Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)
doctrine according to which Christians are freed by grace from the necessity of obeying the Mosaic Law. The antinomians rejected the very notion of obedience as legalistic; to them the good life flowed from the inner working of the Holy Spirit. -Quakers were denounced as this and forced to leave
Antinomianism
England's merchants, manufacturers, and landlords argued that the country had to take control of expanding urban and foreign markets, and that the best way to do this was to "enclose" old communal land in order to graze sheep and transform their wool into textiles for export. Powerful landowners turned to England's Parliament to secure Enclosure Acts requiring written titles to control land. Of course, such titles were held by the same powerful individuals who wished to put up fences for sheep pastures. Small landholding yeomen farmers were able to hang on to their lands, and to grow a few crops for sale to villagers nearby. But for the three-quarters of the population who worked as tenant farmers and hired field hands, enclosures often led to eviction.
Enclosure Acts, 1500s
Cortez had her at his side, a Nahuatl-speaking young native woman who interpreted for the Spanish and offered valuable advice as they proceeded inland. "Next to God," wrote Cortez, "I owe all to her."
Malintzin
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware
Middle Colonies
In 1511, Spaniards began making plans to explore the mainland to the west. Within two years, he crossed the narrow Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
characterized by or based on the attitude that own ethnic group is superior
ethnocentricity
But ships full of white indentured servants seeking land and employment kept coming to the northern ports of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, while in the Chesapeake slavery increasingly replaced white labor.
indentured servant
Most English merchants did not adopt this way of thinking until production of commodities increased sufficiently for export to foreign buyers. But some of the most prominent merchants became champions of the Enclosure Acts when they discovered that landless country folk could be mobilized to receive raw materials from merchants and, in their homes, manufacture textiles, shoes, and small implements. In this "putting out" system, merchants focused on the production of woolen cloth. They directed women and children to wash and comb wool, which was then spun into yarn, which men in turn wove into cloth. Merchant dealers collected the cloth in the countryside for fulling and dyeing at city manufacturers' establishments, and, with the help of government subsidies and credit incentives, they reached out to foreign buyers more energetically.
"putting out"
Although the Atlantic trade of all American colonies grew rapidly in the 1700s, the "slave colonies," as merchants referred to southern settlements, produced about 95 percent of the value in goods that England bought. Yet aside from these shared characteristics, there was no single "South," but rather many distinctive regions founded at different times by settlers with varied cultural backgrounds and political goals, creating a mosaic of slave experiences.
"slave colonies"
Still, many South Carolina slaves acquired personal property under the region's "task system." Unlike the gang labor system of the Chesapeake, tasking involved completing a stipulated amount and kind of work. Once slaves finished their allotted task on a rice or indigo field, they were free to grow and sell vegetables, row boats for local white people, or fish or raise chickens for extra protein. Time away from tasking could amount to half a working day. This tiny bit of autonomy did not mitigate the harshness at the core of slavery, but it helped slaves invent survival tactics and lent a modicum of dignity to their daily existence
"task system"
1651, 60, 63, 73 -Enumerated articles could only be shipped from the colonies to England (Sugar, tobacco, rice, naval stores, indigo) 1st seed of colonial discontent -anything in / out of colonies had to be on British ships, no foregin ships & have to stop at England 1st.
Acts of Trade and Navigation (Navigation Acts)
intellectual movement in c. 18th centurary Europe, centered in paris and london -led by philosophes (writers and thinkers) who thought: -reason (common sense and observation) would allow human beings to obtain objective truth about the universe -this helped us escape from long period of intellectual darkness caused by tradition, irrationality, superstition, and tyranny. -Spread to the western hemisphere & to the rest of the world -helped create the intellectual framework for the American and French Revolutions -Led to rise of liberalism, and capitalism
The Enlightenment
-Parliament asked William & Mary to rule -King James II fled to France -> bloodless overthrow of monarch -Era of absolutism -W&M had to accept restrictions upon their powers -Had to sign Bill of Rights (1687): regular parliaments freedom of speech no catholic monarch toleration act (freedom of worship) Monarch's power= defined, written down & limited for 1st time; step toward a constitutional monarchy
The Glorious Revolution
Colonial populations were rising, by 1740 the colonies = less distinctly Puritan than b4 -Congregationalists, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Baptists -1st mass movement -increased church membership -Puritanism diluted -Higher education
The Great Awakening
What do historians believe to be the cause of the first awakening?
What do historians believe to be the cause of the first awakening? During the mid-1730s, clergymen and itinerant preachers revived long-standing fears about the dangers of material success and waning religious fervor. Concerned ministers blamed the "cold formality" of church services for declining membership in congregations, and they set out to inspire renewed piety and faith. A "Great Awakening," as scholars often call it, swept through settled North America, its leading ministers imploring people of all statuses, occupations, levels of education, and regions to reject the emptiness of material goods and turn to reason and their hearts. The movement was a reaction against the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Enlightenment of the 1700s.
What was the "middle passage" and how did it affect the slaves who were transported from Africa?
What was the "middle passage" and how did it affect the slaves who were transported from Africa? It affected the slaves: had to endure filth, hunger, disease, and harsh treatment by ship crews for weeks. Claimed the lives of over 15% of Africans head for Brazil, the West Indies, and North America. The middle passage: In the 1680s, Slaves were moved from Africa to the Americas, where they were then traded. This is apart of the Triangular trade. Every person transported from Africa to the Western Hemisphere as a slave experienced the wrenching terrors of the transatlantic voyage
Spanish viceroys also relied on the conquistadores, an armed fighting force, and Spanish agents who lived among their Native Americans allies. Conquistadores and local officials organized the encomienda system
conquistadores
John Adams, James Madison, George Mason, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson -Enlightenment strongly influenced the people who wrote U.S. constitution
American Enlightenment
a Florentine merchant who sailed near the South American coastline for Spain in 1499. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map that showed the Western Hemisphere as a separate continent. He named it America in honor of Vespucci, and the name endured.
Amerigo Vespucci
1591-1643 -Puritian midwife & spiritual advisor -Lived in MBC, near Boston -Led bible studies in her home; became more critical of Puritan leadership -Accused ministers of teaching a "covenant of works" instead of a "covenant of grace" -Accused of hersey of Antinomianism in 1637' found guilty and banished from MBC -Went to providence -She and 5 children killed by Indians in 1643 -John Withrop called it "a special manifestation of divine justice -Called the most famous or infamous woman in colonial American history -Challenged the authority of ministers and the idea of the subordination of women -Key figure in the development of religious freedom in the American colonies
Anne Hutchinson
established by the London Co (aka Virginia Co. of London), named after the virgin queen (Queen Elizabeth 1) -In 1607, 104 English men and boys arrived in North America to start a settlement. On May 13 they picked Jamestown, Virginia for their settlement, which was named after their King, James I. The settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America. The winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown is referred to as the "starving time." Disease, violence, drought, a meager harvest followed by a harsh winter, and poor drinking water left the majority of colonists dead that winter. About 300 settlers crowded into James Fort when the Indians set up a siege, and only 60 settlers survived to the next spring. The survivors decided to bury the fort's ordnance and abandon the town.
