of the roman Republic.

Ptolemy

Ancient scientist who said earth was the center of the universe

22. How were gladiatorial games advertised? When did the executions happen during the games? Who was executed? When were they abolished? What connection did they have to Christianity that would have made them unappealing to Christians?

Announcements were made on city walls advertising for the games. It would give information on the day and times of games and even if there would be shade in the ampitheater. Executions happened during lunchtime. Criminals were typically executed and later on Christians were as well. They were abolished in the beginning of the 4th century with Constantine's Edict of Toleration

39. Why did Antony remain in the East after Philippi? What was the nature of his relationship with Cleopatra?

Antony remained in the East after Philippi in order to raise money to pay the troops from Philippi, to settle veterans, to deal with disloyal rulers, and to take on the Parthians. Had an ongoing affair with Cleopatra.

Siege of Mutina

Antony sieged Mutina because the governor was loyal to the senate; Octavian later sent to deal with this; The consuls Hirtius and Gaius are killed and Lepidus renounced his loyalties to the senate

2nd Triumvirate

Antony, Lepidus and Octavian formed an alliance; 5 year term and had legal grounding priority was to punish Caesar's assassins gave them authority to make laws w/o Senate and Roman approval Antony-Gaul; Lepidus-Spain; Octavian-Africa, Sicily and Sardinia

Toga

Any citizen wore this Usually wore to voting and political meetings but did not have to wear every day

Mountain range located East of Rome

Apennines mountain range

Latins and Tiber

Around 1000 B.C., _______ began migrating to the Italian River. They settled south of the _______ River where they raised crops and herded sheep, goats and cattle.

Etruscan and Greeks and Greek

Around 600 B.C., the _________ people from the northern part of Italy, took control of Rome. They had traded with the _________, and they brought many of the _______ ideas and customs with them.

Mosaic

Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

Name 5 Roman contributions

Art, Architecture, Engineering, Language, Philosophy

What were the Asian Vespers? What happened? Why?

Asian Vespers (Asiatic Vespers)- an execution of about 80,000 Romans and Italians in Asia Minor in 88 BCE (Boatwright, 127) Mithridates took control of a Roman province called Asia Minor. The citizens welcomed him as a liberator, but he sought to express his hatred for the Romans. He planned executions for all the citizens from Rome and Italy.

What is the third part of the Roman Government?

Assemblies and Tribunes

Who made up the Roman army?

At first, Roman army was made up of ordinary citizens. Later the army contained well-trained professional soldiers and was one of the best fighting forces in the world.

2. How did Augustus die? Where? What did he supposedly say as he was dying? What happened to his body? Be familiar with Augustus' changes in the system of provincial taxation.

Augustus died 19 August 14 AD with Livia and Tiberius at his bedside in Nola (in Southern Italy). He most likely died from old age (there is a rumor that Tiberius murdered him, but is very unlikely). He dies away from the public eye of Rome. -His last words include "Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit." (encapsulates his crucial role as an actor, and that he will die as a beloved figure). -There was an enormous procession from Nola to Rome, then cremated on funeral pyre near the mausoleum he had built where his ashes were interred and deified. Augustus completely reformed the taxation system by having civil servants (not publicani) collect taxes. Abuses through taxation became less frequent, and encouraged people to see Rome and kind and benevolent.

50. What sorts of changes did Augustus make to the military? In what ways did he increase Roman holdings? Unify the Roman empire? How did he manage the Parthians? What tactics did he use to maintain a presence in the Roman provinces? What seems to have been the general provincial attitude towards his rule?

Augustus made the military a professional force. Became voluntary rather than drafted. Soldiers had a fixed 20 year term plus five years in the reserves. Marriage was not permitted. 13 years worth of payment was received upon honorable discharge. Augustus doubled Roman holdings and unified the empire. Managed the Parthians through diplomacy and negotiated the return of the standards lost by Crassus. Maintained a presence in the Provinces by putting his image on coins, statuses, and busts. General provincial attitude was positive because of the peace he brought in and the money he spent on road and building construction

49. How did Augustus view the equestrian class? Why?

Augustus viewed the equestrians as under utilized. Employed their business expertise especially in property management and court proceedings in provinces. In Egypt, all top Roman officials were equestrians. Augustus viewed them as less threatening because the did not have senatorial ambitions. They were in it for the money

Octavian/Augustus

Augustus was an emperor of Rome that brought Rome into the Pax Romana period. He was called Augustus because it means respected one and all of Rome respected him for pulling them out of war.

Battle of Munda

Battle fought in Spain between Pompey's supporters (led by his sons) and Caesar; causes Caesar to lose respect for the senate

Why were the Romans influenced by the Etruscans and the Greeks?

Because of their location

Etruria

Between Arno and tiber River Most north

Latium

Between Liris and Tiber Rivers Rome

Bread and circuses

Bread and circuses was a type of method which the government would feed and entertain the citizens that rebelled to take their mind off rebelling.

Aqueduct

Bridgelike stone structure that carries water over long distances

Targets of Sulla's reform

Bring the situation back to a time before that of the Gracchi -> The heydays of the senate, senate controls mainly Senate's weakness before was that it's predominance could be challenged

6. Motives Nero may have had to murder Britannicus? How did the early years of Nero's rule differ from the later years? What was the turning point? What happened to Nero's mother? Octavia? Why did some Romans think that Nero set the fire in 64? Who did Nero blame? Nero's relationship with the senate after 64? Why were some provincials upset with him?

Britanicus was next in line for the throne of emperor. Nero initially took the advice of his mother, Seneca, and Burrus which meant he worked with the senate. Later on he disrespected and ignored the Senate. (turning point) was it the fire? Pretty sure it was since soon after he started his Golden House. -Definitely the fire. Nero has mother killed in an elaborate plot involving the Praetorian guard After divorcing Octavia and having her sent in to exile, Nero had her murdered He was accused of starting the fire because he took control of some of the land that had been cleared by the fire and built himself a lavish palace on it (Domus Aurea) Nero tried to blame Christians for the fire The provincials were upset because he raised their taxes after the fire

Laws of the 12 tables

Bronze tablets with 12 laws for everyone to see and follow -if someone needs evidence, he can only go every third day to knock on the door of the person who has it -lying means you are flung from the tarpeian rock -deformed children shall be killed -if a father surrenders his son for sale 3 times, the son shall be free -an arm for an arm unless he agrees to make compensation marriage shall not take place b/w a patrician and a plebeian

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Brother tribunes who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform under the late Roman republic; Both were killed by order of the Senate

Tiberius and Gaius

Brothers, ________ and _____ proposed land reforms, due to the civil unres.

Who was Caesar's co-consul in 59 BCE? What actions was Caesar intent on carrying out during his consulship? What attitude did Caesar have towards the conservative faction in the senate at the start of his consulship? The attitude of the conservative faction towards Caesar?

Caesar's co-consul was Bibulus. At the beginning of his consulship, Caesar aimed to pass land redistribution reforms. Caesar initially sought compromise with the Senate, seeking consensus before taking the issue to the popular assembly.

Marc Antony

Caesar's co-consul who summoned the senated and gained support for a compromise that didn't punish Caesar's assassins; After Caesar's will is read, starts the 2nd triumvirate; Octavian sold his land to pay the people they money Caesar left in his will

marcus antonius

Caesar's officer in the second truimpharate who joined with Octavian to fight with assasins but quarreled : wotj Cleopartra, ruled the east and was crushed by Octavian and his army

Where was Caesar's provincial command? What was the outcome of this provincial command? How did Caesar behave towards his defeated opponents? How did Caesar maintain political support back in Rome during his provincial command?

Caesar's provincial command was in Gaul and Illyricum.The governor of Transalpine Gaul also died, so he received command of that as well. He did not show them mercy or clemency. Caesar was brutal in his Gallic campaigns: he supposedly killed 1 million and enslaved 1 million more. Using the wealth he gained from the Gallic Wars, Caesar held games and spectacles for the people back in Rome. This was one way that he maintained his popular image while he was away from the city. He also constructed a new forum.

4. How did Caligula become emperor? What sorts of activities did he do to cultivate popular support? Possible reasons why he ended up so despised, esp. by Senate? What happened to him?

Caligula named successor to Tiberius in his will along with another male relative that was too young to rule and died before being able to challenge him. -Cultivated popular support by distributing money and creating new building projects. -Senate hated him because he definitely ignored the interest of the elite (senators and equestrians). He was eventually assassinated by Praetorian Guard.

Sulla's Program Second Part

Can have no further office after the tribunate so that ambitious people don't choose this role Legislative proposals need pre-approval by the senate before presented to the plebeian assembly to be voted on Tribunate is left with veto power (intercessio) No more subsidized grain distributions Land requisitions and pompeii turned into a colony where land is seized and redistributed among veterans. Samnites are destroyed 79 BC Sulla becomes a private citizen and dies in 78 BC

Rome

Capital and largest city of Italy

Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie?

Capitoline Quirinal Viminal Esquiline Caelian Aventine Palatine

after conquering Greece, Rome next thinks to take over...

Carthage

3rd Punic War (2nd Century BC)

Carthage is taken after 2 years of siege Consul Scipio Aemilianus (adopted grandson of Africanus who defeated Hannibal) destroyed Carthage Creation of the province of Africa

2nd Punic War - Conditions of Peace

Carthage loses all territories beyond the area around Carthage Carthage relinquishes the fleet to Rome Carthage pays indemnity (money)

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who launched an invasion on the Romans from Spain by crossing the Alps.

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who was defeated by Rome in 202 BC

significance of Carthage and Spain

Carthge owns Spain

who is Hannibal

Carthigian general

Who did Rome battle during the Punic Wars?

Cathage - a city in Northern Africa

What prompted Catiline to conspire against the Republic in 63 BC? What kinds of people were his allies in the conspiracy? How was Cicero involved?

Catiline became bankrupt after losing yet another consulship election, so he began to gather forces in Etruria for an armed revolution. People said to be part of Catiline's conspiracy included criminals, and destitutes that resided in Rome (people who would naturally be against the aristocracy/rich) Before deciding what to to do with Catiline, Cicero had been trying to gather evidence on the Catiline's possible conspiracy. Finally after Catiline had left Rome to go to Etruria, Cicero had got the evidence he wanted from a Gallic people, the Allobroges. This swung public opinion behind him, and the Senate gave a sentence of execution to Catiline's associates, which Cicero carried out.

Who was Catiline? Who was Cicero? What was the difference in their social status? Why was the result of the consular election in 64 BC surprising, given this difference?

Catiline was a patrician and a talented politician who had good potential to be consul. He also served under Sulla. Cicero was a novus homo born of a wealthy family in a city southeast of Rome. He was a great orator. Cataline and Antonius were of higher social status since their family members had held office before. Cicero, as stated before, was a novus homo and had no family in office before. Surprisingly, people favored Cicero even though his family had never held office. He won the consulship in 63 along with Antonius who won the other spot. Sullan veterans and people in debt stood to benefit if Cataline won.

which Roman senator said "Carthage must be destroyed"

Cato

10. What command was Caesar given after his consulship? For how long? Why this time period? How did the senate feel about this unusually lengthy command?

Ceasar was given command in Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and Illyricum, five years, with four legions. The long term gave Caesar extended exemption from the charges that would surely be brought against him after his consulship were to finish. Senate felt nervous, thought that Caesar was getting too powerful

Triumvirate

Ceasar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a...

Publius Clodius

Center of Bona Dea affair, got off by bribing renounced patrician status to become tribune of the plebs. Enacted reforms for free grain; His gangs beat up Pompey, eventually killed by Milo's men; No citizen executed w/o a trial; declared Clodius as an exile

spain

Central Spain is the landlocked interior of the Iberian Peninsula. Situated on a high plateau known as the Meseta ('great table'), Central Spain was part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. Because the inhabitants of this region were mostly of Celtic origin, the Romans called them Celtiberians (meaning 'Celts who live in Iberia'). The Romans first encountered the Celtiberians during the Second Punic War (218-202 BC), when Central Spain provided troops for the army of Rome's enemy, Hannibal of Carthage. After defeating Hannibal, Rome gradually expanded her empire into the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The Celtiberians revolted from Rome in 153 BC, in a long and bloody war which ended with Rome's capture of the stronghold of Numantia in 133. After this, the people of Central Spain resigned themselves to the Pax Romana ('peace on Roman terms') and gradually adopted a Romanized, or at least semi-Romanized, lifestyle. The region remained in Roman hands until the fifth century AD, when it was seized by the Visigoths.

Keeps one part of a government from becoming too strong

Checks and balances

alimenta

Child support system established by Nerva -money was given to families for their children with boys receiving more money than girls

What was the faith adopted by a Roman emperor which became the official state religion of Rome?

Chistianity

Bishop

Christian church official ranking over the priests with authority over a local area, or diocese

32. What happened at Mutina? Octavian's role? How did he get this role? What did Octavian do after Mutina? How did the senate initially respond to his request? Why did they change their minds?

Cicero aligned himself with Octavian against Antony in 43. He persuaded the senate and consuls to support Octavian, give him imperium. Liberation of Mutina in early 43. Both consuls were killed at Mutina. Lepidus renounced his loyalties to the state. Antony joined forces with Lepidus (who controlled the Roman army). Octavian insisted that he be elected consul. The senate refused and Octavian marched on Rome. The senate then named him consul.

28. What are our sources for the Catilinarian conspiracy and how does this create problems for our interpretation of the events?

Cicero's Catilinarian Oractions serve as one source, which is obviously biased in Cicero's favor, and Sallust's Catilinarian War, which is biased as well against Cicero because Sallust's texts aim to show the decline of Rome via the aristocracy's moral decline. Nothing from Catiline's perspective

Who were the Cimbri and Teutones? Describe the circumstances that led Rome to suffer a catastrophic defeat against these peoples. When was the last time Rome had suffered comparable casualties? Who successfully concluded the war against the Cimbri and Teutones?

Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes. These groups continuously defeated many consuls and armies that were sent their way because Roman commanders would not cooperate with one another. Rome and these Germans eventually met at Arausio in 105 BCE where the losses (80,000 soldiers died) stemmed from the refusal of Quintus Servilius Caepio (former consul) to cooperate with his superior Gnaeus Mallius Maximus. Struggle between novus homo and patrician- kind of reflects what is also going on in Rome at the time. Comparable numbers of Roman losses are reported for the Battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE) and Cannae (216 BCE) during the Hannibalic War. Even if the numbers for Arausio were exaggerated, the loss was a traumatic shock for Roman military supremacy. Marius defeated the German Teutones and the Cimbri in Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae respectively. This ended the war.

Who was Cinna? Why was Cinna declared an enemy of the state? How did Marius help him? Why? What was the attitude to Sulla once Cinna and Marius seized power in Rome?

Cinna was one of the newly elected consuls when Sulla headed East. He left Rome and travelled through Italy rallying for support for his proposal of the second redistribution of the new citizens among the 35 tribes. The senate did not approve of this and removed him from office declaring him a hostis (enemy). Marius returned from Africa and helped Cinna by helping him raise troops. Some slaves were freed in return for service within the troops, and the Samnites agreed to support Cinna. Marius saw this as an opportunity to come back and follow through with his initial proposal. Sulla decided that he would let Mithridates escape and make peace with him because he wanted to return to Rome as quickly as possible. He planned to attack Rome.

Who have the power in a republic?

Citizen have the power, not the king or a queen. The person elected by citizens through their right to vote will rule them.

Etruscans 8th Century BC

City States in war against each other Loose "confederacy of the 12 cities" More powerful than Rome than at start of Rome Romans attacked city states one by one cerveteri and veii are close to Rome and are arch enemies of the Romans

Romans after 800 BC

City, communal cemeteries (esquiline necropolis), traces of huts city wall (clay and timber on stone foundation), land reclamation project (first fill 750 or 650 BC), public buildings, public land huts to houses in 626 BC because of roof tiles

Nomen

Clan/gen (gentes plural) group of families Tullius in Marcus Tullius Cicero

5. Claudius' relationship to Caligula? How did Claudius become emperor? Was his claim uncontested? What did Claudius do as emperor? Why did he divorce Messalina? Who did he marry after Messalina? Why? Claudius' relationship to Nero? How did Nero strengthen his claim as Claudius' successor? How did Claudius die? Nero's treatment of Claudius' memory?

Claudius was Caligula's uncle. Proclaimed emperor by Praetorian Guard, some uncertainty but quickly sorted out. The people began to demand Claudius as Princeps. He took his imperial duties seriously and treated the senate with respect. He consulted it frequently and involved himself actively in military and administrative affairs, even reviving the old Republican office of censor in 47-48. He saw it as his duty to be involved in all sorts of trials, and this pissed off the senate and others. Relied on imperial freedmen rather than equites or senators. He divorced Messalina because she was unfaithful to him. Committed adultery with a senator and planned to kill Claudius and seize control. He married Agrippina the Younger because she schemed successfully to marry him and because she strengthened Claudius' ties to the Augustun family since she was sister of Caligula. Nero was Agripinna's son. Nero secured his claim by marrying Claudius' thirteen y.o. daughter Octavia. Murdered by poisonous mushrooms?????(It's unknown if he was murdered or just died of natural causes.) He didn't respect him, let weeds grow over his grave, didn't visit him.

Ptolemy Caesar

Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar; later killed by Octavian in order to remove him as a potential threat

Forum after 650 BC

Cloaca Maxima (Great Drain), Regia (where king performs kingly duties) Comittium (vote, pass laws, punishment) Senate House Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of 2 divine brothers Castor and Pollux (Greek)

How did Clodius die? What was the response of the Roman people? The senate? How did this episode set the stage for the showdown between Caesar and Pompey?

Clodius was campaigning to be elected praetor, Milo to be consul. A major clash occurred between their gangs near Bovillae. Clodius was wounded and captured, and then finished off on Milo's orders. The populace was so distraught, and their mood so hostile to the senate, that they took up the outrageous suggestion of using the senate house as a funeral pyre. The whole structure and its furnishings burned too. The senate passed its ultimate decree (SCU), to levy troops throughout Italy, and to adopt the novel expedient of making Pompey sole consul.

collegia

Collegia could function as guilds, social clubs, or funerary societies; in practice, in ancient Rome, they sometimes became organized bodies of local businessmen and even criminals, who ran the mercantile/criminal activities in a given urban region, or rione. The organization of a collegium was often modeled on that of civic governing bodies, the Senate of Rome being the epitome. The meeting hall was often known as the curia, the same term as that applied to that of the Roman Senate.

Flavian Amphitheater

Colosseum -built starting with Vespasian, finished by Domitian -built on land that Nero had claimed for his domus auraea (anti-tyranny gesture to "erase" Nero)

Greek Temple

Columns all the way around Triangular pediments on front and back 3 steps all the way around Houses the statue of the god altars in front

Italian temple

Columns only on front and sides, not on back (may only be on front, not all the way around) Triangular space in front is empty More than 3 steps, only on the front protects and houses the statue of the god altar in front

imperator

Commander. A title given to a victorious general.

29. Who killed Caesar? When? Why? In what way does the story possibly echo Romulus' death? How did the Roman people initially respond to the assassination? What did Marc Antony do? His murderers? Cicero? How did Caesar finally win over the sympathy of the people after his death? What happened to Cleopatra after Caesar's death?

Brutus and Cassius, along with other Senators, killed Caesar on 15 March 44 B.C. (the ides of March) because they feared that he was becoming too ambitious -- plus, he had just taken the title dictator perpetua (?) -- basically, perpetual dictator. They realized now that nothing was really going to change. The story echoes Romulus' death because in one version, Romulus was killed by a bunch of angry senators. The Roman people initially rejoice at the assassination. Marc Antony gives Caesar a public funeral and reads his will aloud, Caesar had left money and land to the people. Antony also becomes the next consul and is summoned by the senate reaching a compromise that the assasins will not be prosecuted but Caesars deeds be ratified. His murderers were forced into exile. Cicero -- deeply distraught with Antonys efforts to position himself as Caesars political heir -- leaves Rome in April 44 B.C. to return in late August, having been led to believe that Antony would restore the senatorial aristocracy but he was misled (series of speeches -- the Philippics) Caesar wins over the sympathy of the people after his death by leaving them copious amounts of land and money in his will. Cleopatra and her son Ptolemy Caesar were driven back into Egypt. (alexandria)

The Pantheon

Built in 126 A.D. it was a temple to honor all Roman Gods and Goddesses, huge dome, and still standing today. It was an architectural masterpiece.

Latial Culture 1000 - 800 BC

Burials and traces of huts scattered cemeteries no city, no community, clusters of huts

Carthage

By 272 B.C., all of the peninsula was under Roman control and a rivalry developed between Rome and __________ (a city-state in northern Africa founded by the Phoenecians) over who would control sea trade in the western Mediterranean.

42. What caused the collapse of the alliance between Antony and Octavian? Role of propaganda, including the reading of Antony's will? Against whom did the Romans, led by Octavian, declare war? Why this approach? Where did they meet in battle? What happened to Cleopatra and Antony? Their fleets?

By 36 the 2nd triumvirate could no longer stave off competition between Antony and Octavian. There was conflict between Antony in East and Octavian in West. Octavian launched a propaganda war against Antony; Antony was slow to react, focused on military threats in the East. Octavian seized Antony's will from the vestal virgins and publicized its content to the Roman people (embarrass and instill fear). Octavian declared war against Cleopatra (not Antony, to avoid appearance of civil war). Octavian required citizens in west to swear an oath of loyalty to him. In 31, forces of Antony and Octavian meet in battle at Actium. There was skirmishing, no clear results. Antony and Cleopatra escaped and made their way separately to Alexandria. Their fleets and soldiers surrendered to Octavian. Both committed suicide.

Democratic

By 367 B.C., the government had become more __________, and by 287 B.C., complete equality had been reached.

Temples of Largo Argentina

By the forum "lack of this day" restored multiple times See back of wall where cesar was killed

What factions supported Pompey and Caesar, respectively? Give an example of how a party attempted to reach a compromise, and how this failed. How was Caesar declared an enemy of the state? What symbolic act marked Caesar's declaration of war?

Caesar had Curio go to the Senate and propose that both Pompey and Caesar give up their commands. The senate overwhelmingly supported this (377 to 22), but the consuls thought otherwise and went to Pompey and ordered him to prepare forces to defend the state against Caesar. A consul wanted Caesar to relinquish his command and be replaced by someone else, but he refused to agree to this. The consuls ordered that Caesar lay down his command or be declared a hostis, or enemy of the state. The tribunes vetoed this. The Senate then issued an SCU allowing Pompey to defend the state by all means necessary, and Caesar was declared an enemy of the state. Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon on January 10th marked his declaration of war. Ostensibly to protect the right of the tribunes, but also to protect his own rank. (Know the whole synopsis over crossing the Rubicon)

8. What was Caesar's attitude towards the senate at the start of his consulship? What happened to change this? How did he circumvent the senate in his efforts to pass land reform? How did this episode increase his power and influence?

Caesar initially wanted to partner kindly with the Senate, soon realized they did not want to approve his populist reforms. Eventually started taking his reform votes directly to the people circumventing the Senate altogether. Increased his popular support.

What special demand did Caesar make concerning a bid for consular re-election? Why did he do this? On what legal basis did he make this demand?

