ethics exam 4
classes corresponded with
parts of soul
David hume century
18th centry
"square has 4 sides" what kind of statement
Tautologies statements
A.J. ayers 2 kinds of meaningful statements
Tautologies statements Empircal claims
Temperance to aquinas
curve passions
Which of the following philosophers is usually associated with metaethics a- mill b-artisotle c-kant d-ayer
d-ayer
Aquinas
4 cardinal virtues
Descripitivism
when we used terms like good, we are describing properties or characteristic
• Temperance and justice found in
whole community rather then just one class.
In beginning of west ethics greek and romans focused on
whole human life and moral character needed to achieve whole good life
• Ideal community to plato
would have all 4 with justice as main
Issue of abortion ethical example
"is it ever morally permissible to terminate a pregnancy when this results in the death of the fetus?"
David hume statement of theroritical and practical
"you cannot derive an ought from an is. When u reading volumes of moral philosophy, u run into lots of facts with the word "is", then run into an "ought" and he can't see a connection between the two statemnts.
Vices
bad. pride vanity worldliness averace
Aquinas life
1225 - 1274 AD
Social contract theory influenced
Jefferson notion of agreement of people in the government
Philippa Foot is an ancient Greek philosopher (true/false)
false
Foot is a ____ century British philosopher, born in_____
20th 1920.
Platos Republic written
380 bc
Socrates life
470-399bc
The approach to ethics known as "Metaethics" is: A-primarily a 20th century movement. B-an ancient Greek approach largely discarded today. c-simply another name for deontologism.
A-primarily a 20th century movement.
Charles stevenson
American nondescriptivist
A.J. ayers wrote
Language, truth and logic.
A.J. ayers
british nondescriptivist
Diagreements about beliefs (facts)
refer to facts that cant be both true. Have a meeting, the 2 people say it was on different days, both cannot be right but u can resolve by verify it by checking
Disagreements about attitudes
refer to have either favorable or unfavorbe attitides, cannot resolve bc cant verify by checking, disagree about having a productive talk, one thinks productive one thinks not, is it a matter of attitude cant look up and verify
aquinas says we learn
says by habit. Learn to b good by developing good habita. And vice versa
the axillary class =
spirited soul
Fortitude
strength use when we r fearful and wanna turn back on ration, but don't
Foot says that virtues are needed because of
the many vices that tempt us. Virtues act as a corrective to these vices. If we weren't tempted by the vices, we wouldn't need the virtues.
Moore believes that we can just know what goodness is (true/false)
true
Plato and Philippa Foot agree that the virtues are important for humans to be well-balanced. (true/false)
true
Tautologies statements
true by definition. Logical statements, statements r true by the meaning of the term. Like square has 4 sides
• Telos
unique talent, end purpose, goal, - everyone has one, something they r born to do
• Democracy is ____ to Socrates
unjust
Empircal claims
verifiable, can be scientifically checked and confirmed, can be verified at least in principle, or statements where we have some notions what would count as verifiable
• We r tempted by bad things and
virtues correct it
Normative ethics
we have asked questions about norms and valules, whats good and right, what actions are morally justified
Have a meeting, the 2 people say it was on different days, both cannot be right but u can resolve by verify it by checking
Diagreements about beliefs (facts)
Charles stevenson 2 types of disagreements
Disagreements about beliefs (facts) Disagreements about attitudes
A.J. ayers argues that
Argues there r only two kinds of statements that are meaningful
heart of ethical dispute of abortion
Attitude questions not factual but value
What kind of disagreement Is present when people have ethical disagreement?
BOTH- but attitude dominants. Our attiude determines what belief is relevant , ethical disagreement will end when disagreement of attidude ends
to plato justice is
Justice is in whatever is in the intrest of the bigger group/ruler
"Good is nonnatural (cannot b seen or heard), but it is some sort of quality "
Moore
Disagreeing over raise- company says union has gotten a 2 % every year, union says only 1 Union can say that's not relevant bc its not enough bc cost of living has gone up more then that
Once they both agree how much a raise they should have, argument is resolved regardless if other facts are solved
4 cardinal virtues
Prudence Fortitude Temperance Justice
Main speaker in Platos republic
Socrates
Can we tell something about values from facts?