James town
1509-1564 -Protestant reformer after Martin Luther -Key contribution: doctrine of predestination -Calvinism= foundation of Purianism -Puritans viewed humanity as inherently full of sin -Clavin: church/ state; Luther: State/chruch
John Calvin
-Englsih poltical phiosopher -wrote Two Treatises of Government (1690) : any monarch who doesn't protect the natural rights of his subjects is a bad monarch; people must replace a bad monarch w/ good one -Refuted the "divine right" theory or monarchy -People had natural rights: life, liberty, property -Monarch's #1 job was to protect those rights
John Locke
New York Weekly Journal, launched in 1733, became a mouthpiece for criticizing the governor. Zenger was tried for seditious libel—spreading antigovernment sentiments—in 1735 and won a significant victory for freedom of the press when the jury acquitted him of printing critical comments directed against Governor Cosby.
John Peter Zenger
To make English prices for sugar and molasses more competitive, colonists would pay a relatively high duty (six pence per gallon) on French molasses purchased for their colonial distilling enterprises. In addition, it was hoped that more acceptable prices for English island goods would lead colonists to take more provisions to ports within their empire.
Molasses Act of 1733
What was the significance of the Stono Rebellion in 1739?
The most violent colonial slave revolt occurred in 1739 near Charles Town, South Carolina. In fall 1739, some seventy slaves had begun to run toward Spanish St. Augustine, fueling planters' fears of mass flight. Planters near the Stono River found out that at least seventy-five newly arrived Africans and a few more seasoned slaves who spoke Gullah had been breaking into white storekeepers' shops and killing a number of whites. At first, it appeared that a great number of Carolina slaves had successfully escaped their monotonous field routines and masters' random brutalities.In a clearing along the way, they chanted joyfully about their new "liberty." But the runaways stayed in the marshes too long and lit campfires that attracted the colonial militia, who caught and killed two-thirds of them. Planters executed another sixty fugitives in the coming months.Despite this outcome, revolts took place elsewhere in South Carolina and in Georgia the next year, possibly inspired by the Stono Rebellion and almost certainly sustained by the great stream of African slaves brought into the southern colonies during the 1730s.
1691-1774 Dutch Reformed leader that led large public prayer meetings during the mid-1730s (during the Great awakening). He wrote a series of sermons in 1733 that were published in Amsterdam in 1736. Through his sermons, he aimed to convert as many people as possible by preaching that God would judge the unconverted. His sermons helped pave the way for future revivalists in the Middle Colonies. -Preached to Dutch-speaking settlers in NJ -experimental Calvinism -Internal commitment necessary - led to religious revivals in the middle colonies by 1730.
Theodore J. Frelinghuysen
At first, the daughter and niece of Village minister Samuel Parris simply played at voodoo and dancing they had learned from the household's West Indian slave, Tituba. When the girls extended their play to having fits, gesturing wildly, and "speaking in tongues," the village elders stepped in to extract a confession from Tituba. To rid themselves of suspicion, the girls accused an elderly pauper woman and a homeless village widow of tormenting them. As events unfolded, other girls from the Village joined in, now accusing wealthier church members from Salem Town of having used "cunning," conjuring, spells, and consorting with the devil to win over the young girls to witchcraft.
Tituba
Spanish monarchs appealed to the pope for support in declaring their right to rule over all the places where Columbus had staked their flag and for a division between Portugal and Spain of all as-yet-undiscovered lands to the west. In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated the Treaty of Tordesillas, drawing a line from north to south about 1,100 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands. All undiscovered lands to the west of the line would belong to Spain; to the east, to Portugal. The terms of this treaty made two matters clearer than ever: Portugal's preeminent imperial position would henceforth be challenged, and Spain's imperial authorities would begin to conquer Caribbean and South American lands.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Queen Anne's War expanded rapidly to become a contest for empire with global dimensions. At war's end, the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 awarded England all of Newfoundland, Acadia, and the icy lands of Hudson Bay. England also acquired St. Kitts in the West Indies, retained Gibraltar in the western Mediterranean, and extracted the asiento from Spain, which henceforth permitted England to supply Spanish South America with slaves. St. Augustine, Havana, and New Orleans became fortified cities, and Spain set up defenses on the fringe of its Florida settlements and near its valuable silver mines in Mexico. In 1718, Spanish officials established settlements in Texas as well. Over the next few years, hundreds of Spanish soldiers, missionaries, and ranchers moved into the "Kingdom of Tejas," while the Caddo people fought in vain to ward off Spanish and Mexican encroachments.
Treaty of Utrecht , 1713
people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations known as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("the Friends") are generally united by a belief in each human's ability to experience the light within or see "that of God in every one". seek to experience God directly, within ourselves and in our relationships with others and the world around us. Quakerism is a way of life, rather than a set of beliefs. It has roots in Christianity and many Quakers find the life and teachings of Jesus inspirational, but we have no creed rejected elaborate religious ceremonies, didn't have official clergy and believed in spiritual equality for men and women. Quaker missionaries first arrived in America in the mid-1650s. Quakers, who practice pacifism, played a key role in both the abolitionist and women's rights movements
Quakers
What were "considerations" and how did they affect the ratio of American-born slaves to Africans in the Chesapeake region?
Since the Chesapeake's tobacco agriculture did not require ceaseless attention from slaves, planters did not have to work their slaves with the reckless disregard for health and welfare shown on the sugar islands of the Caribbean. Moreover, many colonial tobacco planters realized the importance of encouraging slaves to develop families and produce children. Many Virginia planters grew solicitous of slave children's health, and some permitted pregnant slave women to reduce their hours of labor. As a result of these "considerations," by the 1750s American-born slaves outnumbered Africans in the Chesapeake.
After the restoration of English rule, a few prominent Dutch merchants swore allegiance to England only when the new governor, Edmund Andros, threatened to confiscate their property. But the identity of Dutch colonists in New York was seriously tested in the next generation, when Dutch children began to marry into English families. Some resented their wealthy countrymen who "became more English by the day." For their part, many English colonists began to resent Andros's accommodation to Dutch trade, especially when he encouraged trade to London's rival, Amsterdam. When Andros returned to England in 1680, English leaders in the colony refused to pay import duties until the colony was guaranteed a representative assembly, which the Duke of York granted only in 1683.