Caesar made the demand that he may run for the consular election without having to lay down his command of Gaul. He did this because he did not want to be made a private citizen where his enemies could bring charges against him. If he were to have any future in Roman politics, he could not become a private citizen. Caesar attempted to compromise, sending a request to Rome that both he and Pompey would lay down their commands at the same time. The tribune, Curio, supported this and put it up to a vote in the Senate. The vote passed, but the consuls remained opposed.

after PW2, Roman Senator Cato says

"Carthage must be destroyed"

Concordia

"harmony" when Carthage was re-founded it was referred to as concordia. The opposite is disconcordia meaning strife which is the cause of civil war

in hoc signo vinces

"in this sign you will conquer" -heavenly voice that spoke to Constantine said this to him when he saw the vision of the Chi Rho -when he won, knew that God had made him victorious and converted to Christianity

iustitia

"justice" promoted by Augustus

domitius ahenobarbus

(11 December, 17 BC[citation needed] - January 40) was a close relative of the five Roman Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Domitius was the only son of Antonia Major (niece of the emperor Augustus and daughter of Augustus' sister Octavia Minor who was married to triumvir Mark Antony) and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC). His only siblings were Domitia (aunt of Nero) and Domitia Lepida, mother of the Empress Valeria Messalina (third wife of the Emperor Claudius). He was a great-nephew of the Emperor Augustus, brother-in-law and second cousin of the Emperor Caligula; maternal cousin of the Emperor Claudius and the biological father to the Emperor Nero.[1]

quintus hortensius

(114 BC - 50 BC) was a Roman orator and advocate. At the age of nineteen he made his first speech at the bar, and shortly afterwards successfully defended Nicomedes IV of Bithynia, one of Rome's dependants in the East, who had been deprived of his throne by his brother. From that time his reputation as an advocate was established. As the son-in-law of Quintus Lutatius Catulus (through marriage to Lutatia, daughter of Catulus and Servilia) he was attached to the aristocratic party, the "optimates". During Lucius Cornelius Sulla's dictatorship the courts of law were under the control of the Senate, the judges being themselves senators

lutatius catulus

(149-87 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC, and the leading public figure of the gens Lutatia of the time. His colleague in the consulship was Gaius Marius, but the two feuded and Catulus sided with Sulla in the civil war of 88-87 BC. When the Marians regained control of Rome in 87, Catulus committed suicide rather than face prosecution.

Why were Romans so strong?

(a) excellent, well-trained soldiers and good fighters (b) built permanent military settlements in the areas they conquered (c) built roads between the conquered areas to allow troops to travel swiftly any place in their growing territory. (d) created the Roman Confederation (e) treated new conquest well to make them loyal to the government resulting in a stronger and united growth of the republic

What were the rights and duties that allies had under the Roman Confederation system?

(a) the freedom to run their own local affairs (b) have to paid taxes (c) provide soldiers for the army (d) have the opportunity to change their status from allies to Roman citizen if their were loyal

Censor

(after consul) elected every 5 years, a great honor. took census of the people, divided tax regions.

Governor

(after praetor or consul)had aut,ocratic authority within their province, equal to magistrate, had 12 lictors, and could only be vetoed by a current consul or praetor.

cassius

(before 85 BC - October 42 BC) was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar,[1] and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus.

Campania

Liris and Sele Rivers

Etruscans

- A group that played a major part in shaping Roman civilization. People who lived north of Rome in Etruria, who moved south, and ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Under the Etruscans, Rome became more powerful and changed from villages of hut to wood and brick buildings.

Epitctetus

- one of the best know Stoic philosophers of ancient Rome - taught his ideas to Trajan Nd Marcus Aurelius

Describe the Etruscans

- skilled metalworkers - became rich from mining and trade - enslaved people - forced slaves to do heaviest work and made their live comfortable - live a life of feasting, dancing, playing music and sports - great military achievements

Compare Greek art and Roman art

-Both Greeks and Romans carved statues but: (a) Greek statues made to look perfect showing youth, healthy, and with beautiful bodies; (b) Roman statues were more realistic showing wrinkles, warts, and other unattractive features.

Livy

-Roman historian -wrote "History of Rome" in about 10 BC -celebrated Rome's greatness and its rise to power

Greco Roman culture: (What does the term mean?)

-The great influence of Greek culture to Rome.

Julio-Claudius Emperors

-The three emperors to come after Augustus all coming from Augustus' family: Caligula, Claudius, & Nero

Horace

-a poet - inspired by Greeks -wrote satires and composed odes

the Colosseum

-completed AD 80 -huge arena with removable canvas for sunlight protection -Made out of concrete -seated 60,000 people -With a system of cages, ropes, and pulley to brought wild animals from the rooms underground

Vespasian

-restored the order to Rome (started after Nero) -put down rebellions (destroyed Jewish Temple in AD 70) -began construction of the Colosseum

how long to get through Alps?

15 days

which Punic war was based on revenge

3

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean

100 and Republic

After ____ years of Etruscan rule, the Romans rebelled and the __________ was formed.

Aedile

Age 36. (Former Quaestors) They ran administrative responsibilities in Rome

What made Rome so strong?

Army, republic government, legions, citizens had the power.

The first emperor of the Roman empire

Augustus

What were some of the reasons why most Romans had high regard for Augustus? Why had many Romans disliked Julius Caesar?

Augustus came after Julius Caesar who was terrible and expected a great emperor to shine. The reasons why the citizens of Rome did not like Julius Caesar was because he was more of a dictator and controlled everything. He quickly made enemies with the senate. The senate felt threatened by Julius Caesar and soon was murdered. Augustus was a great emperor because he used reverse psychology about how the people ruled rome and that ll he would rule was the army. Everyone was convinced by the generosity of the emperor and liked his ruling The senate knew that they needed someone powerful like him. They insisted to change his name to Augustus meaning respected one instead of Octavius which was his original name. He took over the Army and conquered many new lands like the gauls. Also, he started the pax romana, a very good time period for the roman citizens because it was very peaceful.

Maximian

Augustus of the West -retired when Diocletian retired even though he was reluctant -interested in promoting his son

"bread and circuses"

Basic Roman formula describing the well-being of the people through immediate satisfaction.

a general ordered by Justinian to strengthen and lead the Byzantine army; reorganized the army

Belisarius

Forum

Business and religious district of ancient Rome

Galerius

Caesar under Diocletian in the East -takes it upon himself to appoint someone in the West -Declares Severus who negotiates and makes Constantine his Caesar

Circus Maximus

Chariot races were held at the ______________.

Constantine

Christian emperor who made Christianity equal to all other religions in Rome and reunited the Roman Empire after Diocletian had divided it into two parts.

Responsibility to ensure the prosperity of the city

Civic duty

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied

Messalina

Claudius' third wife, bore 2 children: Octavia and Britannicus -committed suicide after she divorced Claudius because she had a senator lover

Appalachian Mountains

Close Italy in from the north

What were the three parts of Rome's government?

Magistrates, Senate, Assemblies and tribunes

Satirize

Make fun of with sarcasm

moved the capital to Constantinople

Constantine

Diocletian

Divided the Roman Empire into two parts: Eastern and Western

What continent is Rome located on?

Europe

Rome's public meeting place

Forum

The center of Rome

Forum

What was the heart of the Roman City?

Forum

Gospels

Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

Characteristics of a City

Planned with a grid system Elaborate Social System Public Spaces Monumental Public Buildings Monumental Temples

a scientist that lived in Alexandria, Egypt

Ptolemy

incorrectly placed the earth at the center of the universe

Ptolemy

what happened in 509 BCE

Republic officially begins

Latin

Roman language

Punic Wars

Rome and Carthage fought 3 wars between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. called the ______________.

A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders

Senate

what sort of government structure did they use

Senate

Empire

Several nations under one rule, different than a colony.

Apenine Mountains

Start in Genoa then go east then west then south into Sicily

Lex frumentaria

State must buy and ration grain to Romans

What was the best place to find a boyfriend or girlfriend?

The Circus Maximus

veto

The Latin word for "forbid". The rejection of a bill by the President or of any planned action or rule by a person in power.

Tiber

The ________ River runs through Rome.

etruria

The ancient people of Etruria are labelled Etruscans, and their complex culture was centered on numerous city-states that rose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BC and were very powerful during the Orientalizing and Archaic periods.

Engineering

The application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines

Diocese

The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church

What was the cursus honorum? What is the lowest position on the cursus honorum? The highest? Why was it regularized?

The cursus honorum was the sequence of offices that had regulations to them so as to halt the advance of a popular political figure quickly. In order to run for the next office, a candidate must hold all offices below it. Each office had a minimum age for election. There were minimum intervals between holding successive offices and laws forbade repeating an office. Military tribune, Quaestor, Aedile, Praetor, Consul

Inflation

The rapid increase in prices

Why the Patricians were frightened by what the Plebeians did

They feared that the army would be helpless without the Plebeians if the enemy attacked

Jupiter, Venus, Mars

They were Roman gods and goddesses and the ideas of them were borrowed from the Greek gods. Jupiter = Zeus, Venus = Aphrodite, Mars = Ares. This shows the influence of Greece on Rome and the influence of the planets from which they named them all.

What did the Tiber River gave the Romans?

Tiber River gave the Romans a source of water , a way to get to the rest of the Mediterranean world, protection against the raids by pirates from the sea, and an easy place for people to cross, travel, and do trading .

River that connects Rome to the Mediterranean sea

Tiber river

Who wanted to create farms on public land that wealthy citizens had illegally taken over for poor Romans?

Tiberius

assassinate

To murder for political reasons.

Examples of economic instability that caused the Roman empire to fall

Trade suffered, the spirit of citizenship declined, and to finance their armies, they had to pay taxes.

scipio aemilianus

Who: Grandson of Scipio Africanus What: Lead the Roman Army (Where:)into Carthage and set it on fire Why: To destroy it for once and all

What does the 12 tables refer to?

a written code of law

to exchange goods without using money

barter

Hadrian

focused less on expansion and more consolidation -settled the succession for the next two generations -adopted Lucius Ceionius Commodus (died in a year) & Antonius Pius -Antonius adopted Marcus Annius Versus (the princeps Marcus Aurelius) and Lucius Verus

disciples

followers

Optimates

followers of the traditional approach Need support of peers alliances and coalition within the senatorial order Politicians not citizens - not like political parties

Populares

follows of the new approach look for support from the body of citizens by the way of popularity Politicians not citizens - not like political parties

republic

form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen but a person elected by citizens.

Each city-state was run by

its citizens.

In Latin, what does "plebs" mean?

many

magistrates

officials that were appointed to be judges, to look after the city's finances and other jobs

How long was a magistrate elected?

one year

Each city-state is called

polis.

PW3 based on

revenge

Battle of Actium

skirmishing; no clear resolution. Antony and Cleopatra escape separately to Alexandria while their fleets and soldiers surrender to Octavian. Antony and Cleopatra both break through with their fleets but for some reason just keep going and that's what octavian gets their fleets. Octavian had all civilians in the west swear loyalty to him and the war was declared against cleopatra not antony so people wouldn't see it as a civil war.

Two sporting events the Romans enjoyed that had previously been Etruscan sporting events

slave fighting and chariot races.

patricians

the wealthy

Retiarius

type of gladiator that fought with a net and a trident w/o a helmet -much more vulnerable than most gladiators, but because of agility, they won a lot of the time

Under which ruler Rome prospered?

under the ruling family of Tasquins

Cimbri and Teutones: Germans not Gauls

won 2 battles against Romans (transalpine gaul) Rome wins 2 battles with help of Marius Marius elected consul from 104 to 100 (5 in a row so that other's can't overstep him) Defeat germans Given land in Transalpine Gaul

Rudis

wooden sword given to gladiators as symbol of freedom when they retired

Who were the plebians?

working class, laborers, farmers, artisans, shopkeepers

gospels

writings about Jesus' life

Sacrosanity

you cannot physically threaten or touch one or you can be killed

Temple of Concord

Concord = Agreement. Ironic Name. Important Location built after murder of Gaius Gracchus

48. Be familiar with the details of Augustus' census of the senate as well as the adjustments he made to the consulship. In what ways was the senate under Augustus different from the senate in the republic? Why did Augustus refuse to hold a consulship? What was now the benefit of being a senator?

Conducted two censuses of the Senate, removing unworthy members. Instituted a minimum wealth requirement and returned the senate to 600 members. Enforced cursus honorum. Augustus refused to hold consulship further to distance himself from the idea of monarchy. Senators were eligible for special appointments by Augustus if they remained on his good side

Conquest of Veii 396 BC

Conquered and destroyed first time powerful etruscan city state is incorporated into the roman state veii = municipium = lost autonomy

a general that became emperor in A.D. 312

Constantine

built a forum, an amphitheater, and many palaces

Constantine

issued several orders to aid the economy but could not halt the empire's decline

Constantine

27. Who fought in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge? What happened? What omen did Constantine see that predicted his victory?

Constantine saw a cross in the sky (Chi Rho) and took it as a divine symbol that said he'd be victorious. Known as the Conversion of Constantine.

26. Under what circumstances was Constantine declared emperor? How did Galerius react? How did the Roman people and senate react?

Constantine was declared emperor by his father's troops in York. Galerius took it upon himself to appoint Severus to be Augustus of the West. (When Severus died, he appointed Licinius as Augustus.) The Roman people and the Senate, along with the Praetorian Guard named Maxentius the emperor.

As Roman Emperor, Constantine moved the empire's capital to Byzantine which later became known as _____.

Constantinople.

L opimius

Consul 121, enemy of Gracchus. In street scuffle Gracchus's supporters killed a servent of Opimius giving a pretext for action. a Senatusconsultum ultimum (supreme decree of the senate) was given and Opimius marched with an army against Gracchus in the temple of Diana, and killed him

The most powerful elected officials in Rome

Consuls

Fasces

Consuls and Praetors had these consuls: 12 fasces (carried by lictors who are attendants/bodyguards) praetor: 6 fasces dictator: 24 fasces can be beaten with the rods or killed with the axe: the soldiers that misbehave or break laws, can't kill Roman citizens with these

Rite that Romulus used to physically found the city of Rome

Cow, bull and plow to mark the city walls

Describe the relationship between Crassus and Pompey. What was unusual about Pompey's election as consul? In what ways did he and Crassus undo Sulla's legislation?

Crassus and Pompey were very competitive and did not stay on good terms especially when both were elected consuls in 70. Pompey was not old enough and had not even been a senator. They had been pro-Sulla, but then swung to the other side and restored tribunes. They both agreed that the tribunes' full powers should be restored. They also restored equestrians to the juries of the standing courts.

Alongside Crassus, who joined Sulla as an ally when he landed at Brundisium in 83 BC? What was unusual about this ally? How did he benefit from his association with Sulla?

Crassus fought with Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey) with Sulla. Only 23 years old, Pompey made a precocious start to a meteoric career in the military and Roman politics. Pompey was continuing the support his father had shown for Sulla's side. He was underage and not a senator. Pompey was then sent to the provinces of Sicily and Africa to handle the remaining supporters of Marius. Pompey accomplished this task with such ferocity that he earned the nickname "Young Butcher". When he returned to Rome, despite being underage and not a senator, Sulla was compelled to award Pompey a triumph. In addition, Pompey was given another nickname--"Pompey the Great" (Pompeius Magnus)--in recognition of his loyalty and success.

Pompey and Crassus Consuls in 70 BC

Crassus: Age and Cursus Honorum Ok Pompey: Age - only 35, Cursus Honorum - Not okay - only had been an Eques They restored the full powers of the tribunes (against what sulla had done)

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

Created on the capitoline hill temple for Jupiter, Juno and Minerva Three doors made of terracota Jupiter is the god of the sky and holds a lighting bolt Completed 509 BC at time of Tarquinius Superbus Coin in 43 BC has temple on it. Jupiter rides a chariot pulled by 4 horses

Cailgula

Cruel ancient Roman emperor who was assassination by the members of his bodyguard.

What two kinds of marriage existed in ancient Rome? Which of these prevailed as the more common form, and what benefits did it confer upon Roman women?

Cum manu (with hand)- woman was under control of her husband Sine manu (without hand)- woman was under control of her father (more common because when the man left, the woman could have help with business and legal decisions; to retain property in their own name (and to be able to inherit property from their family) in the event of divorce or becoming widowed)

Human sacrifices in Rome

Cups with human remains were found at the city gates. Found 2 other adults and a baby under the raised city walls. They had to sacrifice because they changed the boundary of the city walls

Arch

Curved architecture for spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it

Approaches to understanding future history based on the past

Cyclical nature Unpredictable nature Syncretic Interpretation

Two Tullias

Daughters of 2nd to last king of Rome. One sister was ambitious and the other laid back. They each married the noblemen who were sons of the previous king Tarquin. The ambitious ones kill the other siblings and get married. Tarquin then kills the current king (tullia's father) Servius Tullius and becomes Tarquin the proud/superb

War with Jugurtha

Defeated by Gaius Marius Marius associated with tribune Saturninus

first triumvirate

Definition: the Roman political alliance of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. Significance: this group was powerful because it had the political power of Caesar, wealth of Crassus, and army of Pompey Caesar became dictator when crassus died

What is a ruler with absolute power?

Dictator

What a candidate needs to be elected

Dignitas: esteem attached to previous offices Virtus: manly courage in battle/wars, Triumph People to remember him and his family: Victory Temples (to foster remembrance), Cognomia (nickname), Funerals (50/50 private vs. public, wax masks of past family members, speeches and gladiatorial combats)

a general that became emperor in A.D. 284

Diocletian

divided the empire into four parts because the empire was too large for one person to rule

Diocletian

introduced reforms to stop the empire's decline; worked hard to boost the economy but failed

Diocletian

25. Be familiar with the details of Diocletian's economic, military, and administrative reforms. Why did Diocletian create the tetrarchy? What benefits did it have? Drawbacks? What was the tetrarchs' attitude towards traditional Roman religion? Towards Christianity?

Diocletian created the tetrarchy because he realized the empire was too big for him to rule by himself effectively. Benefits included being able to distribute power to West/East regions Augustus & Caesars so they could rule their side and be better rulers. Drawbacks is that it created so many more government employees, burdening the payroll of the empire. The tetrarchs identified themselves with the Roman gods Jupiter and Hercules, and pushed for the people to return to traditional Roman religion. Christianity was looked down upon: Christian workers were stripped of ranks, bishops put in prison and Christians were purged from army.

Paul

Disciple of Jesus who helped spread his teachings throughout the Roman Empire.

Peter

Disciple of Jesus who helped spread his teachings throughout the Roman Empire.

How was the discipline in the Roman army?

Discipline was harsh and deserters were killed.

14. How did Domitian die? Why? What happened to him after this death? How was he remembered? How did Nerva become Domitian's successor? What challenges did Nerva face? From whom?

Domitian was assassinated by a conspiracy of the Praetorian prefects (was stabbed in the groin). Nerva became Domitian's successor because he was well-liked and respected by the Senate, unlike Domitian. Nerva however, struggled to gain the support of the Roman people and soldiers (they really liked Domitian.)

Anew group of people who invaded Greece and settled on the Peloponnesus peninsula

Dorians

Sulla's Program First Part

Doubled the size of the senate to 600 members from 300 (Equites were co-opted and not elected to fill spots) 20 Quastors (lowest office) selected by sulla Become a senator right when you are a quaestor (not by decision of censors every 5 years) Restrictions: Cursus Honorum - respect it, Age restrictions 10 years of interval between magistracies and especially the consulship

Tomb of the Reliefs - 4 C BC

Dug into Bedrock Important people in the wall, others on the floor Interior of a house w/ central beams and columns weapons and armor on the walls person in the center founded the tomb No oxygen to preserve tomb - done with fire (candle)

Hannibal

During the 2nd Punic War, Rome was threatened when _____________ and his army (some on elephants) marched on the city of Rome.

Roman Dynasties

Dynasties = family lines of ruling >>> For 200 years after Augustus' death there were four family lines/ dynasties that ruled the empire... they were the only dynasties of Rome.

What was the extent of the Roman Empire bu 117 A.D. (look at the map on page 433)? How did the Romans rule this vast empire? How did they unify the empire?

Each province was governed by a governor, encouraged conquered areas to take part in government, made some people citizens, gave many amenities.

Summary of Rome 500 - 400 BC

Early Republic Rome becomes the most powerful city in Latium Rome and other latin cities successfully fight back the invasion of the highlanders (sabines, volsci, and aequi) Establishment of specific offices

Adriatic Sea

East of Italy

Centuriate Assembly (4th C BC)

Elect consuls, praetors, and censors Weighted toward the rich Gathering of the Roman Soldiers

Hadrian

Emperor _________ (117-138 AD) built a wall in Britain to keep barbarians out.

Diocletian

Emperor ___________(284 AD) divides the empire into East and West and places an administrator in each.

Constantine

Emperor ______________(313 AD) ended persecution of Christians by issuing the Edict of Milan. He moves capital to Byzantium and renames it Constantinople. It thrives.

Hadrian

Emperor during the pax Romana who supported the arts and built a huge wall around Rome's border and encouraged frontier peoples to enter the army

Roman emperors had great power. Name three examples of the power of an emperor.

Emperors had complete control over the army. Control over the senate (Caesar used this in a not-so-good way). Control over the people and the court.

How was the make-up of juries altered under Sulla? Who had changed the make-up of juries prior to Sulla?

Equestrians could no longer serve in the jury restricting it to senators only. Before Sulla, Gaius Gracchus had changed the make-up (senators to equestrians) of juries.

28. Be familiar with the Arch of Constantine, including who erected it, what event it commemorated, and what other propagandistic purposes it served.

Erected by Constantine and dedicated by the Senate to commemorate his victory over Maxentius -Maxentius (tyrannical) -Constantine (peace, liberty)

Tarquin

Etruscan leader and the last king of ancient Rome.

What is the name given to the first Romans?

Etruscans

What three continents did the Roman Empire spread out over?

Europe, Africa, and Asia

History

Events of the past, written text that recreates the reconstruction of past events

How often did Roman citizens elect city officials to rule the city?

Every year

Power of Imperium***

Executive and military authority attached to consuls and praetors

Summary of Rome 400 - 300 BC

Expansion in Central Italy - Latin Wars Expansion in Southern Italy - Samnite wars and war with Pyrrhus

True or False. The Roman language began with 26 letters and has been reduced to 22 letters.

False. began with 22 letter then increased to 26 letters

True or False. The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora weakened the Byzantine Empire.

False. strengthened not weakened the Empire

Battle of Actium

Final war of the Roman Republic. Octavian's supporters and forces vs. Mark Antony's supporters. Took place in the Ionian Sea near Greece.

Quastors (4th C BC)

Finance Comptrollers (made sure everything was legal)

Tarquinius Priscus

First Etruscan King Immigrant - mobility of elite families conquered rome and history not told Started Jupiter Optimus Maximus temple started the Cloaca Maxima

Julius Caesar

First emperor of Rome, made himself a dictator, (some people in the government), assassinated him (stabbed him 23 times) because the people of Rome thought he was taking too much authority over the government, and wasn't giving the senators any power. Employed people to build temples and public people, lowered taxes, made many people citizens. Julius Caesar threatened the senate which was the reason that they assassinated him. He was also the adopted father of Augustus Caesar.

Pyrrhus

First leader to bring elephants to Italy

Gauls (Celts)

First migration to Italy from southern France to eastern and central italy Sack rome with senones No cities, lived in villages organized in aristocratic family led by a warlord no formally organized army Statue of the dying gaul (capitoline) and statue of the suicidal gaul (palazzo)

Disciples

Followers of Jesus who helped spread his religious teachings

Where was the law code displayed?

Forum

open space in Rome that served as a marketplace and public square

Forum

1st Punic war (3rd Century)

Fought in Sicily Romans adapted: built a fleet by reverse engineering Carthaginian Ships 241 BC: Punic general Hamilcar asks for peace Rome wins because it has more resources Rome gets Sicily, large indemnity (money) and later Sardinia and Corsica

Romance languages

French, Italian, and Spanish- because of their Latin root.