Stevenson hopes if we can answer all facts, then we can all universally agree on the if abortion is or is not permissible. But it continues even after the facts are proven, even continues among scientists who r well versed in the facts.
Can science ever resolve ethical arguments? To think same way?
Stevenson says NO. he hopes we can hope in a the future we may know enough. That attitudes will be the same, problem is we have no reason to think it will happen- could agree on facts but never come to agreement on attidues. Diff attitudes on same facts. overall he says no.
4 virtues to plato
Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice
Which of these lists of philosophers is given in the correct order in which they lived? a- Kant, Mill, Moore, Ayer b-Stevenson, Mill, Moore, Kant c-Kant, Ayer, Mill, Moore
a- Kant, Mill, Moore, Ayer
Stevenson's "disagreements in belief" have to do with: a- facts which can be checked b-feelings which are subjective c-nothing at all.
a- facts which can be checked
Foot says that virtues are "correctives." Which of the following best describes what she means? a-We need virtues to correct the various vices we all have. b-When we correct other people, we need to speak of virtue. c-All virtues are correct.
a-We need virtues to correct the various vices we all have.
Prudence
active reason
metaethics
analysis of the language used to ask questions about norms. Instead of asking what things are good, what r we doing when we use the word good?
Union can say that's not relevant bc its not enough bc cost of living has gone up more then that
attitude (living is fact)
Courage is found in
axillarys. Knoweldeg is what is and is not to fear. Also intelligent people.
descriptivists are philosophers who believe that ethical terms such as "good" a-describe nothing at all b- describe ethical properties possessed by something; c-express feelings and nothing more.
b- describe ethical properties possessed by something;
"mountaind on far side of moon" what kind of statement
back then coudnt show, but could be verifiable
Courage is
btwn overconfidence and cowardness
G.E. Moore says that goodness is a-just a word that expresses a feeling; b-the same thing as pleasure; c- a simple, unanalyzable property.
c- a simple, unanalyzable property.
Ayer believes that utterances which are neither empirical nor analytic are; a-scientific; b-false c-"literal nonsense" and therefore neither true nor false
c-"literal nonsense" and therefore neither true nor false
Contemporary virtue ethics most closely resembles the position of which of these ethical systems? a-Mill's utilitarianism b-Kant's deontologism c-Ancient Greek ethics
c-Ancient Greek ethics
According to A.J.Ayer, the expression, "You were wrong in stealing that money," has the same meaning as which of the following? a-That money is now yours b-You did not steal that money c-You stole that money.
c-You stole that money.
For Stevenson, the main kind of disagreement found in ethics is a-disagreement in belief b-disagreement about definitions c-disagreement in attitude.
c-disagreement in attitude.
Disagreeing over raise- company says union has gotten a 2 % every year, union says only 1
can be verified. Facts
Plato virtues r what make
community ideal arête- excellence
Social contract theory
compromise to set upa government so people aren't harmed and also not unhappy right and just laws•
Modern
concerns w duty, mills, ethical language ayer and linguistic,
Foot is a
contempory british thinker
"Socrates is snub nosed" what kind of statement ?
described a characteristic he possessed.
"Helping people is good or right" what kind of statement
descriptive statement describing a characteristic a person has or possesses
metaethics divides into 2
descriptivism and nondescriptivism
ethical disagreement will end when
disagreement of attidude ends
vices are harmful to use in same way
diseases r harmful
• Unjust person has
disharmony and sprited side sides w physica rather then rational
"life in space" what kind of statement?
empirical claim it is verifiable if we can agree on what like is , even tho we cant today verifiy it, it can be in principle
arête
excellence
Stevenson believes that someday we will definitely have a scientific solution to all ethical disagreements. (true/false)
false
"virtues r in some general way beneficial human beingd don't get on well without them nobody can get on well if he lacks courage and temperance and wisdom , while communities where justice and charity r lacking, are apt to be wretched places to live."
foot
there is virtu of industrialness bc idelness is a temptation and also humaility bc men think too well of themselves. Hope is a virtue bc despair is a temptation."