Sir Edmund Andros
In 1687, English mathematician and astronomer Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, or Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. In it, he explained that all physical objects obeyed not God's particular commands, but unchanging scientific laws, such as gravity and the laws of motion. God, according to this Newtonian view of the world, did not have to intervene in every little event but could stand back and watch his creations operate as designed. In turn, human beings could measure, predict, and even manipulate nature to their needs and wants. Indeed, any right-reasoning individual could discover the underlying causes and effects of all natural phenomena.
Sir Isaac Newton
The leading English politician for many of these years was Sir Robert Walpole, the king's closest minister and adviser from 1720 to 1742. Walpole enjoyed the support of Whig manufacturers and merchants who favored aggressive economic expansion, and he developed a new style of politics based on patronage and favoritism, creating a larger government bureaucracy and more banking and financial services. Walpoleans also supported and enlarged both the national debt and the standing, or permanent and paid, army. The rise of this "court" party—so named because of its identification with urban, commercial, and banking interests—alarmed many Britons. The Glorious Revolution taught "true born Englishmen" to be suspicious of a powerful central government and its patronage system. The "country" faction feared that Walpole would dole out important government and military positions to men who promised to support the crown; Walpoleans, said critics, were making secretive appointments, buying and selling inside information, and taking outright bribes. Such exercise of power would destroy Parliament's hard-won independence from the crown, corrupt the guardians of the public welfare, and harm the character of the English people. Critics believed that only landed gentlemen could be entrusted with governing the nation.
Sir Robert Walpole
The great religious revolt that developed alongside the agricultural, commercial, cultural, and political transformations shaking Europe -In 1517 Luther posted ninety-five theses that criticized many practices of the Catholic Church on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He encouraged lay people to find authority in the Bible and to question the wisdom of ordained priests. Although he did not set out to start a revolution, Luther's actions ignited smoldering discontents into a dissenting movement that would shake the foundations of European society. A Church investigation of Luther's beliefs led to his excommunication, or expulsion, in 1521. But his teachings spread widely, and an organized Lutheran Church emerged in the German states. It retained only two of the seven sacraments (baptism and holy communion); discarded the practices of fasts, pilgrimages, and veneration of relics (the remains of holy persons); and abolished the requirement of celibacy for priests. -ended unity imposed by medieval Christianity -protestant wing of Christian faith -ok to challenge authority & read bible and interpret it for yourself -More tolerance for religious diversity
The (Protestant) Reformation (connect to US history)
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut
New England
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Southern colonies
what percentage came to Virginia as indentured servants
85%
-Coloinal America's most notorious case of mass hysteria -Feb. 1692- May 1693 200+ accused, 20 executed -Began w/ 3 girls (9, 11, 12) -Tried predicting who their future husbands would be w/ Tituba
Salem Witch Trials
The roots of colonial slavery: -16__: 1st black slaves arrive in the colonies -Most of the labor in the colonies was performed by indentured servants until c. 1670 -1730: nearly __% of slaves in Carolinas were __ -1638: 1st public __________ in Jamestown -$27 for a male slave ($500 today)
-1619 -25%, Native Americans -slave auction
Salem Witch Trials Theories
Belief in the occult -Poltical factions - Putnams vs. Porters -Ergot (fungus) poisining in rye and wheat -Modern economic pressures (townies vs. farmers) -Suppression of soon to be / powerful women
Penn left behind a life of privilege and wealth to join the relatively new Society of Friends, or Quakers.
Society of Friends
Triangular Trade: -England and Europe to N. America (13 colonies) -N. America (13 colonies) to England and Europe -N. America (13 colonies) to West Indies -Africa to West Indies: -N. America (13 colonies) to Africa -England and Europe to Africa
-Teas, Spices, Furniture, cloth, tools -Fish, Whale Oil, Lumber, Tobacco - Flour, fish, lumber -Slaves, Gold -Rum, iron products - Iron products
How much of the goods purchased in England were produced by the "slave colonies" in the Southern settlements of English North America?
95%
Then, around 1200 c.e., the Toltec mysteriously retreated from the edges of their empire and drew in around the central highlands of Mexico. Over the next century, the Mexica (Aztec) migrated into this area from drier northern climes. Consolidating their control, by 1325 they had founded Tenochtitlán (now Mexico City). By the time the Spanish approached this capital city in 1519, its population was about 300,000, making it one of the largest concentrations of people in the world. (London contained only 75,000 people in 1500.) Tenochtitlán supported thousands of craftsmen who produced both necessary and luxury goods. Massive pyramids to the sun and moon gods stood at the center of the metropolis, where high priests sacrificed captives of war and virgins to their sun god, Huitzilopochtli, at bloody public rituals (see Figure 1.4). They constructed wide and deep causeways from outlying regions into the heart of the city to carry resources and tribute from conquered peoples in outlying regions. An irrigation system brought fresh drinking water to the city; skilled craftsmen and important bureaucrats filled the streets; and everywhere markets packed with foods and household wares provisioned townspeople and traders. At the height of Aztec-Toltec civilization in central Mexico in the early 1500s, this capital city—built on marshy lowlands and linked to the mainland by broad causeways—had great public works and pyramids to the sun and moon that were connected by an elaborate irrigation system. From this metropolis, priests, warriors, and rulers held absolute authority over hundreds of thousands of people in the countryside.