Appearance of Cities

From 700 BC First Cities in Mesopotamia (Iraq)

Tiberius Gracchus 133 BC *****

From the wealthy, noble family of the Sempronni Gracchi Tribune of the Pleb Agrarian Law Took advantage of new politics

Who was Tiberius's brother?

Gaius

Who had suggested proposals extending citizenship to Italians in the late 2nd century? Why do you think Roman citizens were reluctant to extend this privilege

Gaius Gracchus and Saturninus suggested this, and it did not work out for either of them. Extending citizenship would mean that the votes of the "true" Romans would be diluted by outside opinions.

Who was the consul that encouraged poor people to join the army?

Gaius Marius

Compared to his brother Tiberius, what was different about Gaius' approach to legislation as a tribune? Why did he propose to alter the make-up of juries? Why is this important?

Gaius focused on reforming many political and social ideas rather than just on land distribution like Tiberius. He was also more confrontational than his brother because of his amazing oratory skills. Gaius wanted the jurors to be drawn from the equestrian class rather than the senatorial class. By removing senators from the juries, Gaius was both trying to make these standing courts more fair for equestrians but also trying to cut down on the corruption of them by the senatorial elite. Subsidized grain- entrenches aristocratic control because it used to fall to the aristocrats to help people during grain shortages.

Why did Gaius' popularity suffer in his second term? Which of his proposals was particularly unpopular with Roman voters?

Gaius' proposal of extending citizenship to all of the Latins was extremely unpopular because the Romans' votes would be diluted by outside opinions.

9. How did Galba position himself with regard to Nero? Who replaced Galba as emperor? How did this happen? How did Vitellius become emperor? How did Vespasian become emperor? What role did the Prefect of Egypt play in Vespasian's rise?

Galba was very much anti-Nero. He was very traditional, austiere and killed Nero's supporters and suspended public games. Galba was overthrown by Otho in January of 69 and publicly killed. Vitellius overthrew Otho after 3 months (Otho later killed himself) when he was declared emperor by his command of legions in the Rhine region (was loyal to Nero's memory. Vespasian became emperor when he was declared such by his troops and received the support of the Prefect of Egypt. The troops of Pannonia eventually invaded Rome and defeated Vitellius which laid the ground for Vespasian to be named emperor by the Senate and Roman people.

his books and drawings were studied for more than 1,500 years by doctors in the west

Galen

Gaul

Gaul was the word that the Romans used for the France. Rome fought a hard battle to have Gaul under their rule and the Druids were a group against Gaul going under the rule of the Romans and they rebelled against the idea.

Sack of Rome

Gauls take capitoline hill Geese sacred to Iuno saved the last Romans on top of the hill

lex gabinia

Gave Pompey a huge army, navy, and command of Roman territory within 50 miles of the sea. Senate opposed this bill because it would give Pompey unlimited power

What groups' invasion led to the fall of Rome?

Germanic

The emperors in Rome were threatened by invading.....

Germanic tribes

Praenomen

Given name of a person Marcus in Marcus Tullius Cicero

most famous Tribunes

Gracchus brothers

to who does #shank apply?

Gracchus brothers

What was the original function of the triumph? Who awarded one to a general? How did the general dress in the triumphal parade? Who was he supposed to resemble?

Greatest honor any military personnel could hope to achieve is public recognition for outstanding military achievements. Triumphs were awarded to a general by the senate. General dressed like the god Jupiter (his face was painted to stress the likeness to Jupiter, which reminded the crowd that the commander enjoyed the high esteem of even the gods). Also, the audience would try to humble the commander who enjoyed the triumph by cursing at him as a reminder that he was still human and subject to the free speech of the people.

A Roman poet wrote "Although we conquered Greece, she conquered us: She brought art to rustic Rome." What does that mean? In what did Greece "conquer" Rome?

Greece gave Rome many of their own ideas. They gave them so many that Greek culture was very close to the Roman empire and succeeded because of their great ideas.

Why did the Greeks moved to Italy?

Greece was building oversees colonies.

Polybius

Greek Hostage of the Romans Befriended a general that was powerful Study History for education and training for political life - Only method of learning to bear the vicissitudes of fortune Wrote to show how Rome came to rule the Mediterranean world

Writing Systems - 700 BC

Greek Alphabet --> Etruscan Alphabet --> Latin Alphabet

Greeks of Southern Italy and Sicily

Greek colonies from 775 BC city states always at war w/each other Economy based in agriculture and trade Very rich cities: syracuse and tarentum Racist Attitude towards indigenous people in areas they colonized

After the Latins, what other groups came to Italy?

Greeks and Etruscans

Mediterranean Sea: shipping routes

Greeks mostly used it because they were near the Mediterranean, to get to places other side of Mediterranean.

Senate (4th C BC)

Had an advisory role at the beginning The took care of public finances, embassies, determining military assignments, granting triumphs and religious matters Never issued a law - Advisory Role

19. Why did Hadrian succeed Trajan as emperor? What were his qualifications? How did Hadrian position himself vis-à-vis Trajan? What did Hadrian do in Judaea to anger the Jewish population?

Hadrian was not formally adopted, but he did make it clear that he wanted Hadrian to be his successor. He was a military man, and experienced administrator. He was interested in consolidation and securing the Roman borders, rather than expansion. Hadrian est a Roman veteran colony there and prohibits practice of circumcision. Leads to Bar Kokhba War that leaves the jewish population significantly reduced. Rome is the victor and renames Judea, Syria Palestina, and prohibts jews from entering Jerusalem. Judea was also forced to pay a heavy toll for the war.

The famous Carthaginian leader that Rome fought during the Punic Wars

Hannibal

Who is considered one of the greatest generals of the ancient world?

Hannibal

Who started the second Punic War?

Hannibal

Who was Carthage's army general?

Hannibal

name of Carthigian general

Hannibal

2nd Punic War (3rd Century)

Hannibal brings the fight into Italy crosses the alps with elephants Hannibal wants to stir Rome's allies to rebel and join him - Gauls, Samnites, Bruttians, and Lucanians

2nd Punic War - Phase 1

Hannibal moves towards South Romans defeated at 3rd Battle at Canne where Romans move back to the Cunctator's war mode (avoid battle, do guerrilla) Hannibal circled the Roman army

PW2, Carthage surrenders where?

Hannibal's home town

Julius Caesar

Has a tendency to love dictatorships and select officials by nomination rather than election. Defeated Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey's supporters at Munda (Sextus survives). Addresses the debt, refunds ⅓ of publicani bid in Asia Minor, and curtails governor abuses to win public favor. Distinct because he values provincial loyalty- colonies collect their own taxes, settles veterans OUTSIDE of Italy (otherwise he would have to use confiscations which would turn people against him), and increases the Senate from 600-900 and increases praetor and quaestor positions so that more people, including new men and elites from Spain and Gaul, could have official positions. ...Oh yeah, and he gets assassinated. fyi. SPOILER!

20. How did Hadrian secure a line of successors? What was his relationship to Marcus Aurelius? How did Marcus Aurelius feel about becoming emperor? Why was he successful?

He adopted Antoninus Pius as an heir and then instructed him to adopt both Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. This ensured the succession would occur for another generation. Marcus was reluctant to become emperor, or so we are told. He was successful at delegating to others and avoiding making enemies

What attitude did he then adopt towards the senate? What legislative body did he rely on for the rest of his consulship?

He adopted a very hostile attitude towards the senate and resorted to intimidation and violence ( For example, Caesar had the opponents, like Cato, ejected from the Senate and not permitted to vote) Caesar relied on the Tribal Assembly for the rest of his consulship.

18. How did Trajan manage the provinces? What innovation did he introduce? What was his general attitude towards the provinces?

He allowed Roman provinces to be self-governing and to collect their own taxes. Mostly a hands-off process, but did have a negative effect in that it gave for a lack of control of the provinces. He put in place care-takers, procuraters who reported directly to Trajan. Care-takers were there specifically to manage problems. He was an expansionist but not exploitative.

What was the importance of the Eastern campaigns for Pompey? For Rome? What was the significance of Pompey's construction of a stone theater in Rome? Why did he include a temple in the design?

He collected land and reorganized Bithynia and Pontus into a single province. Most prominently, he entrusted Asia Minor to rulers who promised to uphold Roman interests. He brought back much wealth for Rome. Rome had never seen a building so magnificent. Using the spoils that he had obtained from the East, Pompey constructed the first stone theater in Rome, in the Campus Martius. This was notable because prior to Pompey's theater, ancient theaters in Rome were made of more temporary building materials. There was considerable worry that a permanent theater would give the patron too much power with the people and so, before Pompey, theaters in Rome were always makeshift. He put a statue dedicated to himself inside a temple linked to the theatre. Temple-building was an important way for Roman politicians to demonstrate their value to the community in a way that was even more lasting than a triumph. Making a commander a permanent part of the landscape, the votive temple also reminded the passing Roman of the special favor of a god or goddess that the commander enjoyed, and the rewards of properly cultivating that favor.

What was unusual about Scipio Aemilianus' first election to the consulship? Why was an exception made in his case?

He did not follow the cursus honorum to become consul, and he was underage. Scipio leapt over both the aedileship and praetorship by standing for consul for 147 BCE. The presiding consul had blocked his candidacy, but a tribune stood up for him.. Senate said "this can be a one time exception" An exception was made because the people and some of the tribunes were such advocates of him.

What were the benefits of a 5 year command for Caesar? Why did Caesar insist on this arrangement? Where was Crassus' command, and what happened to him? Pompey?

He enemies could not aim to prosecute or punish him while he was in command. ______ Crassus' command was in Syria. When Crassus set off from Syria, his army was trapped by the Parthian army near Carrhae. Roman losses exceeded 30,000 men, including Crassus. Pompey's command was in Spain, but he remained in Rome because of his responsibility of the grain supply. He administered his provinces through his legates. Crassus gets beheaded and the only reason he was in Syria was hopefully to distinguish himself as great.

12. What did Clodius do to become eligible to be elected tribune of the plebs? How did he win popularity after his election? Why was Pompey afraid of him? How did Clodius finally die? Response of the populace? What did the senate do?

He had his status changed from Patrician to Plebeian by Caesar. He overhauled the system whereby grain was imported from the provinces of Sardinia, Sicily, and Africa. At the same time, the monthly ration available to citizens for a fixed price would now become free. Also removed ban on collegia (clubs), which had been banned because they were basically violent gangs. Also called into question the acts of Caesar as consul even though one of those unlawful acts was making him plebeian. These measures all raised his popularity substantially. Pompey was scared of Clodius because Clodius had provoked him on aspects of Eastern policy, and when Pompey and Gabinius protested, he had them physically abused. Clodius died when Milo, whom he had been competing against for the consular position in 52 and who had been instructed by Pompey to raise a rival gang, had him killed when their respective gangs clashed near Bovillae. Clodius' body was brought to the center of the city and the populace reacted with shock and anger, using the senate house as a funeral pyre. The senate responded by passing a SCU appointing Pompey as the sole consul, to restore order

Paul of Tarsus

He is described in the Christian New Testament as one of the most influential early Christian missionaries, with the writings ascribed to him by the church forming a considerable portion of the New Testament.

17. How did Caesar conduct his march through Italy? Response of Italians? Where was Pompey? What was Pompey's plan for confronting Caesar?

He quickly moved through Italy finding barely any resistance from Italians. Any army that he defeated was spared. Caesar didn't execute anyone or take any money from conquered peoples, quickly dispelling fears that he would be a second Sulla. Pompey made for Campania in mid-January and then Brundisium in March. He then went to Northern Greece. Pompey's plan was to leave Italy, raise forces with Barbarians and other peoples that he had good relations with in the East and West, and then reconquer Rome(?). **Pompey's plan travel around and rouse up an army of his allies against Caesar. He was in Spain when Caesar hit Rome

9. What controversial legislation did Caesar pass during his consulship?

He refunded to the tax collecting syndicate 1/3 of its bid after massively overestimating how much money it could collect formally ratified Pompey's arrangements in the East Allowed Publius Clodius to change his status so he could run from tribune of the plebs

33. What was Octavian's priority during his consulship?

He wanted to kill Caesar's assassins and kill Pompey's son. Avenge Caesar's death.

What happened to Julius Caesar and why did this happen?

He was stabbed to death because the people who killed him thought they were saving the republic

Why was Sulla appointed dictator in 82 BC? What was unusual about his dictatorship? How did Sulla change the makeup of the senate? Why?

He was to restore law and peace back into Rome. "Sulla's dictatorship departed from the traditional model. His appointment to it specifically validated all his actions in advance; he could execute anyone without trial and was not required to submit any legislative proposal to a citizen assembly. In addition, there was no time limit to his tenure of this office." (Boatwright, 117) Only half of the senate remained alive after civil strife, so Sulla introduced 300 new members bringing the total amount of senators to 600. The meeting place was also enlarged since the senate numbers doubled. He chose equites to be the new members since they were very wealthy. This also made him double the amount of quaestors (the lowest senatorial magistracy) to 20.

What made Caesar's term as a dictator different?

He would serve for life instead of just six months

Messiah

Hebrew for "anointed." This is used in reference to Jesus because he accomplished perfectly the divine mission of priest, prophet, and king, signified by his being anointed as Christ

crixus

Helped lead the 3rd Slave War from 73-71 BC Crixus wanted to loot southern italy; killed in 72 with his forces

What was Sulla's general political aim? What were the weaknesses of his approach to governing Rome?

His two principal concerns were to find land for settling his veterans and to discipline the areas which had opposed him.

Latifundia

Huge estates owned by wealthy families

What does veto mean?

I forbid it

heresy

Ideas or beliefs that contradict official beliefs or doctrines.

Why was the distribution of new citizens into voting tribes such a heated issue?

If the new citizens were in their own 8 tribes that voted after the 35 tribes of Romans that had full voting rights, this would mean they would have less influence. Votes could intentionally be "lost" or the voting could end early just to thwart their rights. If they were evenly distributed, this would mean that the "true" Romans' votes would be diluted by outside opinions.

The myth how Rome got its name

If you put anything about 2 boys that were born and their uncle didn't want them to steal his crown and he tried to drown them but a wolf saved them and the built a city where they were rescued but they both wanted to rule the city so the brother named Romulus killed the other brother and named the city Rome, then you are right.

37. What incident led to Octavian and Antony meeting in Brundisium? When did they meet? What was the outcome? What role did Octavia play?

In 40 BC Octavian took over Antony's province of Gaul, aggressive move. They made the pact of Brundisium (reconciliation), was sealed by marriage of Antony to Octavia. Octavian remained in the West, Antony in the East, and Lepidus in Africa

Gospels

In Christianity, the four books of the bible known the New Testament.

Messiah

In Judaism, a leader sent by God; in Christianity, the savior, Jesus, God in human form.

Men

In all classes the ______ ruled the households.

Narareth

In ancient Palestine and the home of Jesus.

dictator

In ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time.

gladiator

In ancient Rome, a professional fighter.

Tribune

In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights

Senate

In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up 300 Patricians

53. Be familiar with the historical circumstances of the composition of the Aeneid, including Augustus' possible role. What story does the Aeneid tell? Why would Augustus have supported the composition of this poem? Be familiar with the plot details of the assigned reading, especially those points that were discussed during class lecture.

In book six, as Aeneas' father is showing him his decedents, he praises Augustus. The Aeneid is Aeneas' journey as a Trojan refugee to Latium where he begins that whole Italian thing that becomes Rome. Book One- Juno is mad and doesn't want the Trojans to make it to Italy (even though it's been fated to happen). Juno convinces Aeolus, god of winds, to create a storm over Aeneas' fleet. Many of Aeneas' ships wreck near Carthage. Neptune makes the storm go away (he doesn't like it when other gods mess with his seas) and Aeneas and his surviving crews are taken in by queen Dido. In books 2 and 3 he tells about his time in Troy. Book Four- F if I know. For some reason Venus agrees to let Dido and Aeneas fall in love. Cupid (Venus' kid, Aeneas' half-brother) disguises himself as Dido's kid (check that) (Aeneas' son, NOT Dido's) to get close to her and make them fall in love (It was more like, make Dido fall in love with Aeneas than Aeneas fall in love with Dido). Jove, god of marriage, makes it official...sorta (when they go hunting together, the gods create a storm so that they'll "take shelter" with each other in a cave. I guess that's what they were calling it back then). Mercury comes to tell Aeneas that he needs to leave to fulfill his destiny, so he starts getting ready to take off while figuring out how to break the news to Dido. She figures it out before he has a chance to tell her, gets pissed, and curses him. Hence, bad feeling between Rome and Carthage. Book Six- Aeneas goes to the underworld to visit his father who takes him on a tour of the place and shows him his future line of decendants, including the totally-freaking-awesome Augustus.

equestrians

In the early Roman Republic, one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce.

Municipia

Incorporated into Roman territory Some became citizens With or without suffragium (voting rights) Can't wage war or form alliances without Rome's approval Middle on scale of independence to subordination

Problems in Rome

Increased number of poor citizens Italians and latins want Roman citizenship

Solutions to the problems in the Punic wars:

Increased the number of Praetors Prorogation of the imperium by the senate - the consuls and praetors become proconsuls and propraetors (extend their time)

Socii (allies)

Independent Ask for men, grain, supplies and money in times of war with or without latin rights

Augustine

Influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo in North Africa; Combined Christian doctrine with Greco-Roman learning

Insulae

Insulae was apartment houses for the "more humble" class and sometimes the poor. The insulae were given out from the government. Literally, it meant Island. They were very crowded. Also the wealthier citizens owned the insulae and rented them out.

Why polybius thought roman constitution is best

It has checks and balances Mixed constitution of aristocracy, democracy, and kingship

pergamon

It is an ancient citadel, built on a hill in Asia Minor. It is known as the opimtamy of hellenism. It was built as an idealistc "resort town" which mimicked Athens. It was given to the Romans after they helped the Greeks fight a war.

catacomb

It is an underground room used as a burial site.

What was the problem that was created by the huge size of the empire?

It was hard to defend

24. What was the general state of the Roman Empire in the third century AD? What challenges did it face? What successes did it have?

It was unstable and violent until Diocletian. They had military and economic crisis (army not under central control, food shortages, devaluation of coinage, debt), famine, plague, and a rapid turnover of emperors. Rome celebrated 1000 years since its founding. There was internal propaganda that emphasized continuity with the past and promise of a bright future. There was renewed attention to Roman religion and state cults

synagogue

It's a jewish place of worshp.

disciple

It's one of a small group of people who followed Jesus Christ.

What country is Rome located in?

Italy

Within 200 years, the Roman army had conquered nearly all of ......?

Italy

Describe the geography and climate of Italy

Italy is a peninsula with the Alps mountains on the north; the Apennines mountain range from north to south, and the Tiber River and Latium plain in the central part of the country. Italy has mild climate and rich soil.

Rubicon

Italy's northern boundary Jan 10 49 BC, the river Caesar crossed that signaled civil war in Rome

Constantinople

Its the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

emperor

Its the ruler of an empire.

common rights for latins

Ius connubi, Ius Commercii, Ius migrationis

tullius cicero

January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as Tully[1]), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.[2][3] He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia)[4] distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero thought that his political career was his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period.[5] Cicero's speeches and letters remain some of the most important primary sources that survive on the last days of the Roman Republic. During the chaotic latter half of the 1st century BC marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self control, and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian.[6][7] Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently killed in 43 BC.

Who was Jugurtha? Why did Micipsa send him to Spain? Describe Jugurtha's experience as a Roman soldier in Spain, and how it affected his actions when he returned to Numidia.

Jugurtha was the adopted son of his uncle King Micipsa (the ruler or the Roman ally Masinissa). Jugurtha was sent to Spain to fight with the Roman forces under Scipio Amilianus (his father had hoped that he would be killed in battle), but Scipio sent the young man back home with recommendations for the bravery and skill he had shown in the battlefield. He also learns how to bribe... "Everything in Rome is for sale." Jugurtha used his skills in order to take over all of Numidia. He would end up killing one of his brothers and drive the other one away in order to have all of the kingdom.

Which dictator was murdered by members of the senate?

Julius Caesar

julius caesar

July 100 BC[3] - 15 March 44 BC)[4] was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched from Gaul to Italy with his legions, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world. After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the constitutional government of the Republic. However, the result was a series of civil wars, which ultimately led to the establishment of the permanent Roman Empire by Caesar's adopted heir Octavius (later known as Augustus). Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources.

Colonies

Land was confiscated given to foreign colonies (seize land and houses) Roman Colonies - Become a foreigner in your own city Latin colonies (Full Roman citizenship or Latin rights given)

Mausoleum of Hadrian

Large structure -Marcus aurelius' ashes put here

Romulus Augustulus

Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in A.D. 476 at age twelve and reigned for only eleven months.

Marcus Aurelius

Last great emperor of the Pax Romana

The Roman language

Latin

The plain Rome is located on

Latium

Priests

Leaders of the Christian communities who formed the majority of the church clergy

Villanovans

Led to Etruscans 10th - 9th Century BC No writing Biconic Urns (identical for each person) - everybody is cremated Equal Society

Tribal Assembly (4th C BC)

Legislative Powers

22. What beneficial acts did Caesar do for Rome and Romans? Significance of returning the right to collect taxes from provincials to the provincials? Why did Caesar reform the calendar? Why is it difficulty to evaluate the success of Caesar's political and cultural reforms?

Lenders began to demand repayment of their loans and real estate values collapsed. Shortage of coinage developed after citizens began to hoard money. He took several measures for this issue, including: Ordered that property must be be accepted for repayment at its prewar value. Introduced old law that prohibited anyone from holding more that 60,000 sesterces in cash. In order to placate borrowers, he cancelled interest payments due since early 49, Also allowed tenants to pay no rent for a year. Roman civic calendar has 355 days in it, with provision of an extra month to be added from time to time. This was very neglected, and the Roman year was about three months apart from the solar year. In order to fix this problem, he did the following: Adapted the Egyptian solar calendar to Roman use. The year 46 was lengthened to a unique 445 days, and thereafter each year would have an initial day to be inserted in leap year between February 23 and 24. Called the "Julian" calendar. He settled veterans overseas on land that belonged to Rome or was confiscated from communities which had joined to fight against Caesar in Spain, Africa, and the East especially. Offered many of Rome's poor a fresh start overseas. Limited rations to a total of 150,000 for grain. Made better supervision over the city's grain, and planned for better access to it, with a new harbor at Ostia and a canal from Tarrancina. Many projects for new buildings also acted to reduce unemployment, including the Forum Julium, which was made to provide more space for lawcourts. Also worked on the Saepta Julia, a huge enclosure for voting

41. What caused the relationship between Octavian and Lepidus to sour? What ultimately happened to Lepidus?

Lepidus tried to seize power from Octavian after he defeated Sextus, demanded that Sextus' troops surrender to him. Octavian objected, entered Lepidus' camp and invited all troops to recognize him as leader (demonstrates Octavians charisma). Lepidus was removed from Triumvirate and sent into exile

What role did having an orderly system of settling and colonizing new territory play?

Let them keep their own some of their own customs/culture, making some citizens, orderly government (governor+other officials), city like Rome. Amenities helped.

How long did the Roman Senate hold office?

Life

What did Livius Drusus the Younger do to attempt to address the issue of Italian citizenship? How did he attempt to make this legislation attractive to Romans? What event suggested to Italians that Romans did not find his proposal acceptable?