foot
• "one of the things a wise man knows that a foolish man does not is that such things as social positions, weath, and good opinon of the world r too dearly bod by health ad family ties"
foot
"Socrates is good" what kind of statement
goodness is a similar characteristic that he possesses like snub nosed, like he possses weight, etc., so also making descriptive statement
G. E. Moore says
goodness is indeed a quality, possess, properties and things can possess goodness like Socrates can possess snub noseness however, goodness is different in certain ways. It is indefinable - cannot ideitify it with any natural characteristic. Unnatral statements about it are self eveident and we can know thrugh intuition whatis good
person is wise when
governed by rational oart of the soul
Wisdom is found in
guardian class
• Temperance of soul is the
harmony whne all part r in agreement
linguistic analysists
in England n US. Concerned to analyzing the language we use they differ in what they think we r doing when we use it, but all agree to clarify and analyze philosophical language
Charles stevenson focus
interested in wht dynamics happen when people disagree, says there r two kinds of disagreements
• Temperance to plato
or moderation, is the harmony when everyone agrees on who should rule
Attitude questions regarding abortion debate
is abortion permissible only before certain stages? Is abortion only permissible when certain procedures are used? Is abortion permissible when carrying to term is a finical/ physical /mental burden? Is abortion permissible when pregnancy occurred through certain ways? (if through rape or incest some argue yes permissible, some argue no) is abortion morally permissible to what extent is legally permissible? (is whatever legal is moral? Is whatever moral legal? Is abortion permissible only when no one claims the child? (if parents waiting list of adoption to claim child when born- is it impermissible?)
hare thinks ethical language
is important but has no meaing
disagree about having a productive talk, one thinks productive one thinks not
is it a matter of disagreement of attitude because cant look up and verify
In the 20th century, group of philosophers
linguistic analysists
Statement on which we cannot agree on what counts as confirming them , don't refer to facts or defintions, for ayer is
literal nonsense
Foot thinks
looks at life as a whole and looks at 4 virtues. Intention is key to virtue. "disposition of heart" - can be clever but use uf for bad. True wisdom sees whats good and go there.
• Ethas
means charcter root of ethics.
linguistic analysists say we should be doing
metaethics
• Justice, to plato
most important virtue, the social arrangement which produces temperances. When everyone fullfils their telos
Mill makes a _____ fallacy.
naturalistic fallacy he Identifies good with a natural
linguistic analysists say ethics up until 20th centry has been
normative ethics
G. E. Moore
overlaps 19th and 20th centry british descriptivist philosopher
craftsmen class =
physical soul
Glucan
platos brothers. Agrees w Socrates percimicus is not right. Justice is a compromise Most people would wanna do whatever and whenever they want. Sometimes harmful things to us if that's the case. So wouldn't b a happy world bc harm would be worse then the pleasure. So compromise to set upa government so people aren't harmed and also not unhappy right and just laws
Socrates
platos teachers, was executed for corrupting the youth, of Athens, plato was 29 at the time spent the remaining 51 years of his life writing about things he inspired him
Foot is rejecting
previous generations, who analyzed ethical terms like "good" n right and way we use them in ordinary language at same time shes returning to ancient approach of plato and Aristotle in that shes concerned with whole person and the traits they need to be virteous therefore happy
• Justice in the soul is
principle that each part fulfilling telos
justice to aquinas
put order into operations . rightly use intellect.
parts of soul
rational spirited physical
• The guardian class =
rational soul
courageous person does
what he knows should b done
facts that can be proven in principle regarding abortion debate
what r various stages of fetal development? What point is fetus reach can feel/ sense pleasure n pain? What r some actual procedures done and what r effects on women n fetus? What r average financial costs of carrying till term? How many couples r on waiting lists to adopt a child? What r physical effects of pregnancy on a women? What r the reasons a women may request an abortion? What r the legal restrictions on abortion?
R. m . hare says
when we use ethical terms, we r expressing attitudes, but r primarily prescribing actions prescriptivism rather then emotivist
"Socrates is good" to hare
yes u are expressing feelings, but also saying u ought to be like him a
"Socrates is good" in nondescriotivism means that
you are not adding "good" to a list of things he possesses
Socrates says 3 classes of people assigned to their own telos
• Craftsmen, axillarys, rulers/guardians