Aztec
Outcome: The planters had not been able to control this rowdy labor force of servants and slaves. But soon after Bacon's Rebellion they increasingly distinguish between people of African descent and people of European descent. They enact laws which say that people of African descent are hereditary slaves. armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native Americans out of Virginia. last major uprising of enslaved blacks and white indentured servants in Colonial Virginia. One consequence of the failed rebellion was the intensification of African slavery and the social separation of blacks and whites in Virginia. Bacon's Rebellion was triggered when a grab for Native American lands was denied. Jamestown had once been the bustling capital of the Colony of Virginia. Now it was a smoldering ruin, and Nathaniel Bacon was on the run
Bacon's rebellion
Nobody epitomized the Enlightenment's impact in the colonies as fully as Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). As the son of a Boston soap- and candle-maker, he came from a humble background. At age seventeen he ran away from his brother's shop, where he was apprenticed to learn printing, and began a rapid rise in Philadelphia. At age twenty-three he owned his own print shop, where he edited and published the Pennsylvania Gazette, a journal he printed continuously until his death. At age twenty-seven he finished the first Poor Richard's Almanac, a periodic publication that offered advice, reflected on the weather, reported new inventions, and reminded readers about the best routes to personal happiness and success. By age forty-two Franklin stood at the center of Philadelphia's educated and scientific community. He founded the Library Company, established a fire company, began the academy from which the University of Pennsylvania would emerge, and organized a "semblance of the Royal Society of London," which soon became the American Philosophical Society. Then Franklin retired from business and devoted himself to scientific inquiry, including inventions such as the Franklin stove and the lightning rod, treatises on geology and astronomy, experiments in surgery and medicine, and improvements in ship designs. Just as significant, by the 1740s Franklin had entered politics. His views on immigration, paper money, land speculation, and colonists' role in the empire made him a national figure. Franklin served as a representative to pan-colonial meetings, as a colonial agent in London, and as the American ambassador to France after the Revolution. Franklin then served as the oldest member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
Benjamin Franklin
Located between Alaska and Russia, the Bering Strait is the only marine gateway between the icy Arctic and the Pacific Ocean. At its narrowest point, the strait is only 55 miles wide. Migrations of people from other parts of the world into the Western Hemisphere probably began about 30,000 years ago. Many of the earliest people in North and South America shared their ancestry with Asians and probably crossed a land bridge at the Bering Strait—also called Beringia—or travelled the coastline by boat during the final Ice Age, which lasted from about 50,000 years ago until about 10,000 years ago. Enduring bitter cold, these peoples probably came in small hunting groups that followed large mammals such as the mastodon, bison, woolly rhinoceros, and a kind of antelope over long distances. Small hunter-gatherer bands of Paleo-Indians relied on these animals as rich sources of meat for sustenance, dung for fuel, and bones for tools. Their populations grew rapidly, and by about 12,500 years ago they had spread overland from the Aleutians to Montana; down to the tip of South America, called Tierra del Fuego; and throughout the eastern and southeastern portions of North America.
Bering Strait
-paramount chief of Tsenacomoco, or tidewater Virginia, in the late 1500s and early 1600s. During his lifetime, he was responsible for uniting dozens of tribes into a single, powerful alliance. He was the highest authority in the region when English colonists arrived and built Jamestown fort in 1607. At first, Powhatan, leader of a confederation of tribes around the Chesapeake Bay, hoped to absorb the newcomers through hospitality and his offerings of food. As the colonists searched for instant wealth, they neglected planting corn and other work necessary to make their colony self-sufficient. Powhatan's men, on the paramount chief's orders, took every opportunity to kill English stragglers and to steal what they could from the fort. As a result, the number of colonists decreased while Powhatan's store of copper, weapons, and English-made tools increased. -John White, who accompanied the Roanoke settlers, created an extensive visual record of Powhatan life in North Carolina.
Chief Powhatan
-small pox, mumps, measles, TB, influenza, whooping cough, cholera, gonorrhea, yellow fever & other crowd diseases -Tabacco ->Native Americans -> Euros -Euros -> N.Amers: draft animals, grazing animals Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic is known as . . .
Columbian exchange
disallowed the New England colonies from creating land banks or accepting paper money as legal tender. Colonists, argued Board of Trade member Charles Townshend, had grossly violated the "natural order" of colonial subordination to crown authority by printing their own money.
Currency Act of 1751
In Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile (reigned jointly 1474-1516) in 1469, uniting the two most important Spanish kingdoms. To create the social unity they needed for absolute rule, Ferdinand and Isabella then crushed the nobles of many regions of Spain; supported the Church's Inquisition, whose torture chambers tested the wills of all subjects suspected of disloyalty; and expelled Muslims (called Moors) from the country in 1492. Unconverted Jews, too, were given six months to become Christians or be expelled, which prompted many Jews to migrate to more tolerant countries such as Holland and Ottoman-ruled Bosnia. -After Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain, it became more important for the new nation to eliminate the Muslim traders who dominated trade in the Mediterranean and northern Africa, and to compete with the Portuguese already actively exploring the south Atlantic seas. The Spanish monarchs support Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), to find a route to China and India by sailing west.
Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
Her "Sea Dogs"—Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Sir Walter Ralegh—begged Elizabeth to begin building an overseas empire based on conquest, raiding for slaves, and piracy. In turn, Elizabeth relied on these brazen adventurers to provide her with wealth from their raids on Spanish traders. Secretly, she also encouraged English merchants to pool their capital and get ready for North American ventures. In 1577 Drake set out from England with four tiny ships—one of them his famous Golden Hind—and 164 crew members on what was publicly billed as a voyage of trade and exploration. Unofficially, however, the queen instructed Drake to set up a privateering outpost along the North American coastline to prey on Spanish Caribbean ports. She hoped Drake would also sail to the Isthmus of Panama to capture Spanish gold and silver mined from Peru and Mexico. Drake did not disappoint his queen; his privateering richly rewarded his backers and whetted English appetites for dominion abroad. When the pirate Francis Drake stopped at the settlement and warned of Spanish raids along their coastline, many Virginians returned to England. The Indians slaughtered a second, small party of new settlers. When the commander of a third ship arrived, he found a vacant settlement, at which he left a few soldiers to garrison the fort while he returned to England for reinforcements.
Francis Drake
In 1540 in one of these ill-fated attempts to find Cibola, he (1510-1554) took 300 men and horses, and over 700 Indian carters, along ancient trading paths through North America. On the way, the party attacked Pima and then Pueblo settlements along the Rio Grande. The Spaniards' only apparent provocation was their scorn for what they thought was the rude simplicity of these Indian cultures. Although the expedition spied great herds of buffalo in the Great Plains, there was no Cibola, no gold, and no glory for Coronado.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
1564-1642 -challenged the teachings of the Roman Church when he turned his telescope away from the "perfect" movement of heavenly bodies and toward the imperfections of the moon's surface.
Galileo Gallilei
George Calvert was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together. He was born in Yorkshire, England and studied at Trinity College at Oxford. Sir Robert Cecil, King James I's Secretary of State, hired Calvert to be his secretary. Why did George Calvert establish the colony of Maryland? George Calvert wanted to start a colony because of religious problems in England. Catholics could not openly observe their religion. They also had to pay money to the government because they did not belong to the Anglican Church, which was the Church of England Having been, in effect, secretary of state to King James I, George Calvert was given the title Baron of Baltimore in 1625, after petitioning the king for a grant of land north of the Potomac River. The Charter of Maryland was granted in June 1632, shortly after his death in April of the same year. In 1632, King Charles I of England granted a charter to George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, yielding him proprietary rights to a region east of the Potomac River in exchange for a share of the income derived from the land.