Livius Drusus' other measures included the distribution of land to the poor, and the requirement that all juries be composed of Senators, but that 300 equestrians be promoted to the rank of Senator. However, these issues ended up angering those whom he was trying to help -- the Italians were afraid their land would be confiscated to be redistributed to the poor; and the equestrians and senators both feared that their power would be diluted. Livius Drusus attempted to make Italian citizenship more attractive by proposing a bumper package of legislation, which included benefits for the poor, the equestrians, and the Senate.

What role did political control play?

Local officials would govern the different provinces taking orders from the emperor. The emperor took control of everything. The empire was a bureaucracy. If the governor of a province wanted to make a change or big decision they would have to go to the emperor and propose the idea. There was usually couple of people or one person that controlled the city like a local person or soldier. Also, a governor would control the whole province. The emperor controlled the whole empire.

Who became consul in 88BC and soon came into conflict with Marius?

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Julius Caesar

Made himself an absolute ruler of Rome; Attempted to make reforms; Assassinated on March 15 44BC

The idea that the Romans acquired from the Greeks that they used in their architecture

Marble temples and concrete to build huge stadiums

bibulus

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (died 48 BC) was a politician of the late Roman Republic. Bibulus was the son in law of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis. In 59 BC he was elected consul, supported by the optimates, conservative republicans in the Senate and opponents of Julius Caesar's triumvirate. In this, Caesar, also elected consul in 59 BC, had failed in securing the election to the consulship of his ally Lucius Lucceius. Nevertheless, with the combined strength of the triumvirate, Caesar was largely able to circumvent the authority of Bibulus and the optimates. Bibulus' only major act as consul was to veto Caesar's bill giving land in Campania to Pompey's soldiers, and to then declare that the rest of the days on which the Centuriate Assembly could meet would be religious holidays. Caesar presented his bill at the Assembly anyway, and when Bibulus tried to intervene, the crowd broke his fasces and dumped feces on him. He retired from the Forum, leaving Caesar with complete control over the consulship, although he occasionally issued complaints against Caesar, which led to attacks on his house from Caesar's supporters, the populares.

Who took charge of Rome's flagging efforts against Jugurtha? What was unusual about this man's election to consul? Who betrayed Jugurtha to the Romans? What Roman official took credit for arranging the capture?

Marius (as consul) and his quaestor Sulla took charge against Jugurtha. Marius was a novus homo which was unusual- he says he is a "self made man" King Bocchus of Mauretania betrayed Jugurtha. Marius took full credit parading the executed Jugurtha in Marius' triumph, even though it was Sulla who convinced King Bocchus to betray Jugurtha.

Give an example of a strategic military innovation associated with Marius. How did he raise legions? How did this differ from earlier commanders? Dangers of this change?

Marius favored guerilla warfare. He raised legions by calling volunteers and promising rewards. Earlier commanders drafted men disregarding the agreement of the draftees. Resources used for rewards would eventually diminish which can cause rage amongst the people. There was also political opposition to this within the authorities.

What was Marius' background? How did Marius start his political career? What kind of political ideology did he subscribe to? How did his marriage bolster his career? What was Marius' "platform" when he ran for election as consul during the war against Jugurtha?

Marius had no political background, as he was a novus homo. He was born just outside of Rome and later served under Scipio Aemilianus. Marius was a populist. His marriage to Julia benefitted him financially, as Julia's family was of patrician status and was very well off. His platform was that he was a "new man" that had distinguished himself in the military, while all of his opponents are relying on the achievements of their ancestors.

Sulla vs. Marius

Marius is given command due to the Equites Sulla marches on Rome

Masada

Mass suicide occurs here, remembered as a great time of martyrdom

dominica potestas

Masters had absolute power over slaves (dominica potestas); expectation that masters would exercise this power wisely; beating was not advised; the equivalent of breaking an expensive vase; killing a slave is similar to the vase as in you have gotten out your anger but have lost the use of it

Plebeians

Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

Foods that wealthy Romans ate

Mice cooked in honey, salted jellyfish, snails dipped in milk, and much more. If you listed different examples, just press override.

Why did Micipsa adopt Jugurtha? To whom did Micipsa leave his kingdom? What instructions did he give his heirs on his deathbed? How did his heirs respond?

Micipsa was wary of Jugurtha's precocious talents, but when they won the Romans' attention in the Numantine War, Micipsa was encouraged to adopt him as his own son. He left his kingdom to Jugurtha, Hiempsal, and Adherbal (his 3 sons). He said for the sons to divide the kingdom evenly but to work jointly. The two actual sons felt that Jugurtha was too prominent. He reacted by killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal away.

What did this Roman military discipline help mold?

Military discipline helped mold Roman soldiers into fighters who did not give up easily and were practical problem solvers.

Roman means of territorial control

Military in nature: No military actions independent from the desires of Rome, no taxes, no tributes, requests for soldiers during wartime Rome had no bureaucracy

Who were Milo and Sestius? What role did they play in Roman politics at Rome under Pompey? What involvement did Clodius have?

Milo and Sestius were tribunes at the same time that Clodius was a tribune. When Clodius had his supporters physically assault Pompey, Pompey became so frightened he dared not venture out of his home. But he did encourage two of the Tribunes, Sestius and Milo, to recruit gangs to combat those of Clodius.

The island of Crete was the home of the

Mioan civilization.

Why did the Romans resume their war against Mithridates in 75 BC? Who was Lucullus? Why did he lose his command of the war against Mithridates? Why was Pompey given the command against Mithridates?

Mithridates slaughtered thousand of Romans and Italians which angered Rome and immediately caused a war between them. Lucullus was the governor of Asia Minor and Cilicia. He was also consul in 74. Lucullus was stripped of his control of the war because when he entered Armenia, he was facing difficulties. Fighting in an unfamiliar terrain, Lucullus' soldiers grew exhausted. Back in Pontus, Lucullus lost the advances he had made when Mithridates returned with a small force and recaptured Zela, a key strategic point, in 67 BCE. Back in Rome, Lucullus' overreaching had wearied the populace, who were in favor of transferring his command to Pompey. This effort was led by the tribune, Gaius Manlius.

Summary of Rome 700 - 500 BC

Monarchy Rome founded 753 BC Rome becomes one of most powerful cities in Latium May have been conquered by Etruscans and used as their base

Why Roman writers wrote history

Moral Purpose, Useful for future leaders written in a refined style to be persuasive

Reason for the Agrarian Law

More recruits for the Roman army (people can pay for their own weapons, they have wealth) To decrease the number of slave-run estates (injustice against Roman citizens because it's unfair competition. People prefer slaves over Roman citizen. also very dangerous such as the first slave revolt) To decrease demographic pressure on rome (less people) To obtain fame

What were some of the things most Roman cities had in common? How did the creation of new cities in conquered areas advance the power and control of Rome?

Mostly all built on a grid, had a forum, insulaes, cities tried to replicate Rome. Cities would enforce Rome's power in the area that they had conquered.

Three physical features that formed the northern boundary of the Roman empire

Mountains: Carpathian mountains, Rivers: The Rhine river and the Danube river, Hills.

Constantine

Moved Roman power to a new capital at Constantinople; Granted toleration to Christians through the Edict of Milan

8. Why did Nero attempt to sneak away from Rome in 68? How did he die? Reactions to his death by senate? People? Evidence for Nero's enduring popularity after his death?

Nero wanted to escape Rome because he had lost seemingly all of his supporters and was declared an enemy of the state by the Senate. In the final hours of his life, he realized their was no escaping, so he killed himself. Roman people celebrated his death (said to be freed from tyranny). Nero was given a lavish state funeral and deified (made a God).

7. Reasons for Vindex's revolt? How did Vindex attack Nero's character? Nero's reaction to the revolt? How was the revolt stopped? What happened to Vindex? Verginius Rufus?

Nero's costly rebuilding efforts were causing high taxes and were straining provinces like Gaul and Spain. Nero's treatment of senatorial aristocracy also contributed to the revolt. Vindex attacked Nero's character by calling him an incestuous murderer (Agrippina), claiming he doesn't uphold the dignity of the emperor's office and that he was morally corrupted ("marriages" to Sporus and Phythagorus). Verginius Rufus negotiated treaty with Vindex. Vindex committed suicide after Rufus attacked. Rufus later was proclaimed emperor by his troops

15. Why did Nerva adopt Trajan as his heir? How did this model of succession differ from the one established by Augustus? What common tie did Trajan and his successors share?

Nerva picked Trajan to be his heir because he had risen to prominence as a soldier under Domitian's rule.

New problems from Social war

New citizens who can vote: Put into 8 new tribes who are last ones to vote. They have no influence because there are 35 tribes before them Publius Sulpicus wants to redistribute among 35 tribes instead. Marius offers to help but he wants command against Mithridates (already granted to sulla)

Caligula

Nickname of Gaius, meaning "boots", which he wore around military bases -rule was from 37-41 AD -Named Tiberius's successor along w/ another male relative (ended up being too young and died before being able to challenge him for power) -brother to Agrippina the Younger (mother of Nero) -started off well, but got sick with a fever that damaged his brain and led him to develop a mental illness (epilepsy) -killed by members of the Praetorian Guard -deified his sister, performed as an actor and wanted to make his horse a consul

Was Rome a democracy?

No

Latial Culture

No Writing Hut Shaped Urns Burials found in 10 - 8th Century BC Buried and Cremated bodies Hut Shaped Urns

New kind of politics in 2nd half 2nd C BC

No longer based on support by fellow senators Rely on the support of crowds of Roman citizens Possible because: Only those close enough to Rome had the possibility to go and vote in the city, stronger difference between rich and poor, Migration of a large # of people to the city that are poor who can be easily stirred by promises, Secret vote during elections from 139 BC

What it a voluntary act to join the Roman army?

No, it was mandatory to joined the Roman army.

Were the Tasquins rulers well accepted by the Romans?

No, they were cruel and people rebelled and overthrew them in 509 BC.

Gauls

Non-urban culture Aristocratic families No formally organized army

Carthaginians

North African people from Carthage who were Rome's main rival for control of the Mediterranean until 202 BC

Problems during the first two Punic Wars

Not enough consuls and Praetors Battles are too far away and magistrates need more time

Cursus Honorum (after second punic war)

Obligatory sequence of offices and the prerequisite for each 1. 10 Years Military service 2. Quastor 3. Aediles - Tribune of the plebs (not required) 4. Praetors 5. Consul

Battle of Philippi

Octavian & Antony vs. Brutus and Cassius at Macedonia; Antony wins, but Octavian contributes very little so results in him being in charge of settling veterans in Italy (results in more land confiscations); Brutus and Cassius end up killing themselves

1st Constitutional Settlement

Octavian becomes Augustus and remains consul and a governor but hands back all authority to Senate. Becomes the Princeps. Gives back control to senate to diminish fear in people he also makes agrippa co equal. However, Octavian consents to take consul to protect cyprus,syria, egypt, spain, gaul and cicillia. He can't do this all by himself so is able to assign legates.

44. Be familiar with the details of the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra. What Roman poet commemorated the events of this battle and its consequences? Know what happened to Cleopatra's son with Caesar, Ptolemy Caesar. Why was this necessary?

Octavian waged war against Cleopatra (NOT Antony) to avoid the appearance of civil war. Antony and Cleopatra head to Alexandria instead of staying with their fleet, so the fleet basically just gave up and switched sides. Antony commits suicide. Cleopatra is captured and spared, but decides she would rather commit suicide with an asp snake. Horace wrote a poem about it called "Odes 1.37." Basically he says that Cleopatra was nuts/ a dirty ho-bag and Octavian (who will be known from now on as Caesar Augustus) set her straight. Ptolemy becomes Pharaoh, but is executed as soon as Octavian takes control of Egypt

Who was Octavius? How did he register his disapproval of Tiberius' legislation? Was Tiberius justified in removing Octavius from office? Explain your answer.

Octavius was a tribune that opposed the Gracchan agrarian law. He threatened to use his tribunal powers to veto Tiberius' proposal. This was uncommon because usually tribunes used their vetoes against consuls and praetors, not other tribunes. Yes - "a tribune who attempted to obstruct citizens' right to vote had failed in his duty to protect their rights" (Boatwright, 88). Octavius was also backing up the Senate which was corrupt as all hell. No - Tiberius did similar things back toward Octavius. "Tiberius sought unsuccessfully to persuade or to pressure Octavius to withdraw his veto. He even attempted to increase the pressure by blocking other public business himself and by locking the public treasury. Finally, he sought to remove his intransigent colleague from office - a step that was also unprecedented..."

a Germanic general who took control of the empire in A.D. 476

Odoacer

overthrew the western emperor

Odoacer

Changes in Governing class after the Struggle of the Orders

Offices and priesthoods open to Plebeians Novi Homines (men from families of no ancestors having held consulship) gain at least the lower magistracies (quastorship) New governing elite: the Nobiles - Plebeian and Patrician families, still an ELITE, people who have the means to be politicians are only a few Hierarchy of offices - not a precise order of holding the offices - Quastor, Aedlies, Praetor, Consul

publicani

Officials, Institutions, Groups. The means by which the Roman state collected tax, varied from area to area. The roman state didn't collect it on its own. They entrusted the collection to Publicani. They were businessmen organized into groups who undertook contract work for the Roman state. Private citizens put forth the capital for internal improvements. - Roman state does not use its own officials but private citizens.

Goths

One of the Germanic peoples who invaded the Roman Empire.

Province

Originally: tasks and area of operation assigned to an officer with imperium, military in character End of second punic war: control in time of peace by proconsuls and propraetors After second punic war: Payments of tributes are imposed (by governors to obtain supplies and funds to run the province)

Rome's powerful nobles

Patricians

Who were the only people who could be elected to office?

Patricians

The two social classes of ancient Rome

Patricians and Plebeians

Greece's mainland is a

Peninsula

Etruscans

People from Etruria (North of Rome) that ruled early Rome until 509 BC

Pax Romana

Period of "Roman Peace"

Parthians

Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration.

Describe the problems caused by the pirates in the western Mediterranean and why the senate felt it necessary to take action. Why was Pompey given command of this "war"? What was exceptional about his command? What tactics did Pompey use to defeat the pirates? What did he do with the conquered pirates?

Pirates threatened the ships who brought in and transported important resources like grain. The trade routes became unsafe. Pompey saw this as an opportunity to make Crassus jealous. The tribune Aulus Gabinius gave Pompey the control over the pirate "war". He was given equal but not superior powers of proconsuls to rule into the Mediterranean to make sure he didn't have a tyrannical amount of power. He was also provided with 20 legates each with the rank of propraetor to help him in the waters. He was given command without boundary. Pompey divided the Mediterranean into zones in which each legate had control over. This strategy trapped the pirates. Instead of killing the pirates, he found land in Cilicia (a Roman province) and elsewhere for them to settle. .

Rome's common people

Plebeians

Where there more Plebeians or Patricians?

Plebeians

Who could be elected to the new offices?

Plebeians

What were the two groups Roman society was divided into?

Plebians and Patricians

odes

Poems that express strong emotions about life.

What kind of constitution did the Greek historian Polybius think that Rome possessed? How did the magistracies and institutions of Rome correspond to the parts of constitution as Polybius described it?

Polybius believed that Rome had a constitution consisting of three parts (a mixed constitution): democratic, despotic (monarchical), and aristocratic. Democratic: the people Despotic: the consuls aristocratic: the senate He said all three balanced each other- and that the dynamic equilibrium was the reason for Rome's success.

16. What events led to Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon? What was the significance of this action? What role did Pompey play in Caesar's decision? Who had the loyalty of the senate? Of the tribunes of the plebs?

Pompey had made it so that it was easier for officials to be prosecuted for things they had done in office, which was a bit unfortunate for Caesar because Caesar's time in Gaul was running out and he needed to make a smooth transition to office if he did not want to be prosecuted. Pompey agreed with the senate that Caesar should relinquish his command in Gaul. This left his future completely open, and then the matter was raised again by the consuls in march 50. No resolution was reached then either and so Pompey made clear his disagreement with letting Caesar skip his 5 year waiting period. and this did not benefit Caesar, who didn't want to have to return to Rome as a private citizen (because then he would be subject to prosecution). Curio then compromised by saying that both Pompey and Caesar should lay down commands, and the consuls were having none of this. Cato and one of the consuls shot down any compromise for Caesar. → Consuls passed an SCU? Perhaps? *this needs to be checked* They did. Pompey -- loyalty of the Senate; Caesar -- loyalty of tribunes of plebs. Significance of crossing the Rubicon -- effectively declaring war on the city of Rome. (no turning back; "the die is cast")

How did Pompey defeat Mithridates? What happened to Mithridates? Why did Pompey lay siege to and eventually sack Jerusalem? How did Pompey ensure that cities in Asia Minor remained loyal Roman allies?

Pompey persuaded the king of Parthia not to help Mithridates or Tigranes, but instead attack Armenia. Pompey drove Mithridates to the far east of Pontus and defeated him there. Mithridates then abandoned Pontus and made his way to the Crimean Bosporus. Here he set about building power. His troops, however, did not share his zeal, and it was a revolt by them that led to his death, either by suicide or assassination. Pompey chose not to pursue him, but instead to enforce the submission of Tigranes. Pompey sacked Jerusalem because he had said that effective, reliable rulers in the Roman interest were lacking there.

13. Be familiar with the evolution of the relationship between Caesar and Pompey, from allies to rivals to adversaries.

Pompey started out being more powerful and having the upper hand when the 1st triumvirate was formed. yet, gradually caesar became the more popular leader while pompey sided with the optimates. marriage to julia strengthened their alliance but it was more or less finally broken when julia died. Also, when Pompey became sole consul after the whole Clodius/senate house/SCU affair, he passed some legislation making it easier to prosecute consuls after their terms are done. This was a move against Caesar because he had done things worth prosecuting. When the Senate motioned to replace Caesar in Gaul, Pompey eventually came down on its side. Caesar marches on Rome to avoid exile or prosecution -- the only two options he had aside from civil war

7. How did the senate's treatment of Pompey (and Caesar) lead to the formation of the 1st Triumvirate? Who were the members of the First Triumvirate? Who declined to join? Why did they create this alliance? How did the Optimates (e.g. Cicero) feel about the Triumvirate?

Pompey wanted his deeds ratified but the senate made it very difficult for him to do so. Pompey, Crassus and Caesar were part of the first triumvirate (Cicero said no.) They created this alliance to get their different agendas passed without the approval of the Senate. Optimates didn't like their disregard for Roman law and violence

Describe Roman housing: Poor and wealthy

Poor: crowded and dirty apartment buildings Rich: grand houses made of stone and marble

Proof of Kings in Rome

Potshered from the Regia with the inscription Rex (king) from the 6th Century BC Black stone in the forum - there is a very old shrine 600-500 BC. Pillar behind inscribed in ancient latin RECEI which means to the king

Patricians

Powerful wealthy landowners who controlled Roman government and society

Augustus

Previously named Octavian; First ruler of the Pax Romana

Etruscan Burial - Elite Burial 8 C BC

Princes and Lords - Gilded Goblet Oriental Designs - Lions, Palm trees with dates

Arch of the Emperor Titus

Procession after first Jewish revolt Took pieces from Jerusalem

Gaius Marius

Proconsul in 105 First Consulship in 107 BC Homo novus: New man, no member of his family had been elected to office Triumph

What were the proscriptions? Describe the process. Who was targeted in them? What happened to the descendants of a proscribed man?

Proscriptions - published lists of individuals who were thus automatically condemned to death without trial Anyone who could kill one of these people were to receive a reward. A proscribed person's property was confiscated and auctioned off by the state. Sulla sought to root out individuals (specifically senators and equites) that fought against him. His sons and grandsons were barred from seeking any public office.

Providing enough food for the huge Roman population was a problem. Why?

Providing food was a challenge. It was a challenge because Rome itself had grown to about one million. The farmland around Rome Could not grow enough grain to feed everyone. Therefore the cities depended heavily on the products imported from North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily. An added problem was that 300,000 people only in rome were so poor that they couldn't even buy food for themselves and another 300,000 Soldiers needed to be fed too. That is why the Government had to Get grain from other parts of the world.

studied the sky and carefully mapped over 1,000 different stars; also studied the motion of planets and stars and created rules explaining their movements

Ptolemy

Public services

Public services of Ancient Rome were things that we have today. Things like a fire service and a police service. Things for the greater good of the cities. Also the government handed out food to poor citizens. Augustus started it.

Res Gestae

Publishment of all Augustus' actions after his rise to power. Meant to appeal to the masses and create a lasting positive memory of Augustus

Bona Dea Affair

Publius Clodius dressed as a woman and attended this ritual of the good goddess became a major distraction when Pompey was trying to get things accomplished

What were the fiercest wars that Rome faught?

Punic Wars

what happened as a result of the desire to conquer?

Punic Wars (1-3)

Pantheon

Religious temple used to hold statues of the Roman gods

In what type of government do people elect leaders to govern them?

Republic

What type of government was created by the Romans in 509?

Republic

What are some examples of fancy appetizers eaten by Romans?

Roasted flamingo and parrots, salted jellyfish, and mice cooked in honey and poppyseeds

Livy

Roman Citizen from Northern Italy (Padua) Not a senator or politician (middle class) Sponsored by the emperor Augustus Study History so you get "examples of all possible types" so that "you may select what to imitate" and what "you are to avoid" Wrote for a moral purprose

2nd Punic War - Phase 2

Roman Comeback attack of spain: hannibal's brother is defeated - no reinforcements can come to help Invasion of Northern Africa: Publio Cornelio Scipio, supported by Massinissa of Numidia, Zama in 202 BC Hannibal is defeated

How did Roman proved themselves as clever rulers?

Roman Confederation develop policies that gave its new conquests right and duties because Romans wanted to treat them well so they be loyal to the government

Neptune

Roman God similar to the Greek God Poseidan

Jupiter

Roman God similar to the Greek God Zeus

Juno

Roman Goddess similar to the Greek Goddess Hera

What is a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders?

Roman Senate

Circus Maximus

Roman arena used for chariot racing

Coliseum

Roman arena, used for gladiator fights, mock naval battles, and animal fights

Diocletian

Roman emperor. Faced with mounting military problems, he divided the empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west. He launched the final persecution of the Christians.

Pompey

Roman general and statesman. He founded the First Triumvirate (with Ceasar and Crassus), but later fought with Julius Caesar, who defeated him at the battle of Pharsalus. He then fled to Egypt, where he was murdered.

Pompey

Roman general during the Republic, cleared pirates out of the Mediterranean, won back Asia Minor (modern Turkey), conquered Syria and Palestine, had support of the Senate. Competed with Caesar for power of Rome and was killed in 48 BC

Mark Antony

Roman general in the Gallic wars. Part of the Second Triumvirate (with Octavian and Lepidus). Divorced his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. He was defeated by Octavian at Actium.

Vindex

Roman governor of Gallic heritage; senatorial rank, stirs up a revolt against Nero -attacks Nero's behavior (incest & murder of his mother, doesn't hold up dignity of office) -later commits suicide after being attacked by Verginius Rufus

Why Romans Waged War in 4th C BC

Roman historians: Defensive wars, never started a war Self Image of the Roman elite: making war to conquer prestige and political power, Roman society = militaristic society, Rome puts others in position to need to fight Benefits to Roman citizens: land distributions to poor and rich people, buffer zones before reaching Rome To acquire slaves: no more debt slaves but war slaves

How did the Greeks influence Roman civilization?

Roman learned from the Greeks: (a) to grow olives and grapes (b) adopted the Greek alphabet (c) modeled the Greek architecture, sculpture, and literature

Senate

Roman parliament that gave advice to the consuls. Ended up controlling the Roman Republic

Changes in Roman Army due to Marius

Roman proletarians are drafted (poorest people given money to buy weapons, too many poor people) New forces for the war against Jugurtha are needed Soldiers awarded with land making them look up to commanders and not the senate (lasting harm)

toga

Roman robe

who was Cato

Roman senator

livius drusus

Roman senator who created a package of laws to fix Rome's domestic policies. Laws shot down and senator murdered.

