Environmental Science Chapter One Test (9/17-9/18)

Study of how humans interact with the environment

Environmental science

What major changes in human society and the environment occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

Fossil fuel consumption, technological efficiency, and environmental pollution increased

Earth as a "closed system"

"Spaceship Earth"

Have what is needed for survival nothing else beyond. Human activity may be using up and degrading Earth's ability to sustain.

"Spaceship Earth"

" If I don't use this resource, someone else will "

"Tragedy of the Commons"

Conflict between short-term interests of individuals and long-term welfare of society

"Tragedy of the Commons"

What sciences contribute to the field of environmental science?

1) physics and chemistry 2) biology and earth science 3) social sciences

Developed nations make up about ________ percent of the world's population and consume about __________ percent of its resources.

20; 75

During the period of human history known as the ________________, human populations grew rapidly because of advances in farming methods.

Agricultural Revolution

What was another name for the Neolithic Revolution?

Agricultural Revolution

Practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals used for a variety of purposes

Agriculture

The raising crops and livestock for food or for other products that are useful to humans.

Agriculture

What type of economy does a developing country have?

Agriculture-based economies

An ecological footprint is the.......

Amount of land and ocean area needed to support one person

May be broken down by natural processes

Biodegradable

The number and variety of species that live in the area

Biodiversity

To survive hunter-gatherers changed their environment by?

Burning the prairies to prevent trees from growing and spreading plants to areas beyond where they originally grew

May be used to determine how much to spend to control pollution

Cost = benefit analysis

How do the social support systems of developed countries differ from those of developing countries?

Developed countries have stronger social support systems than developing countries

Characterized by low population growth rate, high life expectancy, and diverse industrial economies

Developed nation

Diverse individual economies

Developed nation

Characterized by high population growth rate, low energy use, and very low personal wealth.

Developing nation

What type of economy does a developed country have?

Diverse industrial economies

_______________ plants became very different from their wild ancestors.

Domesticated

Study of how living things interact with each other and with their nonliving environments

Ecology

Farms are to hunting and gathering as........

Fish hatcheries are to fishing

Compared to developing nations, developed nations have

Greater personal wealth

The farmer's preferred plants were planted and ______________.

Harvested

Developed countries often......

Have higher average incomes and slower population growth.

Developing countries often.....

Have lower average incomes and faster population growth

What's a developing country?

Have lower average incomes, simple, and agriculture-based. Economies, and rapid population growth

What changes did humans make that affected local environments?

Humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering, their populations grew, and they concentrated in smaller areas.

Because environmental science encompasses so many different fields of study, it is said to be a(n) ________________ science.

Interdisciplinary

The ecological footprint for a person in a particular country takes into account what requirements of supporting that individual?

Land used for crops, land taken up by housing, and forest area that absorbs pollution

Declining number and variety of the species in an area

Loss of biodiversity

What are the three major categories of environmental problems?

Loss of biodiversity, resource depletion, and pollution

Mercury, lead, and some plastics

Nondegradable

According to the law of supply and demand, what would occur if the supply of oil declined but the demand remained the same?

Oil prices would increase

The_____________ was not a direct result of the Industrial Revolution

Over hunting of large mammals

What did hunter-gatherers do to alter the environment?

Overhunt large mammals

During the agricultural revolution,

Plants and animals were domesticated

Change in the air, water, soil through a negative impact on health, survival, for humans and other living things.

Pollution

Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" essay addressed the conflicts associated with which environmental challenge?

Protecting shared resources

Energy from the sun

Renewable resource

Natural material that can be replaced relatively quickly through natural processes

Renewable resource

Farmer's collected __________ from plants they liked.

Seeds

What represents Earth's "modern commons"?

Shared natural resources

Attempts to create a sustainable society strive to achieve what?

Stable resource consumption

Care for something that is not your own

Stewardship

Helps determine a product's worth

Supply and demand

Law describing the relationship between an item's availability and its value

Supply and demand

Human needs may be met indefinitely

Sustainability

State in which a human population can survive indefinitely

Sustainability

What organization has classified countries as developing or developed?

The United Nations

The root word Ager means "field," and cultivation means "the act of tilling." What does agriculture mean?

The act of tilling the field

In what ways did the human population change as a result of the agricultural revolution?

The human population grew rapidly and began to concentrate in smaller areas

Why did the populations concentrate in smaller areas during the agricultural revolution?

The populations concentrated in smaller areas because populations were growing Rapidly. When land is used for farming more people can be on the land.

What factor affects environmental problems and the number of choices a society can make?

The unequal distribution of wealth and resources

What are the developed countries?

United States, Canada, Japan and the countries of Western Europe.

Cost-benefit analysis balances the cost of an action against.......

What consumers and taxpayers are willing to pay.