ESC - Exam Two
the upper limit of the zone of saturation is called the _______________.
water table
which one of the following features would least likely be found in a wide valley?
waterfall
disintegration and decomposition of rock
weathering
What man is associated with transform faults?
J. Tuzo Wilson
the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time
capacity
which of the following is NOT a way a stream transports its load of sediment?
abrasion
material deposited by a stream
alluvium
what forms due to erosional work of groundwork
caverns
a stream's ability to transport particles based on size
competence
occurs when divergent boundaries develop within a continent
continental drifting
occurs as hot, less dense material rises and surface material cools and sinks
convection
the heat transfer mechanism from earths interior
convective flow
Which plate boundary is a destructive boundary?
convergent
two plates move together
convergent boundary
what is the name for the bend on a river where erosion occurs?
cut bank
where most erosion occurs on the outside of the meander; where velocity is highest
cut bank
a flow of weathered debris containing a large amount of water. often confined to channels. sometimes called a mudflow.
debris flow
long, linear depressions; result of subduction
deep ocean trenches
which one of the following is NOT a form of mass wasting?
deflation
form where streams enter still bodies of water
deltas
irregularly branching pattern; uniform material, slope of land determines pattern
dendritic
when a stream slows down, its competence is reduced and sediment begins to be ________________.
deposited
the volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time (m3/s)
discharge
which of the following factors does NOT influence stream velocity?
discharge
material in solution; delivered by groundwater; not effected by velocity
dissolved load
at the mouth of a river, the major channel splits into smaller channels known as
distributaries
carry water and sediment away from main channel
distributaries
Which plate boundary is a constructive boundary?
divergent
the drainage basin of one stream is separated from the drainage basin of another by an imaginary line called a ___________________.
divide
the land are that contribute water to a river system; what are they separated by?
drainage basins; divides
the tongue like flow of water saturated clay rich soil on a hillside that breaks away and moves downslope
earthflow
if you wanted to draw the boundaries of active plates in a globe, which of the following would give you the most complete information. A map showing _______________.
earthquake distribution
which one of the following provides a method for tracking a plate's descent into the "plastic" mantle along a deep-ocean trench?
earthquakes
the energy that causes plates to move is derived from _________________.
earths internal heat
physical removal of material by a mobile agent (flowing water, waves, wind, ice)
erosion
which one of the following is NOT a process included in the water cycle?
erosion
lateral erosion creates a broad, flat valley floor called...
floodplain
occur when stream discharge exceeds channel capacity
floods
Linear breaks in the seafloor are
fracture zones
columns of hot water and steam ejected with great force
geysers
which of the following is not associated with karst topography?
good drainage of water
a streams _________________ is the slope of its channel expressed as the vertical drop of the stream over a specified distance.
gradient
the vertical drop over a specified distance
gradient
________________ is the controlling force of all forms of mass wasting.
gravity
all pore space is filled with what kind of water
groundwater
without question, ____________________ represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans.
groundwater
landscapes that have been shaped by the dissolving power of groundwater are said to exhibit this type of topography...
karst
water flow in slow-moving streams can be?
laminar
which of the following does not affect a streams velocity?
laminar flow
the crust and uppermost (coolest) mantle
lithosphere
the cross-sectional view of a stream from headwaters to mouth is called?
longitudinal profile
what drives plate motion?
mantle convective flow
a cylinder of upwelling hot rock is beneath hawaii
mantle plume
transfer of rock and soil downslope under influence of gravity
mass wasting
meandering channels have sweeping bends called
meanders
which of the following is not a characteristics of a downcutting stream?
meanders
How did the opponents of the continental drift hypothesis account for the existence of similar life forms on widely separated land masses?
migration across land bridges
what is the largest river in north america
mississippi river
built by successive floods on rivers in broad floodplains
natural levees
the theory of plate tectonics does NOT help to explain the origin and location of which of the following?
ocean currents
cold, dense oceanic crust sinks because it is denser than the asthenosphere
slab pull
downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface
slump
Which of the following terms is used to describe the way materials move during mass wasting?
slump, slide, and flow
which of the follwing refers to the deformation of earths crust that results in the formation of structural features such as mountains.
tectonics
theory where tectonic processes are those that deform earths crust to create major structural features such as mountains, continents, and ocean basins
theory of plate tectonics
the ability of a stream to erode is directly related to its _________________.
velocity
as stream discharge increases _______________.
velocity, width, and depth increase
the unending circulation of earths water supply is called the ____________.
water cycle
An artesian well is one in which ________.
water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping
A hole drilled into the zone of saturation is called?
well
area above the water table is called...
unsaturated zone
rejuvenation of a stream could be cause by
uplift of land
two plates move apart
divergent
which of the following is not a characteristics of a wide stream and valley?
natural levee
A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the gradient?
0.5 m/km
how many more times is the discharge of the amazon river than the mississippi river
12
the basic outline of plate tectonics was firmly established by the late ______________.
1960s
percentage of hydrosphere is global ocean percentage of ice sheets and glaciers percentage of lakes, streams, groundwater, and atmosphere
96.5% 1.76% 2%
What man is associated with the continental drift hypothesis?
Alfred Wegener
what is the world's largest river in terms of discharge?
Amazon river
threshold temp. for magnetism, about 585 degrees celsius (1085 F) for basaltic lavas. when heated above this, a rock loses its magnetism
Curie Point
According to the plate tectonics theory, continents are moving though the ocean basins. T/F
False
Earth's rigid outer shell, called the crust, lies over a hotter, weaker some known as the asthenosphere. T/F
False; lithosphere
When rocks exhibit the same magnetism as the present magnetic field, they are said to possess reversed polarity. T/F
False; normal polarity
The basic idea of continental drift is that Earth's rigid outer shell is made of several large segments that are slowing moving. T/F
False; plate tectonics
The geographic distribution of Mesosaurus provides evidence that ...