George Calvert, lord Baltimore
(1714-1770) came from England to the colonies to spread the Great Awakening messages of sin and salvation. Came to the American colonies seven times and stayed for three years during the mid-1740s, enthralling public crowds with his appeals for renewal of faith and "enthusiasm."His message was simple: individuals had allowed intellectual influences, including those of Enlightenment self-interest and science, to crowd out the purity of religious feeling that flowed from the heart. Thousands of young adults joined churches for the first time during the Great Awakening. Thousands more helped split off portions of their existing congregations to form new churches. -Anglican minister, one of the founders of Methodism -Greatest preacher in American history -Preached 18k sermons to 10 million people -changed public speaking forever
George Whitefield
a form of partial church membership adopted by the Congregational churches of colonial New England in the 1660s. religious-political solution adopted by 17th-century New England Congregationalists, also called Puritans, that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights.
Halfway Covenant
1519 (1485-1547) his army of about 400 men, 12 horses, and some cannon landed at the site of Vera Cruz. In the next months they marched 200 miles to Tenochtitlán at the heart of the mighty Aztec empire, Cortés advanced quickly against local populations. Superior arms made of steel, attack dogs, and horses, which the natives had never seen before, were only a few advantages for Cortez. He also had at his side a Nahuatl-speaking young native woman named Malintzin who interpreted for the Spanish and offered valuable advice as they proceeded inland. "Next to God," wrote Cortez, "I owe all to her." In addition, the Spanish exploited discontent among subjugated people in the countryside who were willing to join a revolt against their mighty overlord Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler. Some of them may have believed that Cortés was the Toltec god Quetzalcoatl, returning to free them from the Aztecs. Locals who chose not to fight alongside Cortés fled the central plains to remote mountains or the arid north, inadvertently hastening the conquest of Tenochtitlán by depriving it of food supplies. Once they invaded Tenochtitlán, Spanish conquistadores plundered the mountainous coffers of tribute lying in public storehouses, and then captured Moctezuma. Although the Aztecs, their numbers dwindling and weakened by smallpox, rallied to drive out the Spanish in 1520, a reconquest of the capital city in 1521 ended Aztec resistance. Indeed, European diseases, primarily smallpox, reduced the Aztec Empire from nearly 25 million inhabitants to about 2.5 million in just fifty years.
Hernan Cortes
was the first English representative government in North America, established in July 1619 CE, for the purpose of passing laws and maintaining order in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia and the other settlements that had grown up around it (bicameral institution) where elected representatives of the Jamestown colony assembled to debate and solve common problems and pass new laws for Virginia. A bicameral legislature, the House of Burgesses became a model for Congress and the FIRST representative body in America. The major goal of the House of Burgesses was to change the law as imposed by Thomas Dale. Yeardley signed off on the changes which effectively ended martial law in Jamestown and resulted in new found freedoms among the settlers. Burgess originally referred to a freeman of a borough, a self-governing town or settlement in England.
House of Burgesses
How did "factors" help tobacco farmers in the Chesapeake region in the mid-1700s?
How did "factors" help tobacco farmers in the Chesapeake region in the mid-1700s? "Factors," or representatives, came from Scotland to buy tobacco directly from Chesapeake growers and transport it to Glasgow firms. At first, Scottish factors provided the large planters with valuable services and credit, and they helped small tobacco farmers wrest economic independence from the local elite.In time, however, colonists would lament their loss of control over commerce to foreigners.
Between roughly 1200 and 1400 c.e., the Inca (Quechua) peoples rose out of many warring farm populations in Peru to take control of the southern Andean highlands. After an epic battle in 1438, a young warrior leader named Pachakuti reorganized the surrounding population into a centralized state. In their creation legend, Andean peoples explained that their ancestors had come from nature and, upon death, had returned to the rocks, lakes, and trees. It was fitting, then, to honor and respect the land with many rituals and to take from nature only what was necessary. At the same time, Inca rulers aggressively extended their empire's influence over 2,000 miles to the north and south of their Peruvian capital, Cuzco, a city of 250,000 people by the end of the 1400s. Fierce Inca warriors carried edicts and collected tribute on a system of roads that proved a marvel to Spanish conquistadors in the next century. Imperial leaders also drove their subjects relentlessly to mine silver and gold, a system that the Spanish would later co-opt. Neither the Aztec nor the Inca used wheels, but whereas North Americans had no large domesticated animals, the Andean peoples used the llama extensively for haulage as well as a source of wool and meat. By 1500 c.e., the Inca Empire included between 8 million and 12 million people.
Inca
Word that Andros had been deposed in Boston ignited long-smoldering tensions in New York, where about 60 percent of the inhabitants still claimed Dutch heritage. When news arrived that William and Mary had assumed the throne in England, the New York City militia overran Fort James and renamed it Fort William. The governor fled to England, and rebellious colonists took over the colony. The core of the rebellion was made up of Dutch settlers; their leader was the German-born Jacob Leisler, who traded extensively with Dutch merchants. The movement that emerged in New York was made up mainly of "a middling sort" of Dutch, German, and French citizens and "the rising traders of this fair city." Long Islanders, farmers along the Hudson River, and residents in New York City may have defined themselves differently, but they were united in their loathing of the "papist" governor and James II. In the next thirteen months, Leisler focused the attention of the insurrectionists on two goals. One was to defend the colony from hostile French and English actions. This required constant pleading with small landowners, Albany fur traders, and working people in the port city for revenue to buy military supplies. Leisler's second goal was to keep order within the colony. After freeing debtors from jail and admitting artisans and petty traders into city government, Leisler turned toward repressing his enemies. He denied many English colonists legal and social rights and imprisoned many merchant opponents for months without a trial. He even sent the representative assembly home when its actions displeased him. At first city merchants and wealthy landowners hoped to benefit from Leisler's takeover. But when his government struck down legislation that had protected city privileges, including a monopoly on sifting and grading the colony's grain and flour exports, defections mounted. In 1690, King William sent English troops and a new governor to restore calm, and royal authority, to the colony. The governor appointed anti-Leislerians to his council and called for the coup leader's arrest. In 1691, Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Milbourne, were hanged and decapitated for high treason. But Leisler was so popular that few New Yorkers attended the hanging, even though hangings were among the most popular public entertainments. For years to come, New York's artisans and housewives told stories about their popular leader's brief regime.