Cassius

Roman senator who led the plot to kill Caesar; brother in law of Brutus

centurion

Roman soldier in charge of a group of about 80-100 men called a century

Octavian / Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor. He defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Part of the Second Triumvirate (with Mark Antony and Lepidus). His name (Augustus) was used as a title for future Roman emperors. He is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire. He inherited his power from Ceasar.

How did Roman statues differ from Greek statues?

Roman statues were more realistic

colonia (colony)

Roman town in a province, lived in only by retired Roman soldiers and their families

gladiator

Roman warriors who fought to the death against other gladiators or animals

Latin People

Romans Writing From Latial Culture

How could Romans improve their social position?

Romans could improve their social position by buying at of slavery or being born into a higher class. Also if one changed jobs they could have changed social classes. Also if a richer person married a less rich person the one person could move in social rank.

How did Rome rule its new conquests?

Romans created the Roman Confederation system through which they created policies that: (a) granted full citizenship to some people including Latins (b) right to vote and participate in the government (c) treated the same under the law (d) granted other people the status of allies, given them the freedom to run their own local affairs, have to paid taxes, and provide soldiers for the army, have the opportunity to change their status from allies to Roman citizen

Rituals: Keeping the gods happy

Romans joined together on specific days to worship Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. They showed their unity and loyalty to the state, and they did Rituals at home too. Also at temple... Pantheon. Also had sacrifices.

After the Romans rebelled against the Tasquins, what did they set up?

Romans set up a new form of government called the republic.

Concrete

Romans were the first to effectively use concrete in daily structures. Concrete was very strong and lightweight compared to stone. It was made of crushed up pebbles and water.

gladiators

Romans who fought for sport and entertainment

What advantages did Roman citizens enjoy over Italians in the 2nd century BC? What kind of activities could lower-status Romans and Italians engage in that senators could not?

Romans with full rights had the right to vote while other municipal Romans and Italians could not. They also enjoyed the rewards of the empire, and decreasing demands of military service. Lower status Romans could trade and hold public contracts, while the senate could not.

Rome's reaction to Hannibal's PW2 attacks

Rome attacks Carthage while Hannibal is still in Rome (Rome has a strong Navy now)

Centrality of warfare in Rome (4th C BC)

Rome dominates Italy war is one of the main activities of city sates. Rome is more successful at war of the war like city states central to Roman Society and Politics main officials: consuls seasonal fighting: no concrete army b/c they go back to farming no standing army: citizen soldiers selected for the war at hand

2. From where did Rome get slaves? Who brought them to Rome? How were they acquired?

Rome enslaved the people of the territories it conquered. Generals and troops would bring them to Rome and display them during triumphs

after Gracchis Brothers, what happens?

Rome expands successfully

significance of Carthage's strong navy

Rome had no navy

Sack of Rome 390-397 BC

Rome is sacked by a band of Gauls (Senones) located to the north of Latium Eventually defeated by the Roman dictator Furius Camillus Romans acted in an immoral way and should have not been fighting which is why they were originally defeated Vestal virgins went to caer Geese of Juno saved the Citadel from being taken by the Gauls

Why are the years from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. remembered as " the Roman Peace?" What good things happened during this time?

Rome was in the time period of Pax Romana, this time period was started by Augustus. This time period was when Rome flourished the most. There was peace in Rome. There was happiness and they thrived a lot. Many of the citizen in rome were stable and content. The reason that the citizens were content is because the government provided food and public services such as firemen and police. Also the government provided jobs in constructing structures. No wars.

How was Italy affected by the 2nd Punic War? Give one example of the positive impact of the 2nd Punic War, and one example of a negative impact.

Rome's harsh punishment of communities that had deserted to Hannibal, the death of countless Italian soldiers, the devastation of the land wrought by Hannibal, the enormous influx of wealth into Italy brought by Rome's conquests o Positive impact would be the Italians finally got what they wanted, to vote. Tremendous amount of wealth influx into Rome strenghtening the elite class. o The negative impact is the angry Italians and enormous loss of life.

Romulus and Remus

Rome's twin founders in its traditional foundation myth.

According to legend, who was Rome named for?

Romulus

Marc Antony

Ruled the east while Octavian ruled the west; Defeated by Octavian; Committed suicide with Cleopatra after seeing no escape

War in Central Italy

Sabines, Etruscans and Gauls

500 - 400 BC Attack of the Highlanders

Sabines, volsci and aequi go into latium samnites conquer campania except neapolis led by roman generals Coriolanus and Cincinnatus (Cincinnati, OH and Society of the Cincinnati)

Desert that formed the southern boundary of the Roman empire

Sahara desert

Who was Saturninus? What was his relationship to Marius? Why was Marius useful to Saturninus and vice versa? What event led Marius to "disown" Saturninus? What happened to Saturninus and his group after they were arrested by Marius?

Saturninus was a tribune during Marius' rule. He helped with land distribution to the volunteer militia. They both had similar political stances and worked together well in the past. This was a classic quid pro quo relationship: Marius got land for his veterans and Saturninus got the use of Marius' veterans to help pass his proposals--both because of the threat of physical violence and because the veterans constituted a significant voting bloc. After Saturninus sought reelection for tribune, he worked too hard to try and get Glaucia to be consul. Saturninus murders another consular candidate. After many violent events, Marius decided that Saturninus was acting out too much. Saturninus and Glaucia were beaten to death- the SCU was used against Saturninus (second SCU after Gaius Gracchus)

She-Wolf

Saves Romulus and Remus. Lupa means she-wolf and prostitute. the wife of the shepherd could have been a prostitute

cornelius sulla

Second in command to Gaius Marius, he had extensive power struggles with his commander and then declared a dictatorship. Under his reign he made several reforms, most importantly that only the Senate could declare war and that soldiers had to stay in their assigned provinces (important when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon)

Praetors (4th C BC)

Second in rank official with military power, eventually assumed jurisdictional powers Had power of imperium

lex sempronia agraria

Seeking to improve the lot of the poor, Tiberius Gracchus proposed a law known as Lex Sempronia Agraria. The law would reorganize control of the ager publicus, or public land; meaning land conquered in previous wars that was controlled by the state. Previous agrarian law specified that no one citizen would be allowed to possess more than 500 iugera (that is, approximately 125 hectares) of the ager publica and any land that they occupied above this limit would be confiscated by the state. However this law was largely ignored[8] and rich landowners continued to acquire land, then to work it with slave labour, alienating and impoverishing free Roman citizens. Tiberius saw that reform was needed. He proposed his law in 134 BC, and to mollify these landowners, they would be allowed to own their land rent free, and would be entitled to 250 iugera per son, above the legal limit.[9] They would also be paid for the land they had to forfeit.[10]

Agrarian Law Opposition

Senate is against the proposal of the law Tiberius skips the senate and sends the law to the plebeian assembly for approval Law is approved Senate is still in opposition -They don't properly fund the three men in charge of partitioning land (triumvirs) Unprecedented act: treasury of kingdom of Pergamum assigned to the Triumvirs by the Plebeian Assembly

Patrician

Senators had to be ___________ (descendents of early Roman citizens), and most were members of wealthy families.

pompeius magnus

September 29, 106 BC - September 29, 48 BC), was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several military campaigns. Sulla addressed him by the cognomen Magnus (the Great), and he was awarded three triumphs. Pompey joined his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus and his ally Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. The first triumvirate was validated by the marriage between Julia Caesaris (daughter of Julius Caesar) and Pompey. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Principate and Empire.

Who was Sertorius? Where did he govern? Who was sent against him when Roman efforts to combat him were floundering? How did this commander manipulate the Senate into sending him more troops and provisions?

Sertorius was an associate of Cinna then Carbo. He was an ex-praetor when he became governor of Nearer Spain in 83. He was proscribed in 81 and fled to Mauretania. He was invited back a year later after Sulla left office. He began an anti-Sulla revolt. Sertorius, the governor of Spain, had sided with Cinna. He had then been repulsed from Spain by Sulla's proscriptions. In 80 BC, however, he returned and united the rebellious Lusitanians and established a mini-empire against the Sullan regime. Like the Lusitanian rebels of 60 years earlier, Sertorius favored guerilla tactics and had been successful in repulsing Roman attempts to re-assert control. He was joined by Lepidus' followers after the defeat of Lepidus. Pompey was sent to combat him.

38. In what ways was Sextus Pompey causing trouble for the Second Triumvirate (Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus)? Where? Who was given the responsibility to deal with him? How was Sextus eventually stopped? What happened to the legions who were loyal to Sextus?

Sextus was waging war in Naples and Messina -- grain supply problems. Octavian dealt with him, though wanted help from Antony. Got help from Anthony. Sextus finally executed in 35 BC after his earlier defeat. Those who did not renounce their loyalty to Sextus were killed. Agrippa took control after Octavian received 120 warships from Antony in exchange for 20,000 soldiers that would be sent to the East. Agrippa led 300 ships and Sextus the same amount on his side, and Sextus was defeated in Naulochus in sicily. Sextus then fled to Asia minor and was pursued and executed in 35

name the 3 islands that Rome gained from PW1

Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica

Numidia, Kingdom of Jugurtha

Since 2nd Punic war it is an ally Now Jugurtha starts a war

When, roughly, did slavery first appear in Roman civilization? At what point in the Republic did the number of slaves dramatically increase? How did slavery contribute to the Roman economy?

Slavery existed from the earliest days of monarchy The numbers of slaves increased dramatically during the 3rd and 2nd centuries (after the 3rd Punic War) As the number of slaves increased, the ability to expand to new land grew

4. Could a slave be freed? In what way did they retain their slave status? What restrictions did they have on their legal rights? What happened when a slave ran away?

Slaves could be freed by paying for their or another's freedom. Once freed, (liberti) were given a felt cap (pileus) to wear to show they were not aristocratic people. Liberti couldn't rise to high military rank, become a candidate in elections, marry into the senatorial class and often, were required to work for their former master for a requisite number of days If slaves ran away, slave hunters worked for rewards to recapture them and slaves could be branded with a F on their forehead signaling their dangerous runaway status

3. What kinds of job skills did slaves have? What was the typical slave experience? What sort of power did a master have over a slave? Why might he restrain himself from killing (or severely maiming) a slave?

Slaves had jobs from hair dressing to typical hard labor. Not all slaves who were captured weren't illiterate, many were educated and had jobs like teachers, doctors, nurses, scribes. A master had absolute power over his slave, but could abuse it (was not approved of). An owner would restrain himself of killing his slave because then he'd lose the use of him.

23. What social classes did gladiators come from? Where did they live? Did they always die in the arena?

Slaves, Free men, prisoners of war. They often lived in their owner's state or in barracks outside of the city. No they could win their freedom. The editor (emperor) decided on life or death, with input from crowd. It is believed that thumbs up=death and thumbs down=life.

Why did the Plebeians want the laws to be written down?

So the Patricians couldn't change the laws

What role did social class play in Roman life?

Social Class had big influence because if an elite class could not take up the job of any economics. Also, the classes influenced who was invited at one's party or what kind of house they like in. Also it influenced where one sat. If they had power, what they could participate. What they bought, how many slaves they had and mostly, how much MONEY one had. The law would protect people more if they were in a higher class.

Give two examples of political events at Rome from the Gracchi onwards that affected Italians, and explain their impact.

Social War (91-87 BCE) - Italy's first full scale civil war. This war was over certain denies of citizenship for different places in Italy. This destabilized many Roman/Italian communities and caused Rome to take action by participating in the war and punishing the losers when the war ended. Rome gave citizenship to the areas that had remained loyal to Rome during the war including all of the Latins.This also caused urbanization and spread of the Latin's cultural diversity including languages mostly.

Missionary

Someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program

Nero

Son of Agrippina -Indecisive when it comes to Revolt of Vindex -lost remaining supporters from revolt and when he prepared to leave Rome, was declared enemy of the state and realized his only option was to kill himself -extremely popular in the provinces, unsuccessful at calming revolts in Britain and Judaea -Given a lavish state funeral and deified

Cato the Younger

Son of Cato the Elder. Committed suicide after the battle at Utica in Africa

Ionian Sea

South of Italy

when Carthage loses PW2, they also lose

Spain

Rome's control over the Mediterranean

Spain, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa

Who was a former gladiator that led thousands of slaves in a revold and demanded freedom?

Spartacus

a gladiator that led a slave revolt of 70,000 enslaved people in 73 B.C.

Spartacus

defeated several Roman armies until it was finally crushed

Spartacus

was crucified as was 6,000 of his followers

Spartacus

5. From where did Spartacus and Crixus escape? What was their plan? Outcome of initial clashes with Roman forces? What happened to Crixus?

Spartacus and Crixus escaped from a gladiator school in Capua (Southern Italy); Spartacus wanted escaped slaves to return to their homelands while Crixus wanted to loot Southern Italy; Crixus killed in 72, Spartacus killed by Crassus and his troops at Lucania after a few successes.

Who led a slave revolt in the late 70s BC? Where did this take place? What was Crassus' role in putting down this revolt? Pompey's?

Spartacus led a slave revolt in Italy from 73-71 BCE on Mt Vesuvius. Crassus' involvement: Took over 4 legions and raised 6 more Funded the troops Drove Spartacus' forces south Won a battle in Lucania and killed Spartacus Pompey's involvement: slaughtered the 5,000 slaves that escaped northward and claimed he won the war... pissed Crassus off!

6. Why did Spartacus return to Italy? How was the rebellion eventually suppressed? By whom? How did Spartacus and his men die? What role did Pompey play in the repression of the slave revolt?

Spartacus returned to Italy for unknown reasons. Crassus raised 6 legions and gave 4 to him (had money and was able to do so) The troops were killed after going south. Pompey ended up getting the credit because he killed the last 5,000 Senate asked him to intervene because they were getting nervous

early republic characterized by...

Struggle of the Orders

Sulla becomes a dictator

Sulla brings order back to the state and formulates new laws from end of 82 to end of 81 BC

What was Sulla's family background? What was the original source of tension in the relationship between Marius and Sulla?

Sulla came from an old patrician family. The original source of tension was that Marius took full credit for the capture of Jugurtha instead of sharing the credit with Sulla.

Why did he limit the authority of provincial governors?

Sulla feared that commanders would raise troops to rebel against the state just like Sulla himself did

2nd March on Rome

Sulla in Pontus fights against the Mithridates A consul, Cinna, wants to redistribute new citizens among 35 tribes Marius comes back from Africa and offers support. Rome is taken by Marius and Cinna in 87 BC. Marius is established consul in 86 BC (7th consulship) and then dies of natural causes Sulla hastens peace with Mithridates and marches a second time on Rome killing Marius's son in 82 BC

Sulla's Proscriptions

Sulla lists people (citizens and non) to be killed with impunity No trial, Property auctioned, Reward for Killing, Sons and grandsons excluded from public office

Why did Sulla march on Rome in 88 BC? How did he persuade his troops to march against the capital? What happened when Sulla arrived in Rome? What decisions did Sulla reverse?

Sulla marched on Rome in 88 to regain control of the war against Mithridates. He convinced his troops to march against the capital by telling them Marius would recruit other forces to fight Mithridates. These new forces would then be the ones to enjoy the victory rather than his troops who were currently fighting Mithridates. When Sulla arrived in Rome he: Declared Sulpicius, Marius, his son, and 9 others enemies of the state Invalidated all actions taken/laws made after the iustitium previously put on Sulpicius Took back command of the war against Mithridates Undistributed the new citizens in the 35 tribes and put them back into separate tribes

Why did Sulla march on Rome in 83/82 BC? How did the city of Rome react to Sulla's return to Italy? Whose side did they take during the ensuing civil war?

Sulla marched on rome in 83-82 BCE because he heard news that Cinna was taking control and reversing all of his previous laws. Rome and Italy were initially hostile to Sulla.

How soon after Sulla's retirement and death did Rome see political violence? Briefly describe the sequence of events that led to this outbreak. What measure did the Senate implement to settle this matter?

Sulla resigned in 81, was elected for consul in 80, and retired and died in 78 BCE. Just before he died, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was elected for consul despite Sulla's disapproval of him. He repealed Sulla's laws so quickly (which included the distribution of land to the veterans) it caused Etruria to attack the settlers placed on their land by Sulla that same year.

What role did the distribution of new citizens into voting tribes play in Marius' plan to seize power from Sulla? Who was Sulpicius Rufus and what deal did he make with Marius? Why was command over the war against Mithridates so desirable?

Sulpicius was a tribune who was an advocate for full voting rights for the new citizens. He made a deal with Marius saying that if Sulpicius gave Marius command against Mithridates, he would rally the influential equites in return for Sulpicius' proposal. Command over the war against Mithridates meant that Marius got to embarrass Sulla as well as trying to regain military glory.

Toga Praetexta

Symbol of Power Curule officers wore this toga (as well as consuls and praetors) Stripe on the side of the toga

Sella Curulis

Symbol of power chair that consuls sat on mobile/foldable

Curule Aediles (4th C BC)

Take care of streets of Rome Officers of the city of Rome Controlled public buildings, markets, games and crowd control

War against Greeks led by Pyrrhus (southern italy war)

Tarentum - most powerful in southern italy Epirus - close to Tarentum - samnites join in Maleventum later renamed Beneventum: only city not conquered Pyrrhic victory: won but the losses were grand, could not recover forces Eventually defeated and greek southern cities bow to Rome

Southern Italy war

Tarentum: city state that led Greek city states Pyrrhus: king of Albania

name of etruscan king

Tarquin

Lucretia and Collatinus

Tarquin has a child names Sextus Tarquinius. Collatinus, Sextus's friend, marries Lucretia. Lucretia is the ideal roman woman and collatinus wants her. He rapes her because she will not have him. She is not blamed but kills herself anyway so that other woman could not use her name to get away with adultery. This is the final straw in Tarquin rule and begins the democracy

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

Temporary marshal law in the city where people can be killed without trial in order to protect the Republic

The Aeneid

The Aeneid is an epic poem that was influenced from a Grecian myth. Like the Roman version of the Iliad. Written about the founding of Rome. It was written by Virgil.

social war

The Allied War ("Social" from socii ("allies"); also called the Italian War, the War of the Allies or the Marsic War) was a war waged from 91 to 88 BC between the Roman Republic and several of the other cities in Italy, which prior to the war had been Roman allies for centuries.

Appian Way

The Appian way is one of the main roads that leads from the countryside to Rome. It is still used today.

What role did the army play?

The Army had legions with 4000-6000 people. The power of the army helped control because the people were afraid of the army because it had so much power. This strategy would be easy to conquer a new territory because of how many people were in the army. Also, the sheer power sheer force with all of their weapons and money. psychological advantage because of their sheer force and people were scared of the army. After the army had defeated their opponents some of the army would stay there and befriend some of the locals. Also, the legion would supervise the projects and amenities. Also the empire would grant people citizenship. Had the role of power and expansion. Had a big presence in the empire.

What was the backbone of the Roman economy?

The Backbone were Slaves. Slaves were the backbone of the roman economy because they worked with manual labor. Manual labor was a huge part of the Roman economy because of all the farming and the industries.

carrhae

The Battle of Carrhae, fought in 53 BC near the town of Carrhae, was a major battle between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic. The Parthian Spahbod Surena decisively defeated a Roman invasion force led by Marcus Licinius Crassus. It was the first of many battles between the Roman and Persian empires, and one of the most crushing defeats in Roman history. Crassus, a member of the First Triumvirate and the wealthiest man in Rome, had been enticed by the prospect of military glory and riches and decided to invade Parthia without the official consent of the Senate. Rejecting an offer from the Armenian King Artavasdes II to invade Parthia via Armenia, Crassus marched his army directly through the deserts of Mesopotamia. His army clashed with Surena's force near Carrhae, a small town in modern-day Turkey. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Surena's cavalry completely outmaneuvered the Roman heavy infantry, killing or capturing most of the Roman soldiers. Crassus himself was killed when truce negotiations turned violent. His death led to the end of the First Triumvirate and the resulting civil wars between Julius Caesar and Pompey.

pharsalus

The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, of whom many were optimates, and his army significantly outnumbered the veteran Caesarian legions.

Numantia

The Celtiberian oppidum of Numantia was attacked more than once by Roman forces, but the Siege of Numantia refers to the culminating and pacifying action of the long-running Numantine War between the forces of the Roman Republic and those of the native population of Hispania Citerior. The Numantine War was the third of the Celtiberian Wars and it broke out in 143 BC. A decade later, in 133 BC, the Roman general and hero of the Third Punic War, Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, subjugated Numantia, the chief Celtiberian city.

Visigoth

The Fall of Rome occurs when it is sacked by the ___________ in 410 AD and overrun by the Vandals in 455 AD.

Who was the most powerful person in a Roman province? Give two examples of his responsibilities. Who formed his staff?

The Governor ruled over a vast amount of things including: complete control over law and enforcements, monitoring publicani, and executions. The governor also operated with a small staff, formed of official and unofficial friends and colleagues, and supported by slaves. These were his legati and amici.

Where did the Greeks live in Italy?

The Greeks lived on southern Italy and Sicily.

What was the difference between ancient Greek and Roman sculptures?

The Greeks tried to make their statues perfect and the Romans tried to make their sculptures realistic

How did the Italian landscape change in the 2nd century BC? Give two examples of unforeseen consequences of this change.

The Italian landscape changed as well, with small family-owned farms getting displaced by large estates owned by the wealthy and worked on by slaves, another by-product of the Punic Wars. This led to a massive influx into the cities of the poor, especially at a time when the divide between rich and poor was starting to grow exponentially. Also slave revolts would be another consequence.

What did the Lex Provinciae do?

The Lex Provinciae gave instructions on governing separate constitutions, territory boundaries, tax obligations, and relationship between the different areas in Rome.

What was the largest body of water in the Roman empire?

The Mediterranean Sea

Three LARGE bodies of water that the Roman empire touched

The Mediterranean sea, the Black sea, and the Atlantic ocean.

Where did the Numantine War take place? What rule did Scipio break in his election to the consulship to fight this war? What problems in Roman government and the military did the Numantine War reveal?

The Numantine War was in Numantia, Spain. Scipio broke the rule that you cannot seek consulship twice. It is in the Numantine war that we see the rise of Charismatic generals. Through the Senate's inability to address the changing needs of the Republic, we see the rise of generals such as Scipio who take their solutions directly to the people. Numantine war is a little microcosm of all of the things going wrong in Rome.

The difference between the two social classes of ancient Rome

The Patricians were rich and had power over the Plebeians and the Plebeians were poor and did all the work

Pax Romana

The Pax Romana means peace of Rome. In the pax romana time period, Rome flourished and was mostly peaceful. This peacefulness ended with Emperor Nero who was too young to rule. The Pax Romana was started by Emperor Octavian/Augustus who was one of the best emperors of Rome. Because Emperor Octavian was so good they later named him Augustus meaning Respected one.

What the Plebeians did that frightened the Patricians

The Plebeians camped out outside of the city and said they would not come back until they got what they wanted

In what way were the religious beliefs of the Romans similar to the ancient Greeks? How were religious beliefs of the Romans different from the Hebrews?

The Religious beliefs of the Romans were similar to the ancient Greeks because they had the same gods for example Jupiter was Zeus and Mars was Ares. In addition the Greeks had a huge influence on the Roman religion. The Roman beliefs were different from the Hebrews because the hebrews had a monotheistic god and the Romans had Polytheistic Gods. Also the Religion's had no crossovers both religions were so different.