South America and Africa were once joined
Sea floor spreading is the mechanism responsible for producing ocean-floor material at the crest of oceanic ridges. T/F
True
The continental drift hypothesis can be used to explain the existence of identical fossils on widely separated landmasses. T/F
True
A natural levee is....
a depositional feature, and essentially parallel to its stream channel
rock or sediment that water moves though easily
aquifers
impermeable rock that does not transmit groundwater is called what?
aquitard
impermeable clay layers that prevent water movement
aquitards
the hotter, weaker mantle below the lithosphere
asthenosphere
rocks that formed millions of years ago contain a "record" of the direction of the magnetic poles....
at the time of their formation
Most than half of US flash flood fatalities are
automobile related
form because drainage is poor behind levees
back swamps
deposits of sand and gravel
bars
the lower limit to how deep a stream can erode
base level
the lowest level to which a stream can erode its channel is the streams ____________.
base level
material moving along the channel; sand gravel, large boulders. only in motion intermittently
bed load
mountains formed by collision between continents are the ______________.
both Himalayas and Appalachians
a complex network of converging and diverging channels
braided channels
water enters atmosphere form the oceans by
evaporation
the combined effects of evaporation and transpiration
evapotranspiration
occur at or near earths surface; powered by energy from the sun
external processes
As the velocity of a stream decreases, its competence is reduced and sediment begins to be deposited, smallest particles first. T/F
false
Most streams, but not all, carry the greatest part of their load in solution. T/F
false
One result of plate tectonics is that ocean basins are all older than continents. T/F
false
Plate motion can be explained due to the presence of the lower mantle. T/F
false
The average rate of spreading along ocean ridges is about 60 centimeters per year. T/F
false
hawaii experiences volcanism because of subduction. T/F
false
the coastline is the true margin of a continent. T/F
false
Rift valley, linear sea, and ocean is the correct order and sequence of stages involved in sea floor spreading. T/F
false/ up warping is before rift valley.
researchers have proposed that the hawaiian islands are forming over a plume of rising mantle called a ____________ spot.
hot
an area of volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplift above a mantle plume
hot spot
warm because groundwater circulates at depth
hot springs
formed as the pacific plate moved over the hot spot
hot-spot track
the cycle where water moves between the ocean, atmosphere and land
hydrologic cycle
reservoir where all water is found
hydrosphere
flow in steep, narrow valleys
incised meanders
Some water soaks into the ground
infiltration
powered by energy from earths interior
internal processes
which plate boundary is produced Mt. St. Helens?
oceanic-continental convergent
which one of the following was NOT used to support the continental drift hypothesis?
paleomagnetism
one of the major tenets of the continental drift hypothesis suggested the existence of a supercontinent. what is the name of this continent
pangaea
a localized zone of saturation above an aquitard
perched water table
a materials ability to transmit fluid
permeability
The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called
plates
today we know that's earths rigid outer shell consists of about 20 segments called...
plates
A ______________ stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcanoes or domes.
radial
____________________ are characteristics of a youthful, narrow stage of valley evolution.
rapids and whitewater
a pattern that right-angle bends formed when bedrock is crosscut by joints or faults
rectangular
meanders develop when stream is near base level, but base level falls and stream starts down cutting again; sea level fall; uplift in land
rejuvenation of stream
Which of the following is not a plate boundary?
resurgent boundary
gravity causes lithospheric slabs to slide down the ridge
ridge push
as plates move apart along ridges, broken slabs are displaced downward, creating down faulted valleys called ____________ valleys.
rift
a deep canyon along the crest of a ridge resulting from tensional forces
rift valley
blocks of bedrock break loose and slide very rapidly downslope
rockslide
the single most important agent sculpturing earths land surface is _______________.
running water
surplus water flows over the surface
runoff
types of trigger that initiates downslope movement
saturation with water oversteepening removal of vegetation earthquakes
the process by which new seafloor is created along the ocean ridge system
seafloor spreading
separates particles of various sizes
sorting
what else are divergent plate boundaries called
spreading centers
a natural outflow of groundwater
spring
the remnants of former floodplains
stream terraces
the channel and surrounding terrain that contributes water to the stream
stream valley
material suspended in the clay and silt particles; largest component of load
suspended load
what type processes are those that deform earths crust to create major structural features such as mountains, continents, and ocean basins?
tectonic
Which of the following refers to the deformation of Earth's crust that results in the formation of structural features like mountains?
tectonics
two plates slide past one another
transform boundary
The release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants is called ________.
transpiration
water absorbed by plants is eventually released
transpiration
pattern that rock layers are variably resistant and tributary streams are parallel
trellis
Mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians formed because of continental convergence. T/F
true
The region where an oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere because of convergence is called a subduction zone. T/F
true
a lake prevents a steam from eroding below its level at any point upstream from the lake. T/F
true
a steady rain that falls on a gentle slope composed of permeable materials results in a high percentage of infiltration. T/F
true
seismic data provides the most complete information regarding the location of plate boundaries. T/F
true
the combined effects of mass wasting and running water produce stream valleys. T/F
true
the earths internal heat is the source of energy that causes plate motion. T/F
true
most streamflow is?
turbulent
which of the following best describes how geysers work?
with a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent
parallel the river until they can breach the levee
yazoo tributaries
which of the following is NOT a distinct type of plate boundary
zonal