Jacob Leisler
Captain John Smith was an adventurer, soldier, explorer and author. Through the telling of his early life, we can trace the developments of a man who became a dominate force in the eventual success of Jamestown and the establishment of its legacy as the first permanent English settlement in North America He was a leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area. Later, he explored and mapped the coast of New England. Smith promoted the Virginia Company's interests in the New World and he provided the leadership necessary to save the colonists during the early years of the settlement. Captain John Smith was a soldier and writer who is best known for his role in establishing the Virginia colony at Jamestown, England's first permanent colony in North America.
John Smith
John Winthrop delivered the following sermon before he and his fellow settlers reached New England . The sermon is famous largely for its use of the phrase "a city on a hill," used to describe the expectation that the Massachusetts Bay colony would shine like an example to the world; if the Puritans failed to uphold their covenant with God, then their sins and errors . in exchange for the fulfillment of their dream to start a new community in a new land, they must serve God according to the doctrines of their religion; if they fail, then "the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us, and be revenged of such a people, and make us know the price of the ... The great Puritan migration began. Winthrop was elected Governor. Carrying the charter with him, in 1630 he headed the first contingent of colonists. Before the end of the year, approximately 2,000 persons had migrated to Massachusetts.
John Winthrop
Numerous English fishing and trapping parties tried to establish profitable stations in the North Atlantic during the mid-1400s, but it was not until 1497 that England established defensible claims over this territory. That year, Henry VII hired: a young Genoese sailor with an Anglicized to cross the ocean
John cabot
1703-1758 In 1741, a Congregational minister in Northampton, Massachusetts, escalated these appeals to new levels: "The God that holds you over the pit of Hell, much as one holds a spider or other loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you. His wrath toward you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worth of nothing else but to be cast into the fire." -Congregationalist Protestant in New England -Played a critical role in the shaping of 1st awakening
Jonathan Edwards
The end of Queen Anne's War in 1713 initiated a generation of peaceful commerce—though not continuous prosperity—that was interrupted when the War of Jenkins's Ear (also known as King George's War) began in 1739. (In Europe the war was known as the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748.) Robert Jenkins, a popular English smuggler, was trading illegally at Spanish Caribbean islands when Spanish guarda costas captured and tortured him. The incident gave George II sufficient pretext to order England and its colonists into war.
King George's War
1483-1546 -Augustinian friar who became unhappy w/ problems in Catholic Chruch -Simony, nepotism, clerical illiteracy, selling indulgences -Oct 21, 1517, nailed "95 Theses" to door of Wittenburg Church -copied & spread across Germany -Debates & arguments arose, challenging the authority of Church teachings and practices -Excommunicated by Pope Leo X =Jan 1521 -3mothns later his "95 Theses"= trial at Diet of worms -> ordered to recant teachings -> "here I stand I can fo no other" -german reformed church formed= created the protestant branch -Protestant reformation
Martin Luther
From about 300 c.e., the Maya's sophisticated agriculture supported a leisured class and a culture that produced jewelry of gold and silver, hieroglyphic writing, a mathematical system with the number zero, and calendars more accurate than anything Europeans would know for centuries. But by the time the Toltecs arrived after 900 c.e., the Maya had been weakened by depleted agricultural soil and internal warfare in which captives were ritually sacrificed.
Maya
1475-1564 -turned his artistic focus from the mystical representation of divine subjects to the study of the human body -Painters sought to reconcile the intense Christianity of the era with both ancient philosophy and secular discoveries about nature and the heavens.
Michelangelo
By 950 to 1400 c.e., another mound-building civilization arose along the Mississippi River near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. The focal point of this Mississippian culture, Cahokia, had a population of perhaps forty thousand people, more than any other North American city until well after the American Revolution. Such density of population was probably possible because these early Indians adopted maize cultivation from sedentary populations to their south, used relatively sturdy planting tools such as the flint hoe, developed a vast trade network, and took regular tribute payments from subsidiary peoples. It is possible that Cahokia served as a ceremonial and distribution center for population sites around it and that a centralized political authority emerged by sustained warfare over generations. Certainly Cahokia supported pottery, metalworking, and toolmaking. A central ceremonial earthen temple rose nearly a hundred feet high and covered a base of about fifteen acres, and from its heights a commanding elite could issue decrees and receive tribute (see Figure 1.2). Cahokia collapsed suddenly in the early 1400s, perhaps because its large population depleted essential natural and cultivated resources, or perhaps because pathogens introduced from coastal populations hundreds of miles away had devastating effects. To the south of Cahokia, the Natchez people preserved Mississippian culture for many more generations.
Mississippian culture
What were the significant features of James Oglethorpe's colony of Georgia?
Oglethorpe laid out the city around a series of squares and laid out the streets in a grid pattern. Each square had a small community of colonists living around it and had separate lots dedicated to community buildings. For each of the freemen who came to settle the new colony, Oglethorpe awarded 50 acres of land. The plan uses a distinctive street network with repeating squares of residential blocks, commercial blocks, and small green parks to create integrated, walkable neighborhoods Made to provide an environment for England's poor to work as silk farmers and vintners; defend the perimeter of the empire by regular militia drilling; and demonstrate how a colony could grow and remain virtuous without alcohol or slavery. Georgians surrendered their charter in 1752 and became a royal colony. Within a few years, the coastal settlements took on the distinctive characteristics: a slave majority, a small resident planter elite, and staple crop agriculture.
During the Great Awakening, what did the "Old Lights" believe about revival followers?
Old Light:: leaders of the original Presbyterian, Congregational, and Anglican churches, grew alarmed at the rising number of converted slaves, and many masters banned their slaves from joining white churches. Old Lights insisted that the "wildness" and the "quakings and tremblings" of revival followers were little more than provocations by untrustworthy—and outsider—clergymen. Old lights did not appreciate all of the emotional fervor that went along with the Great Awakening, and they were ultimately against the Great Awakening movement. New lights, on the other hand, embraced the emotional aspects of the movement and were very much in support of it.Mar 1, 2022 But splits in the colonial Protestant denominations continued. Presbyterians did not reunite until 1758, when they incorporated New Light influences into church procedures and liturgy. Anglicans lost untold numbers to the Presbyterians and Baptists—permanently. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, Old Lights tried to punish dissenters by forcing them to pay taxes to the original churches and banishing many New Lights from political office. But New Lights won control of the Connecticut assembly in 1759.
Who were the Regulators?
On the Carolina fringe, many settlers grew weary of making peaceful appeals for political representation or lower taxes and mobilized to force changes as "Regulators"In South Carolina, backcountry farmers, mostly recent Scots-Irish immigrants, formed vigilante bands for local protection, condemned the eastern establishment for failing to enforce its own laws in the west, and demanded more representation in the colony's assembly.In North Carolina, Regulators demanded not more government but less. Taxes, they cried, were collected in the west but benefited only easterners. In the 1760s these groups would take action to redress their grievances
What was the law of coverture and how did it affect women in English colonial America?