Democracy ad Slaves

The Republic of Rome was not a __________ because not every citizen had the same power. _________ had NO rights.

Name and describe at least two ways Greek culture Greek Culture influenced Roman culture.

The Roman culture was influenced greatly by Greek art, architecture-columns, philosophy/education, and religion.

Clay and Twelve Tables

The Roman government began recording laws on _____ tablets. The "____________" were laws posted in Rome's Forum.

Legions

The Roman professional army was divided into large groups called __________.

Did Roman women have rights? If so, give examples.

The Roman women did not have many rights. They couldn't work they always had to be at home caring for children or out with their spouse at public entertainment.

Currency

The Romans introduced a common ________ within the empire.

Po

The ___ River Valley is the low land between the Alps and the Apennines.

Adriatic

The __________ Sea is off the EAST coast of the Italian peninsula.

Aqueduct

The ___________ system is a system erected to carry water from place to place.

Via Appia

The ___________ was a road that was 50,000 miles long starting from Rome going north.

ecclesiastical

The adjectival form of the word church.

When did the Numidians and Romans first establish diplomatic ties? Where is Numidia located relative to Carthage? What reward did the Romans give to Massinissa as thanks for his help during the Punic Wars?

The alliance between Rome and Numidia dates back to the Second Punic War, when the Numidians joined Rome to defeat their rivals: the Carthaginians. Numidia is West of Carthage They were given land in Africa.

Rhetoric

The art of arguing effectively and talking persuasively that was taught to wealthy boys who went to school. Also the art of writing.

What were some of the benefits of living in the city of Rome?

The benefits were that one trying to make a change could go to the emperor. There was flourishing in rome financially for citizens. There was more entertainment and activities in Rome. It is where Rome started. It is where Rome flourished the most.

Clergy

The body of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred functions of a church

What did the children learn in their schools? Who got to go to school? Who didn't?

The children learned mathematics and science. They would learn things that would be useful in actual situations. Only boys from the elite class got to get educated and girls or anyone else no in the elite class wouldn't go to school. Sometimes the elite boys would be educated by world famous philosophers like aristotle.

Colosseum, Circus Maximus, Gladiators

The colosseum was an amazing structure in Rome, Circus Maximus was an arena where they did chariot races, Gladiators fought in the Colosseum and used Gladius'= swords.

How was daily life different for rich people and poor people? What were privileges of someone living in an elite family?

The difference was what food they ate or what clothes they dressed in. Also it prevented some people to go to less entertainment shows like gladiators. In addition, it was the difference of houses and what they had like how many slaves one had. In addition it dividing either if one had a party or didn't ever think about having a party. Some of the privileges of the elite was how the boys were educated. The boys in the elite class were educated by some of the best philosophers.

Byzantine Orthodox Church

The early Christian church in the Eastern Roman Empire of which the emperor was head.

Roman Catholic Church

The early Christian church in the Western Roman Empire of which the Pope was head.

Who was the final source of all laws in Rome?

The emperor

Who ruled the families in Rome?

The father of the family, or the paterfamilias

Quaestor

The first official post. Age 30. They served in the financial administration at Rome, as 2nd in command to governor of a province, or paymaster for a legion.

What potential was there for a governor to be corrupt and exploitative? What recourse did a provincial have if they had been mistreated by a Roman official? Why was it so difficult to see justice done?

The governor had high potential of corruption because: he could not be punished during his term and because of his powers, he wished to make up for his debts incurred when he was running for office, there was slow communication between the province and Rome, there was a lack of oversight, the governor had oversight over tax collection and other public contracts, gift-giving was a custom of diplomacy. A provincial could charge the governor with some unlawful action and take him to court to be punished.

How did the housing of the rich compared with the housing of the poor?

The housing of the Rich were huge villas with many slaves living in the villa and the housing of the poor were small houses or insulae which were small little apartments. Also, the water system went directly to the Villes but the poorer people had to get water instead of having it at their fingertips.

What was the largest industry in the empire?

The largest industry in the empire was mining. Marble and other great materials for building projects were mined in Greece and northern Italy. Gold and silver came from the mines in Spain. lead and tin came from Britain. The metals were needed to manufacture weapons and other items, including coins for trade within the empire. Metals were also exchanged for luxury goods from foreign lands.

pope

The leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Christianity

The monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and death of Jesus.

What was the most important item the Romans traded for? Where some of the places from which that trade item came from?

The most important thing that the Romans traded was grain. Wheat and barley were used to make bread and other foods that formed most of the Roman diet. Grain was needed for the people of the cities as well as the army legion throughout the empire. The Grain mainly came from North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily.

cathedral

The official church which serves as the Headquarters of a bishop and diocese.

New Testament

The part of the Christian Bible that contains the Gospels.

Pax Romana

The peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.

Give an example of how Italian communities unified against Rome in the Social War. What kind of weaknesses did they suffer from? How did Rome further destabilize the Italian war effort?

The peoples of central and southern Apennines formed the largest concentration of rebels. (Notably, the Samnites and Lucanians were very extreme as well.) Very quickly they established a capital at Corfinium (renamed Italica) with their own magistrates and senate. A weakness was that many communities participated for a short amount of time or not at all. A lot of areas chose to stay loyal to Rome, so the rebels were outnumbered and had less resources and finances.

Pax Romano

The period of peace in the Mediterranean world

46. Be familiar with his different tactics, especially the methods he used to maintain good relations with the aristocracy (i.e. senators). When did he get the name Augustus? What does the name signify? Why did he take the title of princeps instead of imperator?

The pivotal difference between Augustus and Casear was that Augustus recognized the need for support from the senate. He got the name Augustus after the first constitutional settlement. The name signifies Revered One. He took the title princeps instead of imperator to further distance himself from the perception of being a monarch

"crossing the Rubicon"

The point of no return. The event which marked Julius Ceasar's decision to march his army into the Italian peninsula with the intention of taking control of the city of Rome itself.

First Triumvirate

The political alliance of Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.

Second Triumvirate

The political alliance of Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony.

The difference in the punishments for the poor and wealthy in Rome

The poor had harsh punishments and the rich were barely punished

Who were the publicani? What jobs did they do in the period immediately post-Punic Wars? How did they come to serve as tax collectors in the provinces?

The publicani were private contractors. They were first needed as suppliers of resources to the militia and also to oversee construction within the city. They came to serve as tax collectors in the provinces by bidding on a particular region. The censor gave them their contracts. Cicero says that they are a blight on the land.

What was the purpose of the gladiatorial contests.? Who organized and paid for them? Who attended them?

The purpose of the games were because the government would get a better reputation. Also it was a sacrifice to the gods. In Addition, the games were a great way for the government to keep citizens from rebelling. The government would pay and organize the games. General citizens and even Slaves attended these games.

What was the result of Rome policies?

The republic grew stronger and more united.

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers

Who made the decisions at the Roman trials?

The senate

Give two examples of how the Senate might ensure that its will was followed.

The senate could do certain things to coerce magistrates to do their will: Refuse to allocate an important task to a magistrate Refuse to extend magistracy after its term declare a religious fault in a magistrates action encourage tribune of the plebs to veto a measure casting a magistrate into political isolation refusing to fund a magistrates projects refusing to grant a victorious general a triumph

What happened when Caesar tried to propose land distribution legislation? How did Caesar outmaneuver the senate's protests of Caesar's land distribution? What happened to his co-consul during the vote?

The senate was completely against any land redistribution. The Senate led by the Optimates resorted to filibuster tactics to stop the passage of the reforms. He gets Cato kicked out and then sets a date for the vote. In his frustration, Caesar resolved to ignore the senate and to bring the the proposal directly to the Tribal assembly for a vote. Bibulus believed it would be best to just give notice that on each day when it was lawful for an assembly to meet, he would be watching the sky for omens, which would automatically invalidate any assembly. Caesar fixed a day for the vote regardless. On the day of the vote, the Fasces of Bibulus' lictors were destroyed and poop was flung at him. With Bibulus out of the way, the law passed.

What was the primary function of the Roman Senate, and how was this function limited?

The senate was largely advisory, but had some leeway in making sure what they deemed important got done. Functions of the senate: Allocate funds to magistries to advise the people and magistrates on courses of action To extend magistracies when necessary to award triumphs to victorious commanders to determine priorities of magistrates

parish

The smallest administrative division of the Christian church, often coterminous with a village.

Senate

The state council of the ancient Roman republic and empire, which shared legislative power with the popular assemblies, administration with the magistrates, and judicial power with the knights. Comprised of patricians.

What were the three main social classes during the Roman Empire?

The three main social classes in the Roman Empire were the slaves, they were the lowest class that sat highest in the amphitheater and wore grey clothes. They just worked for higher classes and had no legal rights. The next highest class were the "more humble" class. They wore plain white togas and sat in the middle just above the highest class at the amphitheaters. They could be farmers, laborers, shopkeepers, soldiers of working people and they had most or some legal rights depending on the status. The highest class was the elite class who sat in the very front of the amphitheater and they wore white robes with purple borders. They could also have jobs in the government because they had all legal rights.

livius drusus

The younger Marcus Livius Drusus, son of Marcus Livius Drusus, was tribune of the plebeians in 91 BC. In the manner of Gaius Gracchus, he set out with comprehensive plans, but his aim was to strengthen senatorial rule. He removed the jury courts from the jurisdiction of the equestrians in retaliation for their unjustified condemnation of Publius Rutilius Rufus in 92 BC and replaced it with a mixed jury of Senators and equestrians. He passed a bill that would have doubled the number of Senators from roughly 300 to 600, thus placating the most powerful of the equestrians who wished to become senators or have some of their family become senators. To gain support from the plebeians he set up a commission to grant them more land, both around Rome and in new colonies (which was one of only two that was approved by the Senate during the late republic) and reduced the price of grain which he proposed to pay for by using devaluation of the currency. Up to this point Drusus managed to have the support of many of the leading senators including Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Gaius Marius. However, Drusus wanted to grant citizenship rights to the Italian allies. This was vehemently opposed by many, he gradually lost support from the Senate, the equestrians, the Roman population, who did not want the Italians to become citizens, and wealthy Italian landlords who did not want to lose their land. The opposition was led by the Consul Lucius Marcius Philippus and by Drusus's brother-in-law, the Praetor Servilius Caepio. It was revealed that the whole of non Roman Italy had sworn an oath to enter into his clientele if he managed to enfranchise them which would have given Drusus considerable power. In political retaliation for his proposal to grant citizenship to the Italian allies, his previous bills were declared invalid on religious technicalities by the Senate led by Phillipus. Drusus refused to use his tribunician veto to prevent this from happening, his reasoning being that he wanted his bill to have a clear majority in the Senate. Soon after this, he was assassinated and the Italian allies revolted, starting the Social War of 91-88 BC.

What area did Rome conquer during its first period of expansion?

Their Latin neighbors in Italy

Why were the Plebeians unhappy when the republic was first set up?

Their lack of power and they had to work and serve in the army

What happened to conquered people who revolted against Romans rule?

Their resistance was immediately put down.

Justinian's wife

Theodora

a former actress

Theodora

helped Justinian choose government officials and convinced him to give women more rights

Theodora

was intelligent and strong willed

Theodora

divided the empire after his death - into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire

Theodosius

emperor that ended fighting in the Roman Empire

Theodosius

What new opportunities were there for Roman elites after the Punic Wars? Give examples of one opportunity in the political-administrative sphere, and one in the economic sphere.

There was a large influx of wealth, which allowed the new elite to buy land and start using slaves to farm. The Punic Wars allowed for ambitious citizens to move up in rank in the cursus honorum and become the first in their family to become part of the senatorial aristocracy.

35. Why did the members of the 2nd Triumvirate resort to land confiscation and proscriptions?

There was a problem of paying the troops, resorted to land confiscations and proscriptions. There may have been more victims than in the Sullan proscriptions. Cicero was added to the list by Antony, Octavian didn't reject (he was killed on 7 December 43 BC

How did the Senate react to the rite of Bacchus? Give an explanation of the Senate's actions in this affair.

There were enough people in the rite that it could be considered a "second state," which is a huge threat to the senate. The senate issued a decree that invited informers to denounce worshippers. Panic spread throughout the worshippers, and many committed suicide. Two Roman Plebs and two italians were arrested as ringleaders. This is the senate cementing its stranglehold- setting itself up as a great power in Rome

Roman provinces

There were forty provinces/territories in Rome, each had a governor who was appointed by the emperor or by the senate. The governor kept order and collected taxes.

Although they were forced to lose some of their independence, why did most people in conquered territories adopt Roman culture? in what ways did their lives improve under Roman rule?

There were three main things that made the conquered people adopt Roman culture. The first, the Romans encouraged the conquered people to build cities. These cities followed the model of Rome. In the center, was the forum. There were temples, honoring the Roman gods, and, there were public buildings, like amphitheaters and Roman baths. All the cities followed an organized grid pattern. These cities were crucial for people to live. The second reason why the conquered people adopted Roman culture was because the Romans made some of the people citizens. This gave the people many more rights, including that they were protected by the law. They could own property in Rome and do business. Plus, they could pass on their property to their children. The last thing that the Romans did for their conquered people in order to make them adopt the Roman culture was to allow people from the provinces to take part in the government. These officials ruled their provinces and collected taxes for Rome. Also, some of these officials were allowed to participate in the central government of Rome. This made it easy for the people from the provinces to pass on ideas to Rome. All of these things made the conquered people feel more at peace and like they were part of Rome. It made them want to rebel less and participate in the government more.

How Romulus kills Remus

They ask the gods and then watch the number of vultures on each hill (Romulus - Palatine and Remus - Aventine). Remus sees vultures first but Romulus sees more. Romulus asks blessing to build on the Palatine hill. They either fought then and Remus is killed Or Romulus creates a religious boundary in a circle around the hill then he builds the walls. Remus crosses the boundary and Romulus has to kill him or the gods would be upset. Therefore Rome is created

What final change was made that made the Plebeians equal citizens?

They could pass laws

What role did amenities (all the good things the Romans Brought to the new cities the Romans developed) play?

They help conquered civilizations adapt to being under Roman rule, examples: public services, protection, entertainment.

14. Why did Caesar, Pompey and Crassus meet at Luca? Who else was in attendance? Why was it held at Luca? What was negotiated at Luca? What did Pompey do after Luca?

They met at Luca because of a series of social and political issues that were gripping the Roman state at the time. Pompey was unsuccessful in his attempts to quell the issues of grain shortage, and his prestige had suffered tremendously. Cicero worked against the Triumvirate, and Pompey began to have suspicions of Crassus' supporting Cato and Clodius. Cicero, Clodius, and other senators were all in attendance. It was because that was the farthest Caesar could go without crossing the boundary of his governorship (terminology? province?) and giving up command/being eligible for prosecution. They actually invited a lot of Roman senators, not expecting that they would show up, but they did. It was agreed that Pompey and Crassus would both run for consul and be elected. They would both arrange long-term commands for themselves after their consulship, and Caesar would have his command in Gaul extended. Loyalty would be demanded of Clodius, and Cicero would be reminded about the pledge of good behavior he had given on return from exile. He brought measures that would bring to trial those who had bribed and caused violence as of late, including Milo. Made it law that after any consul's or praetor's term in office, five years would be required before they could run for another office. Pompey also remained in Rome, using legates to control his provinces, and focusing on dealing with the issue of grain supply

Example of political instability that caused the Roman empire to fall

They never found a way how to peacefully transfer political power to a new and capable leader

There was a risk of fires in Ancient Rome since the buildings were made out of wood, so how did they cook?

They used portable grills

Why did Rome fight the Punic Wars?

They wanted control over the Mediterranean region

What role did the army play in the Roman's successful expansion and colonization of their lands/empires?

They went on missions to control and conquer the lands and they also helped defend the lands so that the government could work on trying to conquer new lands.

36. What happened to Brutus and Cassius?

They were driven from Rome after Caesar's will was read. Caesar gave all his land and money to the people, so suddenly everyone was against them. After being defeated at the Battle of Phillipi, they committed suicide. This(and Cato the Younger's death at Utica) marked the end of the Roman republic

Slaves

They were people who did rich people's work, they were prisoners from war or poor people. They were treated badly, also worked in public buildings/places like the bathhouses. They also sat the farthest away in the arena during gladiator fights and shows and they wore plain grey clothes with no specialties. They were very important in Roman society.

julia

This roman patrician family included Gaius Julius Iulus and Gaius Julius Caesar among its ranks.

spartacus

Thracian who helped lead the 3rd Slave War w/ Crixus established a camp on Mt. Vesuvius on Bay of Naples and were joined by 70K others Advised slaves to leave Italy and return to their homelands Initially successful, moved north through Italy. For some reason, started moving south again; defeated and killed at Lucania

Punic Wars

Three wars between Rome and Carthage that led to the undisputed dominance of Rome in the western Mediterranean.

Give a brief account of the family of the Gracchi. Does this background make Tiberius and Gaius noble, or did they come from a humble background? How did Tiberius' early military experiences color his later attitude towards the Senate?

Tiberius Gracchus came from a wealthy and powerful family. His family had been consuls many times and a censor as well. His mother, Cornelia, was the daughter of Scipio Africanus who won the war against Hannibal. He was noble from the highest order. Tiberius saved a large army of Romans in Numantia by striking up a treaty with the Numantines, successfully saving many. The Senate didn't like his actions because it made them look like losers of war- and they refused to honor the treaty when Tiberius got back from Numantia. Tiberius was embarrassed and humiliated by the Senate, but he did gain huge support of the people.

People who solved problems in rome

Tiberius Gracchus: killed 133 Gaius Gracchus: Killed 123 Saturninus: Killed 100 Livius Drusus, an Optimates: killed 91

What event drove senators to violence against Tiberius? What did they accuse Tiberius of doing? Who led this charge, and under what authority?

Tiberius claimed that he was running for reelection as tribune which was illegal. (He was only trying to seek safety because he feared that he was going to get prosecuted.) Story goes that Tiberius signaled to his head that he was in danger but Scipio Nasica and the elites interpreted this as him trying to claim the crown. This led to his demise. Scipio Nasica, the pontifex maximus, led this charge. (Under what authority though?Gods!)

Why did Tiberius Gracchus feel it necessary to reform the process of distributing public land to citizens? What arguments did Tiberius make to persuade Romans to support his land reform legislation? Who opposed Tiberius' proposal, and what institution in Rome represented the interests of this group?

Tiberius proposed a law to reorganize control of public land. He proposed to actually enforce the law that already existed so that no one could hold anything more than 300 acres (500 iugera) and establish a commission for distributing it throughout the people. He viewed the reforms as necessary to address military enrollment qualifications, lower the risk of a slave uprising, and to relieve poverty. The Senate opposed Tiberius' proposal because a lot of the Senate were large landholders and would be affected negatively if his proposal was approved

Tiberius Gracchus's killing

Tiberius wants to be re-elected tribune for the next year which had never happened before and it needed to be discussed if it was legal or illegal. A group of senators and minions attacked Tiberius at the temple of IOM (at a meeting with the plebs). He is beaten to death

3. Be familiar with the basic details of Tiberius' reign, with special attention to the ways that he differed from Augustus (e.g. sponsorship of public games). How did Tiberius give special power and prominence to the Praetorian Guard? Where did Tiberius spent most of his time while Emperor? Why was this a problem?

Tiberius was the first of the Julio-Claudian emperors (members of Augustus' family). His reign was from 14-37 AD, but spent a lot of time away from Rome in Capri (thought that Tiberius was secretive). Focused energies on military affairs (subduing Germanic tribes along Rhine river). Didn't sponsor public games or large building projects because he didn't have the budget for it. Built barracks for the Praetorian guard within the city (traditionally kept outside the city). His large amounts of time in Capri became a problem because Sejanus (a praetorian prefect) in many ways acts as an emperor in Tiberius' absence.

Patriarchs

Title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches

Popes

Title given to the heads of the Roman Catholic Church

13. Why did Domitian succeed Titus as Emperor? How did Domitian try to legitimate himself? What sorts of things did Domitian do that alienated him from senators? Who did support Domitian/allow him to retain command?

Titus died of natural causes but hadn't groomed a successor, so his youngest brother Domitian became emperor (Titus was the oldest son of Vespasian, Domitian was the youngest.) Domitian tried to make himself legitimate by alienating the senate and taking the title of dominus et dues and wearing triumphal clothing when speaking to the Senate (seen as disrespectful). The Roman people and soldiers were very fond of him and supported Domitian.

12. Be familiar with the details of Titus' role in quelling the Jewish revolt. Consequences for the Jewish population in Judea? How did Domitian commemorate Titus' victory in Judaea? How did Titus die? Who did he appoint as his successor?

Titus was sent by his father to quell the Jewish revolt. In 70 AD, Titus stormed Jerusalem, destroyed a temple where Jews used to sacrifice. At Masada, mass suicide occurs, and until 73 AD when the revolt ended, the Jewish population was decimated; proselytizing prohibited, but it wasn't required to sacrifice to the emperor. Domitian commemorated Titus' success by building a victory arch. Titus became ill and died of natural causes, but he didn't appoint a successor since he wasn't emperor for very long.

How did you become a senator, and how long was a senator's "term of office"? What rules were there governing a senator's status and conduct, and who oversaw these rules? What was the consequence of violating these rules?

To become a senator you must have already held office. The membership was lifelong, as long as they weren't convicted of a crime or of some moral failing. It was the job of the Censor to monitor the senate's actions. If convicted, they would be expelled from the senate. Morality requirement!

Why did the Roman citizens elect officials every year?

To keep one person from becoming too powerful in government.

34. Why was the 2nd Triumvirate formed? How did it differ from the 1st Triumvirate? What powers did its members take for themselves?

To punish Caesar's assassins unlike the 1st triumvirate, the 2nd actually had legal standing - "for the restoration of the state" and to avenge the assassins of Caesar -It was more official than the first and had legal grounding. -They had 5 year term and had authority to make laws with out the senate and roman people. Could nominate people for office w/o senatorial consent but sometimes did care what the people thought but not always. Basically they took power from the senate and almost all from the people

exacerbate

To render worse or more violent or bitter, as a conflict or problem.

auction

To sell something to the highest bidder.

Veto

To vote against or block proposals of government

HBO series Rome with Cesar

Toga picta (red toga) Face painted red like the first statue of Jupiter which is made of terracotta which is red Slave reminds him he is just a man Triumphal Procession - 1st time general led army into rome w/o losing authority over soldiers Go to front of temple of Jupiter

Gladiators

Trained fighters, usually slaves, who fought in arenas as entertainment

16. Nature of Trajan's relationship with the senate? How did he distance himself from Domitian?

Trajan cultivated good relationships with both the Senate and the military. He distanced himself from Domitian by returning to the Augustan ideal of emperor as princeps (not dominus et dues).

17. What sorts of building projects did Trajan undertake? Be familiar with his military activities.

Trajan funded public buildings, including a market (forum of Trajan). He also created monuments, bridges and roads. Trajan's military activities included the Dacian Wars (Column of Trajan has scenes of the wars), annexing Arabia, campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia and conflict w/ the Parthians.

headed a group of legal scholars to reform the empire's law code

Tribonian

What was the key change influencing the political climate of the 60s BC? Briefly characterize this climate, and give an example of a dangerous new or restored factor in Republican government.

Tribunes gained the power to move up the cursus honorum again. With this, there would be more competitiveness between the tribunes and more motive to succeed and try to gain a higher political status.