Once married a woman became subject to her husband under this law and could no longer make contracts to start a business, etc., . Her property became her husband's upon marriage and her husband was entitled to all her wages.
war fought in 1636-37 by the Pequot people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (including the Narragansett and Mohegan) that eliminated the Pequot as an impediment to English colonization of southern New England first sustained conflict between Native Americans and Europeans in northeastern North America. The primary cause of the Pequot War was the struggle to control trade. English efforts were to break the Dutch-Pequot control of the fur and wampum trade, while the Pequot attempted to maintain their political and economic dominance in the region. During the Pequot War, an allied Puritan and Mohegan force under English Captain John Mason attacks a Pequot village in Connecticut, burning or massacring some 500 Native American women, men and children. he English Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Connecticut won the Pequot War. They completely eradicated the Pequot Nation and gained control over trade with native nations, diminishing Dutch influence in the area The war culminated with the 1638 Treaty of Hartford, which outlawed the Pequot language and name, seized tribal lands, and disbanded the surviving Pequot, who were given to the victors as spoils of war or sold into slavery.
Pequot War
-Mayflower in 1620 -Plymouth settlement -Thought Church of England = corrupt (needed to leave and form their own church) -Separatists -America's 1st known religious radicals
Pilgrims (Separatists (type of puritan)
-Puritans -Arrived c.1630 as 1st part of "Puritan wave" of settlers -Massachusetts Bay Colony (MBC) -faced religious and economic persecution -advocated withdrawal from public worship and private reading of the Bible. Among them were aristocrats, gentry, intellectuals, some clergymen, and merchants, as well as middling artisans and farmers. Under conditions of official repression, Puritan gentlemen sometimes lost their lands and rising Puritan merchants could not get credit to enter trade. At the same time, many artisans in the textile trades, disaffected by chronic underemployment, entered the Puritan fold.
Puritans (Separatist)
Spain's support for France in Queen Anne's War had important consequences for southern planters and Indians. Early in the war, English forces burned much of Spanish St. Augustine, and then Carolinians mobilized thousands of Creek warriors to march into Florida against Spanish Pensacola and its Apalachee allies in 1704. In response, Spanish soldiers invaded from the south, crossing into the vulnerable plantations around Charles Town and nearly overrunning the city in 1706. Queen Anne's War expanded rapidly to become a contest for empire with global dimensions. At war's end, the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 awarded England all of Newfoundland, Acadia, and the icy lands of Hudson Bay. England also acquired St. Kitts in the West Indies, retained Gibraltar in the western Mediterranean, and extracted the asiento from Spain, which henceforth permitted England to supply Spanish South America with slaves. St. Augustine, Havana, and New Orleans became fortified cities, and Spain set up defenses on the fringe of its Florida settlements and near its valuable silver mines in Mexico. In 1718, Spanish officials established settlements in Texas as well. Over the next few years, hundreds of Spanish soldiers, missionaries, and ranchers moved into the "Kingdom of Tejas," while the Caddo people fought in vain to ward off Spanish and Mexican encroachments. Postwar tensions also developed between English frontier settlements and their Indian neighbors. Sparsely settled Carolinians lived in fear of Indian attacks from remnants of the Yamasee villages that before had supplied colonists with furs. In New York, the Iroquois had developed a refined diplomacy before the war and controlled a great deal of the northern fur trade. By negotiating arrangements to trade with both the French and English, they also built a Covenant Chain of many treaties that held their Huron and other western Indian enemies at bay. After Queen Anne's War, the Iroquois resumed these trade and diplomatic relations. English colonists did not recover as easily, since the war had exacted a death toll that left a tragic imprint on farming communities.
Queen Anne's War
During this same time, Queen Elizabeth (who ruled England from 1558-1603) was eager to see England surpass foreign rivals in exploring of the Western Hemisphere. Her "Sea Dogs"—Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Sir Walter Ralegh—begged Elizabeth to begin building an overseas empire based on conquest, raiding for slaves, and piracy. In turn, Elizabeth relied on these brazen adventurers to provide her with wealth from their raids on Spanish traders. Secretly, she also encouraged English merchants to pool their capital and get ready for North American ventures. King Philip II of Catholic Spain had grown angry about Elizabeth's support for Dutch Protestants, and he was furious at the success of Drake's Sea Dogs against his Spanish treasure fleet. With Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, Philip conspired to overthrow the English government. When Elizabeth had Mary beheaded in 1587, Philip stepped up plans to invade England with his great Armada, a fleet of 130 ships, 2,400 pieces of artillery, and over 30,000 men. Drake commanded the smaller English fleet, which engaged the Spanish at a distance with cannon fire instead of closing in on Spanish ships in order to board them. The English held Philip's impressive fleet at bay for nine days in 1588, and finally a strong storm the English called a "Protestant Wind" dashed a number of the cumbersome Spanish vessels against the shore. Elizabeth was now able to proclaim England's naval supremacy, but the suffering settlers in Roanoke needed immediate aid. When White returned to Roanoke in 1590, he found a "Lost Colony" empty of inhabitants.
Queen Elizabeth
Of the migrants who came to the mid-Atlantic colonies in America, what was the biggest difference between "redemptioners" and "indentured servants"?
Redemptioners: Voluntary servants who stayed together as families and bound themselves to masters for a set period of time. (often Germans who came to escape poor conditions in the Rhineland). The difference is that unlike indentured Servants, redemptioners found their own masters.
These efforts to unify many different peoples into nation-states and to support the prosperity of merchants in international trade coincided with the sweeping cultural revival known as the Renaissance. Across Europe beginning in the 1300s, many wealthy commercial families began to invest portions of their fortunes in an unparalleled burst of building, painting, mapping, printing, and traveling. Together, merchants, statesmen, and intellectuals renewed their interest in the Greek and Roman classics, in secular learning, and in nature and scientific inquiry. In Italy this combination of commercial and cultural activity stimulated the rise of ingenious Florentine bankers in the Medici family. The leaders of countries, armies, churches, universities, and municipalities enlisted inventors and artists to create great public works that validated new relations of power.
Renaissance (connect to US history)
North Carolina, where Roanoke Island lay. Ralegh named the region Virginia (after the virgin queen, Elizabeth I). Following a dire winter of scarcity and deaths, the few remaining settlers started to make a beginning for themselves. Their neighbors were hundreds of Algonquian Indians. Those closest to the coast, under the leadership of Wingina, hoped that Ralegh's people would become allies against their enemies, and the struggling English settlement quickly began to rely on nearby Indian villages to feed them and deliver hides for export back to England. Tensions with the Algonquians soon began to grow, however. If the Indians resisted colonists' demands for food, instructed Ralegh, "bring them all in subjection to civility." Settlers quarreled with the Indians, stopped farming their small clearings, and attacked Roanoke Indian villages in early 1586. When the pirate Francis Drake stopped at the settlement and warned of Spanish raids along their coastline, many Virginians returned to England. The Indians slaughtered a second, small party of new settlers. When the commander of a third ship arrived, he found a vacant settlement, at which he left a few soldiers to garrison the fort while he returned to England for reinforcements. Ralegh attempted to settle Roanoke and "civilize the heathens" again in 1587. These 117 colonizers included a mixed group of women and children, craftsmen and farmers, a naturalist, a governor, and the talented artist John White. White's granddaughter, Virginia Dare, may have been the first English child born in the Western Hemisphere. But the settlers' collective fate was firmly tied to events back in England in 1588, and success at Roanoke eluded this group, too. After White created a series of valuable drawings of Indian life and the Roanoke environment , he returned to England for supplies When White returned to Roanoke in 1590, he found a "Lost Colony" empty of inhabitants. The houses had been "taken down" and household goods "spoiled and scattered about." White believed that hostile Indians attacked and killed the English settlers. Modern scholars have also suggested that Spain may have struck a fatal blow from the south, and a third possibility is that the settlers, to survive, assimilated into the Indian villages nearby or to the north in the Chesapeake Bay. Whatever their fate, the only trace of the former colony was a single word carved into a doorpost—"Croatoan," taken from the name of a friendly Indian tribe.
Roanoke settlement
1603-1683 -Separatist, came to Salem 1631 -Banished from MBC bc came to doubt Puritanism and became a Baptist in 1639, going on to establish the first Baptist church in America. -Founded town of Providence (Rhode Island - 1st settlement w/ religious freedoms for Christians)
Roger Williams
one of the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony after leaving England on the Mayflower in 1620. Bradford was influential in shaping Plymouth's government and became its governor in 1621. He went on to serve as governor off and on for over 30 years. Bradford signed the first set of laws for the colony called the Mayflower Compact. Bradford volunteered to be on the first expeditions to find a place to settle. He was part of the group that discovered Plymouth Harbor where the Pilgrims would build Plymouth Colony. who helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of the first permanent colony in New England. alls the Plymouth settlers pilgrims when he writes about their departure from Leiden, Holland to come to America: "They knew they were pilgrims, and looked not much on those things, but lifted up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest country; and quieted their spirits."
William Bradford
In 1681, Charles II awarded a great tract of land to William Penn, primarily to pay off a debt due from the crown to Penn's father. Part of the grant stretched far into the unknown west, and part of it overlapped with Maryland's claims, which would finally be settled in 1767 when Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed a line between the two colonies. -In his early twenties, Penn left behind a life of privilege and wealth to join the relatively new Society of Friends, or Quakers. By his mid-thirties, Penn had published fifty books and pamphlets about Quaker beliefs, and he had set up Pennsylvania as a refuge for fellow Friends -entering into a peace treaty in 1683 with Tamanend, a chief of the Lenape Turtle Clan, under the shade of an elm tree near the village of Shackamaxon (now Kensington) in Pennsylvania. The peace between the Lenape Turtle Clan and Penn's successors would endure for over 70 years, until the Penn's Creek Massacre of 1755.
William Penn
In rural New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Presbyterian minister called on sinners to have a spiritual rebirth, claiming that his own son had been raised from the dead by God's wonderful powers.
William Tennent
more promising solution was for young men from crowded farms and towns to hire themselves out to other farmers in the area in return for some cash payment and room and board for a contracted period of time. Alternatively, rural men could take up part-time work in "by-employments," or trades related to farming, such as carpentry, barrel making, trapping, fishing, beekeeping, cider pressing, and fence mending. By-employments helped bring in cash that could be set aside for purchasing land later on. Demand for these skills increased after 1700 as colonists had to produce more tools and household items themselves and find different ways to exchange their meager farm surpluses for manufactured imports. Fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, and carrying other colonies' goods provided a partial safety valve for some New Englanders. Many young people from Connecticut and Massachusetts turned away from farming entirely and tried their luck at blacksmithing, seafaring, carpentry, or storekeeping. Salem and Marblehead fishermen sold their plentiful catches of cod and mackerel to feed Caribbean slaves and southern Europeans. By the 1750s, over 4,500 men were employed in the coastal fishing industry. After acquiring his own land, a farmer might continue to raise his income with by-employments. Men with special skills were valuable not only to their families but also to the community as a whole. After toiling at ceaseless rounds of daily chores, wives and daughters could also add income to spend on "store-bought" goods by selling cheese, bags of feathers, garden vegetables, or small pieces of fabric. A family of six or eight not only would struggle mightily to bring in agricultural crops, but would also be busy between seasons and in evenings with improving or repairing farm equipment or with spinning and weaving (see Figure 4.5).
by-employment
Conquistadores and local officials organized the encomienda system, under which the Spanish forced local indigenous populations to work in mines and fields. Spaniards who became lords over large populations often lived in high style on the tribute in goods and specie (gold and silver) they extracted from native residents. -Grazing animals brought by Euros, grazed on Native foods -> forced to go to missions for food (grazed plants that NA used for medicine) -Hispaniola and Mexico depopulation -
encomienda system
Dutch merchants planned to extract huge amounts of beaver, marten, deer, and otter furs and hides with Iroquois help. These merchants funded a new Dutch West India Company (WIC) in 1621. Like many imperial efforts to combine settlement with business enterprise, the WIC was a joint stock company—an enterprise that sold shares of stock to numerous investors in order to underwrite expensive ventures abroad and spread the risk of these voyages. The WIC charter also authorized Pierre Minuit to recruit refugee Protestant families to settle New Amsterdam and obtained use of the island of Manhattan from the Manhattans, a local Native American nation in 1626.
joint stock company
1612 Tobacco planting and exporting began at Jamestown. 1618 Charter granted which commissioned the establishing of a General Assembly in Jamestown. 1619 Arrival of first Africans. 1620 Arrival of 100 women to be brides for the settlers. Colonist John Rolfe brought the seeds of sweeter tobacco to Jamestown in 1610, and from this microscopic item came the first major crop of the English Atlantic trade. By the end of the 17th century, hundreds of ships left England each year to transport tobacco leaves. The demand for tobacco eventually became so great, that the colonists turned to enslaved Africans as a cheap source of labor for their plantations
tobacco (saved jamestown)