Killing of Gaius Gracchus

Tried for re-election in 121 BC and Failed Senate tired to revoke some of his laws Gaius and followsers attend Plebeian assembly in temple IOM, A guy gets kills and the senate invokes Senatus Consultum Ultimum Gaius looks for shelter on Aventine Hill in temple Diana Cornifica and eventually crosses into trastever and commits suicide

Catiline's Rising 63 BC ***

Tried to be consul 3 times: elections in 66: charged with extortion and couldn't run Lost election in 64 BC to cicero and antonius Lost election in 63 bc Centuriate Assembly: Voting controlled by the wealthier people, Cataline is defeated because he wants to settle debts and rich don't like this

True or False. Christianity began in the Roman Empire.

True

True or False. Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.

True

True or False. Sports were important to the Romans.

True

True or False. The Byzantine culture was developed on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

True

True or False. The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.

True

True or False? The Assemblies included both patricians and plebeians?

True

Romulus and Remus

Twin brothers who according to myth founded the city of Rome in 753 BC

Remus

Twin to Romulus, he was killed by his brother after making fun of him for starting to build Rome

Romulus and Remus

Twins born that were sons of the god Mars. They were not killed because if they were the sons of the gods then the gods can decide their fate. They were disposed of in the river and a wolf finds them. Romulus and Remus are taken care of by the she-wolf. A shepherd finds them and brings them back to his wife who could possibly be the "She-wolf" They kill the bad king and place their grandfather the "good king" back in rule

Representive

Typical of a class, group, or body of opinion.

Soldiers before Marius

Veles: Poor, animal skin helmet, thin javelin, provoke enemy to attack Triarius: Veterans, last rank to engage in battle, effective weapons Hastatus: sturdy, effective weapons, less experience than triarius veles -> Hastati -> Triari

Why did Cicero bring Verres to trial? Where did he govern? Alongside Verres, whose presence did Cicero think was particularly pernicious in that province?

Verres was brought to trial because of corruption and bribery. Verres governed Sicily. Cicero believed the publicani were acting out by collecting more payment than what was due.

11. How did Vespasian fund his large-scale building projects in Rome? How did he show support for education? What change did he make to the military to address the ongoing problem of provincial revolts? Nature of Vespasian's relationship with the senate and equestrian class?

Vespasian funded the building projects in Rome by increasing taxes (but he spared doctors and educators, who at the time, are not high in social status). He instituted the first paid professorship in Rome (Quintilian), empowering the status of educator. He began stationing recruits outside of their homeland so their wouldn't be provincial revolts. Vespasian returned to the ideal of Senate and equestrians working in an imperial administration tactic.

the Roman writer that drew some of his ideas from Homer's Odyssey

Virgil

wrote the epic poem, the Aeneid

Virgil

Vitellius

Vitellius declared emperor by the legions under his command in the Rhine region -was loyal to Nero's memory: performed funeral sacrifices to him

Why did the Plebians want a change in the government?

Wanted more of a say in how the city was run

What happened almost immediately after Rome became a Republic?

War

Huns

Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

The Punic Wars

Wars between Carthage and Rome.

The ides of March

Was when Julius Ceasar was assassinated, an oracle told him to beware. This time is about the 15th of March.

Tyrrhenian Sea

West of italy

Senate and the People of Rome

What is SPQR?

15. What happened during Crassus' campaign against the Parthians?

When he set off from Syria in 53, his troops were soon trapped near Carrhae by Parthians. 30,000 men, including Crassus, died. Legionary standards also gone. CRASSUS LOST THE STANDARDS

What did Pompey ask the senate to do when he returned to Rome? Senate's response? Why this response? How did this open the door for an alliance between Caesar and Pompey? Who else was part of this alliance? What was the nature of the alliance (formal or informal? Where did its power come from?)

Where did its power come from?) Pompey asked for two things: 1) ratification of his arrangements in the East and 2) land allotments to his veterans. The senate said that he would have to wait because of the current political problem Rome was dealing with at the time caused by the patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher who had interrupted a religious ceremony known as Bona Dea held by Caesar in his own home. The ceremony was attended exclusively by women, and Clodius had broken in wearing women's clothes and polluted the ceremony. Cicero testified against him.

20. Why did Caesar remain in Egypt for such a long time? What did he do there?

While Caesar was chasing down Pompey, who was in Egypt at the time, Caesar landed in Alexandria, the capital city of Egypt. He couldn't leave at once because of contrary winds, so while he was there, he became embroiled in a war involving the members of the Royal family, the Ptolemies. The royal princess Cleopatra soon became his mistress (they hooked up) and birthed a son by him, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion.

54. How did succession work under Augustus? How did this differ from the regal period (when Rome was governed by kings)? What complicated Augustus' plans for succession? How did he ensure that the transition of power to his successor would be smooth?

Whoever has princep would hand over their authority to the next ruler. This was different from the regal period because there was no affirmation by the Senate. I'm not sure if it qualifies as him assuring a smooth transition, but the fact the there were no surviving competitors to the person he named as heir helped to cause a smooth transition. Augustus's successor was based on heredity, whereas there was no inherited rule under the monarchy. His succesion was complicated because his closest heirs died as well as Agrippa, so he had to resort to his stepson Tiberius.

Pyrrhic Victory

Win but the losses were grand

Why did Caesar want to form an alliance with Pompey? What did Pompey get out of such an alliance? What did Caesar do in order to further strengthen his alliance with Pompey?

With an alliance with Pompey, Caesar would have the necessary funds to run for the consulship, which would allow him to renew his provincial assignment in Gaul. With Caesar as consul, Pompey would get the land for his veterans and the ratification of his eastern settlements. Caesar further strengthened his alliance with Pompey by giving Pompey his daughter, Julia, to marry --> Pompey's player game too strong! ← lol Crassus wants to get a refund for the publicani for their dud purchases of land in the East.

Did Rome prosper under the ruling of the Etruscans?

Yes, Rome became wealthy and powerful.

Were these two other groups important to the rise of Rome civilization?

Yes, they played a major role in shaping the framework of Roman civilization.

Gaius Gracchus - 123 BC

Younger brother of Tiberius Elected Tribune for 123 BC Re-elected Tribune for 122 BC Legislation enacted: Renewed his brother's agrarian law, subsidized distributions of grain each month in Rome, Founded Roman colonies

gaius sempronius gracchus

Younger brother of tiber After being elected tribune, he passed lots of laws restricting the powers of the senate. Was very popular among the poorer citizens of Rome. Proposed giving more power to the equestrian order and the Socci.

Remus and Romulus

_____ and __________are the legendary founders of Rome.

Senators

________ were the most powerful group in government.

Plebeians

_________ consisted of most of the population. Artisans, shopkeepers, peasants, etc. A few were wealthy, most were poor.

Tribunes

_________ were elected to protect plebeian rights.

Julius Caesar

____________ brings order to Rome. Him, Crassus, and Pompeu form a triumvirate. He defeats his rivals and in 46 B.C. becomes dictator.

Sicily

__________is the island off the southern tip of the Italian peninsula.

Basilica

a Roman building found in every town, where business deals, official ceremonies and law courts took place

triclinium

a Roman dining room

clodius pulcher

a Roman politician known for his popularist tactics; chiefly remembered for his feud with Cicero and Milo, whose supporters murdered him in the street. A Roman nobilis of the patrician gens Claudia, he became a major disruptive force in Roman politics during the rise of the First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus and Caesar (60-53 BC).

Aeneas

a Trojan hero, described in by poet Vigil in his epic novel Aeneid, as the hero who had a band of followers that sailed the Mediterranean Sea after Greeks captured Troy, and united the Trojans and some of the Latins or local people; and then became the "Father" of Romans.

peninsula

a body of land that is surrounded by water on three sides, for example, Italy

What shape is the Italian peninsula

a boot

What did the plebeians form in 494?

a consule

Tarquins

a cruel Etruscan family who ruled Rome until Romans rebelled in BC.

The fall of Rome began with poor leadership, attacks by invaders, and _____.

a declining economy.

republic

a form of government in which the leader is not a king but someone put in office by citizens with the rights to vote.

monarchy

a form of government where absolute power is passed on in the family, for example from father to son

What is a tripartite government?

a government with three parts

century

a group of about 80-100 men in the Roman army

legion

a group of soldiers

Archaeologist according to Carandini

a historian whose primary sources are made by men - Text, roads, temple, feces

Empire

a large area of territory controlled by a powerful country

tribe

a large community of people who are all distantly related

Apennines

a mountain range that runs from northern to southern Italy.

chapter

a new division of time in history or in a book

dictator

a person who ruled with complete powers temporarily during emergencies, oppressive ruler

status

a position or rank

Pact of Brundisium

a reconciliation after Octavian takes Antony's province of Gaul. Sealed by marriage of Antony to Octavia. Antony took east, octavian west and italy and lepidus took Africa. This is also where octavian had to marry Scribonia, who fathered his only child.

Latium

a region or plain in central-west Italy, where the city of Rome is located.

amphitheater

a round arena in a Roman city where gladiator fights took place

dictator

a ruler who could take decisions without consulting the Roman Senate. In the Roman Republic, he could be appointed in an extreme emergency to hold absolute power for six months. This allowed decisions to be made more quickly

libertus

a slave who has been freed Required to wear a pileus (see above) a freed slave. They could be freed if they were touch on the head with a rod or simply proclaimed free - they could \not be a candidate in elections, could not rise to high military rank, could not marry into senatorial class, they also wore a pileus

legion

a smaller unit of the Roman army made up of about 6,000 soldiers.

Who would a Roman consult before traveling?

a soothsayer

causes of the struggle between plebs and patricans

access to magistracies, punishment at will by magistrates, consequences of debts, elections of magistrates and creation of laws, religious offices (auspices, pax deorem)

Romulus and Remus

according to a legend, they are the two twin brothers who were abandoned near the Tiber River, were rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd, and founded the city of Rome. But in a quarrel between the twins, Romulus killed Remus and the city name came after his himself.

Each city-state or polis had a fortified area called an

acropolis.

Marcus Aurelius

adopted by Antoninus -became princeps, last of the "good emperors" -reluctant to become emperor

bulla

amulet or charm worn for good luck during childhood

Etruria

an ancient country in central Italian north of Rome, home of the Etruscans; this area is now called Tuscany.

gaul

an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands

the study of body structure

anatomy

Theater of Marcellus

ancient open-air theatre built in the closing years of the republic. space for the theatre was cleared by Caesar but he was killed before it was finished. Formally inaugurated by augustus in 12BC

What was used to shine shoes?

animal fat

What did ancient Romans use as advertisements?

animals such as monkeys and birds

Licinius

appointed Augustus by Galerius, part of the 3 contenders for Augustus in the West

province

area conquered by the Romans and governed by them as part of the

What happened when the last Severan emperor died?

army leaders fought for control

auxilia

army units made up of conquered armies and friendly tribes. Soldiers served for 25 years and received citizenship at the end of their service

mosaics

art work using tiles to create patterns or pictures

Why were dirty, old togas were worn by the wealthy?

as disguises to prevent muggings

Donations of Alexandria

as part of triumph victory over Armenians, Antony distributed Eastern land including Roman provinces to Cleopatra, Ptolemy Caesar, and his and Cleopatra's three children it was a huge mistake on his part (34 BC).

sallust

author of Catilenarian Conspiracy; describes Catiline as foe, but with little insight; believes decline in Roman morals began after defeat of Carthage because Rome was left without a cause; describes Cateline's noble traits/courage; portrayed Roman aristocracy poorly; wanted to clear patron Caesar of blame

facts/drawbacks from having Roman citizens as their soldiers

based on loyalty, no pay, BYOW (bring your own weapons)

2nd Constitutional Settlement

better defines Augustus' role. resigns consulship but accepts maius imperium and tribunicia potestas. Maius is greater imperium. uses tribunicias potestas till his death. People were scared of his resignation from consul so senate allowed him to wear consuls insignia in public which helped soothe fears. only office he took after all this was the lifetime pontifex maximus. it's religious. "father of his country"

Compare the landscape of Italy with the landscape of Greece

both landscapes are similar but (a) Apennines mnts. are not as high as Greece's mountains so people can crossed from one side to the other, without been isolated. (b) Italy has better farmland than Greece - Italy has large flat plains good for growing crops; therefore, Italy has more capacity to produce food and can support more people than Greece

concordia ordinum

brought forth by Cicero after the "conspiracy of Cataline." It was a union of the senators and equestrians. Harmony of the social classes. However, this was a quick fix to the class struggle. Theme: class struggle (end of Republic)

Etruscans

brought new style of clothing including togas, changed buildings from straw to roofed huts to brick, wood city. Had a model army. Laid out streets, temples and public buildings around central square. Skilled metal workers.

Rome becomes republic

brutus, collatinus and valerius poplicola put end to monarchy

Romulus

built a new city and killed his brother for making fun of it and then became the First King of Rome.

Hadrian's Wall

built in Britain by Hadrian -second wall built within was by Antoninus but was abandoned so Hadrian's wall was regarrisoned

How did Rome rule its new conquests

built permanant settlement for military in areas they conquered. Developed the Roman confederation and gave some Romans full citizenships.

The minoan people traded pottery and stone vases and

built ships.

How were Romans divided into social classes?

by birth

How did Romans honor their gods and goddesses?

by praying and offering food

The forum

capitoline, esquiline and palatine hills filled because it is swamp carandini - 750 BC (Romulus) Boatwright 650 BC (tullius Hostilius)

How did rome punish Carthage at the end of the Third punic war?

carthage gave up spain to rome. also had to give up its navy and pay a large fine.

What is a group of 100 soldiers?

century

aqueduct

channel bringing water to Roman towns, sometimes on raised arches

Carthage

city in North Africa, main competitor to Rome until it was defeated in 202 BC

details on Carthage

city in Northern Africa, controlled the western Mediterranean, dominated in trade, had a strong navy

Nobles overthrew the Greek kings and created

city-states.

Cities began to send people outside Greece to start settlements called

colonies.

Two Consuls (4th C BC)

commanders in chief of the roman army generals that led the Roman army in war (military = politician) Executive Power - Power of Imperium Number one in rank

Plebeians

common farmers that could vote but not hold power

Latins' shared identy

common name, latin language, common material culture, common religious festivals and dieties Temple of Jupiter completed to show how important/well-off Rome is

thermoplia

concession stand or take out restaurant

On a Roman road what is used to hold the top layer of stones together?

concrete

Luca

conference in North Italy (far south as Caesar can go w/o letting go of his troops) where terms are renegotiated for the alliance -pompey and Crassus would be consuls and pre-arranged long term commands -extend Caesar's term of command in Gaul -get Cicero and Clodius in line, align forces to keep these two disarmed

Price Edict

controlled inflation during Diocletian's reign; attempted to revalue coinage

Byzantine writers _____.

copied ancient writings.

quaestio de repetundis

court set up to put Romans who illegally acquire money or property while abroad (example: provincial officials who steal money from the people of the province)

Arch of Constantine

created a victory arch -unusual because they are usually constructed to remember the victories over foreign enemies -dedicated in 315 AD by Senate to commemorate the victory over Maxentius -Maxentius cast as a tyrant, his supporters hostile -Constantine seen as liberator and bringer of peace -instinctu divinitatis "at the instigation of divinity"

Julia

daughter of Augustus who was married to Agrippa (Augustus' loyal lieutenant that had come to Rome with him) -later forced to marry her stepbrother Tiberius

Octavia

daughter of Claudius, wife of Nero (Nero was her step brother); loved by the people -Nero divorces her for Pomppaea and has her killed because he worried about her popularity

Julia

daughter of Julius Caesar, married to Pompey to keep peace between the two men

Galba

declared emperor when Nero was declared an enemy of the state by the Senate -very anti-Nero: traditional values, austere, suspended public games and kill Nero supporters

How did geography play a role in the rise of Roman civilization?

defeated remaining latins and etruscans, created settlements and roads, strong army, fair treatment of the conquered people.

Tetrarchy

departures from the ideals of the principate to a "dominate" -Diocletian realized the empire was too large for him to rule solely on his own -2 Senior rulers (Augustus) -2 junior associates (Caesar) -empire divided between the east and the west -meant to stabilize and secure Roman Empire -able to deal with problems more quickly, because there was representation where needed -massive increase in the number of government employees (increased burden on the government payroll) -restore status of traditional pagan cults & roman gods (ID'd selves with Jupiter and Hercules) -persecution of other religious practices -303 AD: Diocletian issued an edict demanding the destruction of churches and burning of scriptures; Christians in office stripped of rank (seen as a threat to the food supply) -Christians purged from army, bishops in prison -Christians in Egypt, N. Africa and the East much more affected than in the West

Polities described by polybius

despotism to monarchy to tyranny to aristocracy (ruled by best ones) to oligarchy ( ruled by few) to democracy to mob rule (worst) back to despotism

appuleius saturninus

died December 100 BC) was a Roman popularist and tribune; he was a political ally of Gaius Marius, and his downfall caused a great deal of political embarrassment for Marius, who absented himself from public life until he returned to take up a command in the Social War of 91 to 88 BC.

legion

division of the Roman army, usually about 4000-6000 men (including foot-soldiers and cavalry) called legionaries

How did Rome gain control of the mediterranean region?

during the first and second punic wars rome defeat Hannibal, cannae and the carthage.

Republic

early Roman political system in which rulers were elected by the citizens. Started with the defeat of the Etruscans in the 6th century BC, ended when Augustus came to power in

importance of central location

easier to unify country

Plebeians

economic conditions vary rich and poor alike, not unified concerns

tribune

elected Roman officials who were appointed to protect the ordinary people (plebeians) against unfair treatment

What is a magistrate?

elected official

who was Tarquin

etruscan king

Who served in the Roman army?

every male citizen who owned land

Rome's goals from Punic Wars

expand Italy, have supremacy in Meterranean

significance of strike

farmers and members of the military were mainly plebeians, so strike would result in lack of food and defense

What does "patres" mean in Latin?

father

Geographic benefits of Rome

fertile soil, heart of Mediterranean, trade, mountains, Tiber River, central location

during PW1, Rome learns to

fight at at sea (NAVY)

senatus consultum ultimum

final decree of the senate; made by L. Opimius who vowed to annul Gracchus' legistaltion-consuls given the power to do whatever they want to protect the state- results in the death of thousands of Gracchian supporters; enabled Pompey to direct Caesar to disband his army; Emergency decree that allowed senate to do anything needed to restore peace

Ancient Romans mainly ate what kind of food?

finger

garum

fish paste used in cooking

soothsayer

fortune teller

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

fought in 312 where Constantine wins against Maxentius and is "converted" to Christianity by a vision

How many layers of materials make up a Roman road?

four

citizen

free adult males who could vote and had special rights in the Roman state. People in provinces could earn Roman citizenship by, for example, serving in the army for 25 years

Radicalization of the Political fight

from time of the gracchi in 133 BC to the time of Augustus in 31 BC

Magistracies

functions of the king were divided, annual (one year term limit), collegial ( 2 people with the same power), religious functions (need approval of the gods)

What was taken by ancient Romans as a daily vitamin?

garlic

15 days to do what

get through the Alps

in ancient Rome, person who fought animals and other people as public entertainment

gladiator

what do plebeians do to get what they want?

go on strike

Hannibals battle strategy in PW2

goes around form Carthage, up to Spain, through the Alps, and down through Northern Italy

What did the Romans have to give to the Gauls to make them leave?

gold

Cicero

great orator (New Man); declined invite to 1st triumvirate; more idealistic and conservative than even the conservative senators

policy

guidelines for making decisions, rules

Brutus

had been on Pompey's side earlier and Caesar had pardoned him; descended from the Brutus who expelled Tarquinius. Helped assist (along with co-praetor Cassius) the senate in the plot to assassinate Caesar

Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

happens in 69 during Titus' emperor rule

Hannibal ___s Rome

hates

Greco-Roman Art

having the characteristics of Roman art with a strong Greek influence

Hannibal

he was Carthages greatest general and he started the second he started the second Punic war.

Prima Porta Augustus

high marble statue of augustus. depicts cupid tugging at his toga, which represents augustus' belief that he and his family were descendants of venus

consul

highest and most powerful official in the Roman Republic. Two were elected for a year at a time

governor

highest official in a Roman province

Main sources of history

historical writings of the ancients and poetry inscriptions archaeological remains - Colosseum, visualization and evidence of written text coins - Colosseum on the coin

praetor

important official,interpreted the law and acted as judges in court

Pompey

in 67 Defeated the pirates in the mediterranean: 3 year command, pro-consul with authority on entire mediterranean, work done in 3 month, most famous pirate base in cilicia, did not eradicate piracy -Defeat of mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC - Not in rome during Catiline's rising

When do historians date the fall of Rome?

in A.D. 550

In what period was Rome one of the greatest empires in history?

in the AD 100's

Republic

indirect democracy; representative government

period of rapidly increasing prices

inflation

The Dorians brought weapons, tools and

iron.

dignitas

is a Latin word referring to a unique, intangible and culturally subjective social concept in the ancient Roman mindset. The word does not have a direct translation in English. Some interpretations include "dignity", which is a derivation from "dignitas", and "prestige" or "charisma". The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the expression as fitness, suitability, worthiness, visual impressiveness or distinction, dignity of style and gesture, rank, status, position, standing, esteem, importance, and honor. With respect to ancient Rome, dignitas was regarded as the sum of the personal clout and influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life. When weighing the dignitas of a particular individual, factors such as personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth had to be considered, along with the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment.

ager publicus

is the Latin name for the public land of Ancient Rome. It was usually acquired by expropriation from Rome's enemies. In the earliest periods of Roman expansion in central Italy, the ager publicus was used for Roman and (after 338 BC) Latin colonies. Later tradition held that as far back as the 5th century BC, the Patrician and Plebeian classes disputed the rights of the rich to exploit the land, and in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly 325 acres (1.32 km2). In the half century following the Battle of Telamon (c. 225 BC), the Romans fully absorbed Cisalpine Gaul, adding huge swathes of land to the ager publicus, land which was more often than not given to new Latin colonies or to small freeholders. In the south of Italy, huge tracts of newly re-incorporated lands remained ager publicus, but tended to be leased out to wealthy citizens in return for rents (although these rents were usually not collected), often ignoring the Laws of 367. Other ager publicus remained with the Italian allies from whom it had been confiscated. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus attempted to address some of these violations in 133 BC, by reimposing the limit of 500 iugera and distributing excess land to poor citizens. A similar move by his brother Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 BC failed because of his death the following year. In 111 BC, a new law was passed which allowed individual smallholders to assume ownership of their part of the ager publicus. By the Imperial period, much of the ager publicus in Italy had been distributed to the veterans of generals such as Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, so that all that remained were the properties of individual cities and common pasture lands. In the provinces, the ager publicus was huge, and came under the ownership of the emperor. However, in reality, almost all of it was under private occupation.

dowry

is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings forth to the marriage.[1][2] It contrasts with bride price, which is paid to the bride's parents, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage. The same culture may simultaneously practice both dowry and bride price. Dowry is an ancient custom, and its existence may well predate records of it.

Edict of Milan

issued in June 313 in name of Constantine and Licinius -alliance of the two against eastern Augustus who were persecuting Christians in the East -declared an imperial policy of religious toleration -specifically mentions Christians in positive light; restores property to Christians -doesn't declare Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

once Romans conquered territory, the people were allowed to...

keep their own customs and rulers

How did the Roman republic begin?

kick out Etruscan king, set up a republic, established government structure

The Mycenaeans invaded Greece aroud 1900 B.C. and their leaders became the first Greek

kings.

Fire of 64

large fire in city of Rome resulting in a lot of destruction -Nero first believed to be involved, but later blames the Christians (first time they were persecuted) -there were claims that Nero took back private land after the fire for his own private use (turning point in Nero's reign)

latifundia

large plantation estates started putting small family run farms at a competitive disadvantage

Mausoleum of Augustus

large tomb built by Augustus on the campus martius in rome. one of the first projects initiated by him following his victory at the battle of actium. showed he was thinking about succession, wanted to create a dynasty

Solarium of Augustus

largest sundial in ancient rome. made it possible to read the time of day according to the season of the year. dedicated to the sun in 10 BC, shortly after Caesar's calendar reform. it was the first solar dedication in rome. integrated with the ara pacis

luca

last universal common ancestor

Octavian

later renames himself as "Augustus" step-son to Julius Caesar

Lex Licinia Sextia (376 BC)

law that one of the 2 consuls (lead the army) can be a plebeian and later he must be

Ius Connubi

lawful marriages, any latin can marry another latin

Lex hortensia (287 bc)

laws by the concilium plebis (made by plebs) are valid for plebeians and partricians alike No difference b/w partricians and plebeians anymore

What is a group of 6000 soldiers?

legion

Other name for Roman soldiers

legionaries

As time passed, the Byzantine Empire became less _____ and more _____.

less Roman and more Greek

How long was the term for a Roman senator?

life

qualifications/ramications/specifics about senators

life-time term, no interest in equity, plebeian needs go unmet

What did checks and balances do?

limited terms of office and laws must be approved by magistrates and ratified by the assemblies

aqueducts

long troughs supported by rows of arches used to bring water form the hills to the cities

PW2's drawbacks of attacking through Alps

lost many elephants and troops

Agrippa

loyal sidekick to Octavian who traveled to Rome with him when he was young; considered as a sucessor to Augustus and married his daughter and had kids but they died

Cincinnatus

made as dictator, legend says he ruled for one day.

Mediterranean Sea

made of Adriatic sea, tyrrhenian sea and Ionian sea surrounds Italy

Held office for one year to prevent abuses of power

magistrates

What did civic duty include?

make sure the city prospered

Octavia

married to Antony as part of the Pact of Brundisium to sure up the alliance between Octavian and Antony

Faustina

marries Marcus Aurelius, daughter of Antonius, produces 15+ kids

tiberius sempronius Gracchus

mid 2nd Century (150) died in 131; famous for: 1. reorganizes wealth in Rome 2. farmers cannot have an excess of 320 acres (cannot sell or rent the land) 3. bypasses & angers the Senate; introduced SEMPRONIAN LAW: taking of land from large farmers and redistributing it to small farmers

sertorius

military leader around 100 BC. Was against Sulla during the Social War. He saved the people from being victimized against the Aristocracy regime of Sulla. A large proponent for the Sertorius War and those struggles with Mithridates. Theme: Imperialism.

characteristics of worst form of constitution

mob rule: feed at expense of others, massacres, banishment and redistribution of land

Gaul

more or less the area of modern France, occupied by the Gauls

For how long did the Etruscans rule Rome?

more than 100 years

picture made from many bits of colored glass, tile, or stone

mosaic

Gracchus brothers

most famous tribunes, accomplished most reforms for plebeians, #shank

Why were most enslaved people men?

most labor required strength

Greece is

mountainous land framed by water

How did geography help the Romans prosper?

mountains for natural defense, Tiber river gave them a source for food and water. built on a hill so they could see invaders.

Byzantine

name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the collapse of the Western Empire

Cognomen

name of the specific family Cicero in Marcus Tullius Cicero

Trajan

named as heir to Nerva after Praetorian Guard revolt -Spanish soldier who rose to prominence under Domitian -cultivated good relations with both senate and military -rejected Domitian's dominus et dues; returned to the Augustan ideal of emperor as Princeps -ideology of ruling was to act as a loving parent who provides for his children -established veteran colonies -continued alimenta program -funded forum of Trajan, monuments, bridges & roads -military campaigns include the Dacian Wars, annexing Arabia, conflict w Parthians and campaigns in Armenia and Mesopotamia

What is the distinction between a noble (nobilis) and a patrician?

neither birth nor a personal military following was required to be a member of the new elite A nobilis was anyone with an ancestor who had been consul. (generally had been a consul within two generations)

tabulae novae

new accounts, cancellation of debts created by sergeius catilina

early plebeian complaints

no intermarriage, they made up the bulk of the population and had to government representation, no written laws

patrician

nobles of Rome who owned large estates and were descended from the founders of the city, the upper class of Rome

Where did the Etruscans live?

north of Rome in the ancient country of Etruria

Etruria

north of Rome, moved south and took control of most of Rome and latium.

How did Rome begin?

not sure how Rome began but there are 3 stories; the first 2 are legends: (1) legend #1- Romulus became king and named Rome after himself, once he killed his twin brother Remus after having a dispute over a wall he built in the city both founded. (2) legend #2 - a Trojan hero Aeneas escape from Troy after the city was captured by the Trojans, sailed the Mediterranean Sea, married the local "king" daughter, and united the Trojans and the local people, becoming the "father" of Romans. (3) Latins or local people in the area of Rome banded together for protection and this community became Rome.

Temple of Mars Ultor

octavian vowed to build a temple to mars during the battle at philippi, then did so later in the forum built after he became augustus. Mars Ultor also means "Mars the Avenger" and Augustus built this temple to show that he successfully avenged the death of his father by killing the assassins and others involved, thereby further linking himself to his now-deified father

poem that expresses strong emotions about life

ode

Who built the city of Rome and where?

one group of Latin-speaking people built Rome on the plain of Latium

How did Rome's government work

one group of people ran the government, one group made laws, other group acted as judges.

Lucius Linius Brutus

one of the men who defeated Tarquinius superbus

Sestius

one tribune in charge of creating gangs to fight against Clodius' thugs

Milo

one tribune in charge of creating gangs told to do so by Pompey to fight against Clodius' thugs; his gang kills Clodius; afterwards, Pompey loses popular support, so Milo is exiled and went to Massila

How long were tribunes in office?

one year

What was wrong with the fact that at first Roman laws weren't written down?

only the patricians knew them

forum

open market square in a Roman town or city where all the important public buildings were found

plebeian

ordinary peasant farmers and craftsmen, the lower class of Rome

census

organized method of counting members of a population. Allowed Rome to implement taxes

Ius commerci

own land and legally enforce contracts

Lepidus

part of the 2nd Triumvirate but is the least remembered member; joins forces with Antony at Mutina. Controls the Roman army

("father of the family") name for the father as head of the household in ancient Rome

paterfamilias

the Senate was made up of who?

patrician members only

the wealthy

patricians

upon losing PW2, Carthage must

pay heavy taxes to Rome

A body of land with water on three sides

peninsula.

What happened when Roman coins lost value in the A.D. 200s?

people began to barter

martyr

people who choose to die for a cause they believe in

disease that spreads quickly and kills many people

plague

Tribunes

plebeian government representation

Who elected the tribunes?

plebeians

the poor

plebeians

Struggle of the Orders

plebeians complain and strike in order to gain written laws and representation in Senate

#occupy Senate

plebeians go on strike until their needs are met

significance of lack of written laws

plebeians were at the whim of patrician Senators for their laws

Pisonian Conspiracy

plot to kill Nero planned by angry senators in 65 AD -plot discovered and conspirators (Seneca, Lucan, Petronius) forced to commit suicide or be exiled.

vergil

poet for Augustus golden age -comes from wealthy equestrian family, came out of civil war age (caesar and pompey) -trained as a rhetorician (making speeches) but chose poetry which was a good idea because of the political times. -many school boys read he manuscripts, thus, keeping them alive and copied less, so more accurate. -wrote eclogues one of which was in response to his fathers land being confiscated by octavian after phillipi. -also wrote aenied which was comissioned by octavian after battle of actium.

Polybius and religion

polybius believes religion is a tool to keep the common wealth together

how does Rome attack Carthage in PW3

pours salt on the land to punish and humiliate, and anyone captured was killed or made a slave

4th Eclogue

predicts the birth of a child that ushers in a Golden Age. That child could have possibly been christ or Jennifer Ebbeler. More likely a child between Mark Antony and Octavia that would create a truce between Antony and Octavian

Poppaea

pregnant when she marries Nero, upset after her early death

importance of mountains for Roman benefits

provided defense

Tiber River

provided trade and transportation also give romans a source of water. gave romans a way to the rest of the mediterranean world.

importance of Tiber River

provided water year round; didn't dry up during Dry Season

marcus caelius rufus

rcus Caelius Rufus, (b. 88 bc, at Interamna [modern Teramo, Italy]—d. 48, Thurii, Bruttium), Roman politician and close friend of Cicero. He is possibly also the Rufus whom the poet Catullus accused of stealing his mistress Clodia. At her instigation Caelius, who had deserted her, was prosecuted for vis ("violent acts") in 56, but Cicero and Marcus Licinius Crassus spoke in Caelius' defense and he was acquitted. In the Civil War of 49 Caelius sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey the Great and fought in northwestern Italy and Spain

change that tries to bring about an improvement

reform

person who acts as a temporary ruler

regent

veto

reject others decisions or a law

pontifex maximus

religious office held for life. Octavian had this availiable after lepidus death. took this office in 2nd settlement

Consul

responsible for city's political agenda, commanded large scale armies and controlled provinces. Served for only a year.

Senators

retired magistrates who participated in the Senate

after realizing that Rome attacked Italy, Hannibal does what?

returns home and commits suicide

public speaking

rhetoric

patricians

rich, elite who ruled claim they should only be magistrates and priests based on bloodline to romulus and remus

ius migrationis

right to migrate from one city state to another and become a citizen there

River Tiber

river that runs through Rome and provided fertile farmlands, which helped the population and settlement grow

Roman government

rome had a tripartite or three part government. Early Romans were divided into two classes Patricians and Plebeians.

Cleopatra

ruler of Egypt, has relationship with Caesar, gives birth to a son by him (Ptolemy Caesar); eventually has relationship with Marc Antony, gives birth to 3 children of his; Octavian (Augustus) uses this relationship to turn public against him and declare war on her so him fighting Marc Antony doesn't look like civil war

Tarquins

ruling family of Rome, used legions and excellent soldiers, became harsh so the Romans rebelled and set up the republic government.

Christian holy person

saint

Tribune of the plebs

sanctosact, power to rescue a plebian from a patrician, right to veto any magistrate, power to exercise capital punishment, convene senate.

What materials are used to build a Roman road?

sand, gravel, and stones

work that pokes fun at human weaknesses

satire

messiah

savior (christos)

votives

sculpture offerings to help heal the sick

Tiber River

second longer river in Italy, located on the central region of the country, rising in the Apennine mountains, and chosen by Rome for its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.

Verginius Rufus

sent to quell rebellion; negotiated treaty with Vindex but then attacked him -his troops try to proclaim him emperor, but Rufus declines

What was Rome settled upon?

seven hills

Cloaca Maxima

sewage system passing throug the forum channels the rivers and creeks sewage

gladius

short sword used by the Roman soldiers

Developed during the A.D. 500s, this became one of the major Byzantine industries

silk weaving

Bibulus

son in law to Cato the Younger co-consul to Caesar; protested the land distribution being taken to tribal assembly; was harassed for saying he saw omens and riot broke out fled covered in excrement

Maxentius

son of Maximian -Senate, Praetorian Guard & roman people declared him Augustus of the West

Sextus Pompey

son of Pompey the Great who survived at Munda and is eventually taken out by Octavian when he attempts to flee to Asia Minor

pilum

spear used by the Roman soldiers

Praetorian Guard

special troops: underscoring the military basis of imperial power, subverted the value of civil consensu and contributed to the difficulties of Tiberius' principate. -assassinated Caligula and proclaimed Claudius as his successor

Philippics

speeches against Antony by Cicero

Right of Intercessio

stand b/w someone getting arrested, prevents discussion, enactment and voting on laws Most important power of the tribunes

Byzantine women mainly _____ and _______.

stayed home, raised children

as a result of PW1, how does Carthage feel

still powerful, but afraid of Roman strength

How did the Romans build Rome from a small city into a great power?

strong and smart rulers, strong armies and a new form of government.

Aediles of the plebs

take care of the plebeian temples and deities temple of ceres on the aventine (goddess of grain and harvest)

43. What happened to the children fathered by Antony?

taken back to Rome and raised by Octavia

Temple of Apollo

temple on the Palatine Hill in Rome which was first dedicated by augustus to his patron god, apollo

Which group influenced the most the Roman civilization?

the Etruscans

Which civilization most influenced the Latins who settled in Rome? Why?

the Etruscans because they conquest and had more territory under their control and that territory surrounded Rome region.

Greeks developed a new way of writing called

the Greek alphabet

What made up the largest group of people in the Byzantine Empire?

the Greeks

One of the greatest achievements of the Byzantine Empire was the building of the church called _____.

the Hagia Sophia.

Whose interests did the Tribunes represent?

the Plebians

Latins

the Roman or local people who live in the area of Rome around 1000 BC. They banded together for protection in a community that later became known as Rome around .

What river flows through Rome?

the Tiber River

The ideals of this document is still with us today?

the Twelve Tables

capacity

the ability to contain or produce

From 1100-750 B.C., the Greeks went through a difficult peril of time called

the dark age.

Roman law

the first code of laws that was written down. It was the 12 tables they applied only to Roman citizens later created laws of nations.

manumission

the formal freeing of slaves

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

legacy

the influence that, for example, the Roman Empire had on other countries, even after their Empire had disappeared

Empire

the large area of territory controlled by a powerful country

Sicily

the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of southern Italy.

Romulus

the legendary founder and first king of Rome, around 753 BC

barbarian

the name the Romans gave to the tribes on the northern frontiers of their Empire including Goths, Huns, Franks, etc.

before 471 B.C. what rights did patricians have the plebeians did not?

the plebeians and the patricians could not marry and Plebeians were not allowed to hold public office or be rome consuls.

plebeians

the poor

patria potestas

the power of a paterfamilias, including ultimate ownership of all the familia's property and legal responsibility for the actions of its members

emperor

the powerful ruler of the Roman Empire, from Augustus onwards. They were not elected and did not have to consult the Senate

conquest

the process of conquering or taking over land to expand one's territory

after PW3, Rome also invaded

the rest of Greece, Macedonia, and Asia minor

provocatio ad populum

the right of the people to appeal to the people in a matter of affecting life especially in matters re guarding scourging and capital punishment

What main feature does a republican government have that others do not?

the right to vote

Optimus Princeps

the term that Trajan identified himself as, used on coinage as early as 103 AD, later remembered this way by later generations

consul

the top government officials patricians always, lead army and head government.

The Mycenaeans' most famous victory was

the trojan war.

Syncretic Interpretation

there are constant traits in the human nature but others have changed because of a variety of other variables such as being able to learn from the past and the specific person who is in charge -like the stock market in that so many different variables

Latins

they built the city of Rome then united as one.

Plebeians

they had little power. so they went on strike and did many other things to finally gain more power in the republic government.

How did Romes government change

they had no set laws at the beginning but they created the 12 tables and then the laws of the nations.

Etruscans

they played a huge role in shaping Roman civilization

Law of 12 Tables

they were publically displayed tablets with rules, the rights and duties of EVERY citizen, and punishments as well

capite censi

those counted by head" in the ancient Roman census. Also known as "the head count", the term was used to refer to the lowest class of citizens, people not of the nobility or middle classes, owning little or no property.[1][2] Initially capite censi was synonymous with proletarii, meaning those citizens whose property was too small to be rated for the census. Later though, the proletarii were distinguished from the capite censi as having "appreciable property" to the value of 11,000 asses or less. In contrast, the capite censi are assumed to have not owned any property of significance.[2]

What caused Roman territory to grow?

threats

How many times did Rome and Carthage go to war between 264 and 146 BC?

three

isolate

to be apart from others

Why did the Patricians change Rome's government?

to calm the angry plebeians

What was the primary job of the Assemblies?

to elect the magistrates

why do plebeians go on strike?

to get what they want (laws, intermarriage, representation)

Why did Romans create coins?

to pay for goods

Tribunes of the plebs

to provide help (auxilum), right of intercessio (physical help, veto power), sacrosanity

emphasized

to stress, single out as important

veto

to vote no, to decide against something

What did people wear at their weddings?

togas

The minoan people became wealthy from

trade.

Many ancient Greeks lived near the sea and became fishers, sailors and

traders

The Mycenaeans were

traders and warriors.

Lanista

trainer of gladiators

allobroges

tribe in Gaul that worked as "double agents" in the unveiling of the Catiline Conspiracy to the senate by Cicero

Etruscans

tribe that ruled Rome until the 6th century BC. When their harsh king, Tarquin the Proud, was defeated, Rome decided not to have a king and started a republic instead

Latin

tribe who founded Rome. Also the official language of the entire Roman Empire

A government with three parts

tripartite

Aeneid

trojans end up in carthage b/c blown off course by god Juno. -anna who is didos sister tells her to have fun and fall in love which is a bad idea. In roman culture sisters usually seen as giving bad advice, -dido has sex with aeneas in a cave and she thinks they're married and he is like hell no. -Cupid in this story is meant to take on the shape of Aeneas son. -Book one ends by dido asking aeneas to tell her his story to delay him. -Aeneas leaves carthage after the god mercury advises him to because of fate. Eventually he sneaks out during the night and dido casts a spell on him which was meant to leave bad luck to his descendants and to cause his ancestors to always have hate. This way dido can predict the punic wars

Burrus

tutor of Nero, learned eques from Gaul, one of the praetorian prefects

Seneca

tutor of Nero, philosopher, author and senator -sent into exile then told to kill himself by Nero

Romulus and Remus

twins they abandoned and rescued by wolves and raised by sheperd.

catacombs

underground passages

Historians think that the minoan cities were destroyed by

undersea earthquakes or by invaders called the mycenaeans.

Patricians

upper-class landowners, held high government positions

Roman roads

used to connect he Roman empire well built some have survived today

curved structure of stone or concrete forming a ceiling or roof

vault

Equites

very rich people not directly involved in politics (think business people)

To prohibit actions by other government officials

veto

Ford

walk from one side of the river to the other without a boat Why Rome was physically put in its location. everyone moving east to west had to cross it

What was prescribed to improve public speaking?

walnuts

Latin War

war waged against latin allies Latins didn't want to be so controlled by Rome but Rome took it as we don't want you - Rome Wins

lex manilia

was a Roman law established in 66 BC. The proposal of the law was supported by Cicero in his De Imperio Cn. Pompei speech, as an attempt to gain the notice of the influential Pompey. Instituted by the Tribune Gaius Manilius one year after the passage of the Lex Gabinia, it gave Pompey supreme command in the war against Mithridates, in place of Lucius Licinius Lucullus. The command against Mithridates was taken from Lucullus. The law was granted at a key point in Pompey's career, after his enormous success against the pirates in the Mediterranean. The transfer of command from Lucullus to Pompey angered the aristocracy, who, as with the Lex Gabinia, felt threatened by Pompey's increasing power. Many members of the aristocracy were also angered over the humiliation of Lucullus, and viewed Pompey with envy and suspicion.

annius milo

was a Roman political agitator, the son of Gaius Papius Celsus, but adopted by his maternal grandfather, Titus Annius Luscus. In 52 BC he was prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher, and was unsuccessfully defended by his friend Marcus Tullius Cicero in the speech Pro Milone.

sergeius catilina

was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the Catiline (or Catilinarian) conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic, and in particular the power of the aristocratic Senate.[1]

marcus fulvius flaccus

was a Roman senator and an ally of the Gracchi. He became an administrator of the agrarian reform in 130 BC, and as a solution to the problem of land division among the allied cities, proposed Roman citizenship for the allies' citizens, thus introducing a question that vexed Roman politics for many years. Elected consul in 125 BC, he was ordered by the Roman Senate to assist Massilia (modern Marseille) against depredations of the Salluvii. He became the first to overcome the transalpine Ligurians in war[1] and returned in 123 BC with a triumph.

egypt

was established in 30 BC after Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated his rival Mark Antony, deposed his lover Queen Cleopatra VII and annexed the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt to the Roman Empire. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai Peninsula (which would later be conquered by Trajan). Aegyptus was bordered by the provinces of Creta et Cyrenaica to the West and Judaea (later Arabia Petraea) to the East. Egypt would come to serve as a major producer of grain for the empire.

Scipio

was leader of one of romes armies and his troops defeates the carthaginians.

Where was Rome located? (How geography determined Rome's location)

was located 15 miles up the Tiber River from the Mediterranean Sea, on a series of seven hill that were very steep to make it easy to defend the city from enemies' attacks, and accessible for trading.

clodia

was the daughter of Fulvia by her first husband Publius Clodius Pulcher. She was the stepdaughter of Mark Antony and half-sister of Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Iullus Antonius. Mark Antony was her mother's third husband. As Clodius had done previously, Antony was happy to accept her money to boost his career. Following Julius Caesar's assassination on March 15, 44 BC, Antony formed the second triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus and embarked on a savage proscription. To solidify the political alliance, Fulvia offered Clodia to young Octavian as wife, while Lepidus offered his wife's niece Servilia. Subsequently, Octavian chose Clodia. Not much is known about their marriage and little information survives about Clodia. These actions caused political and social unrest, but when Octavian asked for a divorce from Clodia, Fulvia herself decided to take action. Together with Lucius Antonius, her brother-in-law, she raised eight legions in Italy to fight for Antonius' rights against Octavian. The army occupied Rome for a short time, but eventually retreated to Perusia (modern Perugia). Octavian besieged Fulvia and Lucius Antonius in the winter of 41-40 BC, starving them into surrender. Fulvia was exiled to Sicyon, where she died of a sudden illness. Octavian divorced Clodia to marry Scribonia, with whom he would have his only child, Julia the Elder. His marriage with Clodia was never consummated, he returned her to her mother with a letter informing her that he was returning her in "mint" condition.[1] Clodia Pulchra's subsequent fate is not known.

clients and patrons

was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus (plural patroni, "patron") and his client (cliens, plural clientes). The relationship was hierarchical, but obligations were mutual. The patronus was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client. Benefits a patron might confer include legal representation in court, loans of money, influencing business deals or marriages, and supporting a client's candidacy for political office or a priesthood. In return, the client was expected to offer his services to his patron as needed. A patron and client might hold the same social rank, but the former would possess greater wealth, power, or prestige that enabled him to help or do favors for the client. The relationship was not a discrete unit, but a network, as a patronus might himself be obligated to someone of higher status or greater power, and a cliens might have more than one patron, whose interests could come into conflict. While the Roman familia ("family," but more broadly the "household") was the building block of society, interlocking networks of patronage created highly complex social bonds.[1] Although one of the major spheres of activity within patron-client relations was the law courts, clientela was not itself a legal contract; the pressures to uphold one's obligations were moral, founded on the quality of fides, "trust," and the mos maiorum, "ancestral custom."[2] Patronage was believed by the Romans to have been invented by Romulus and hence to date to the very founding of Rome. In the earliest periods, patricians would have served as patrons; both patricius, "patrician," and patronus are related to the Latin word pater, "father," in this sense symbolically, indicating the patriarchal nature of Roman society.

novus homo

was the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul. When a man entered public life on an unprecedented scale for a high communal office, then the term used was novus civis (plural: novi cives) or "new citizen."[

Aqueducts

water tunnels

Who were the patricians?

wealthy landowners

From what two groups did most of the elected officials come?

weealthy and powerful men

When did the wars with Carthage begin?

when they sent an army to the island of Sicily

assembly

where the Plebeians and Patricians met to elect consuls, magistrates and tribunes

satire

witty (funny) language used to convey insults or scorn, making fun of the human weaknesses