Exam 2

What was the name of the group formed by Alfred Stieglitz after he left the Camera Club of New York? Why did he choose this name?

Photo-Secession Break away from the most powerful photographic organization in the US

What was Lewis Hine's relationship with the NCLC?

Photographed children who worked in mines, factories, mills and delivering newspapers

What are the primary tenets of humanism?

Photographers adopt an unabashedly subjective stance, stressing potential values and goodness of human being

What was the subject matter that sustained Karl Blossfeldt's practice for 35 years?

Photographing flowers, buds and seed capsules

How did Erich Salamon make his fist big break through? What was to become Salamon's primary subject matter?

Photography poverty in a courtroom Politicians and Diplomas

In 1847, The Atheneum published an article in which it said that in photography, "ideality is unattainable and imagination supplanted by the presence of fact." What did they mean by this?

Photography was useful for its documentary and scientific applications - recording everyday reality and empirical facts

What was the name of the method that John Heartfield used to make images for the cover of the magazine AIZ?

Photomontage - pasting together pieces of multiple images drawn from many sources

Why did Aileen Smith return the copyright for the photograph "Tomoko in the Bath" to the Uemura family? Why did a number of photojournalists believe she should not have done this?

Withdrew the image from the circulation Was being used against her and her family It was a dangerous trend

How did Julia Margaret Cameron first discover the soft-focus she commonly used in her portraits?

by accident "when focusing and coming to something which, to my eye was very beautiful, I stopped...instead of screwing the lens to the more definite focus which all other photographers insist upon."

What was the name of the school founded by Walter Gropius? What was its educational philosophy?

Bauhaus - House of Building A completely interdisciplinary approach to education - each student took courses in every medium, with the belief that they would emerge as well rounded, thoroughly flexible artists, comfortable in all areas of the visual and performing arts

Why was Lazslo Moholy-Nagy particularly drawn to photography? What was the name that Moholy-Nagy gave to his theory for photography?

Because it was untainted by the past and also because it required simultaneous coordination of mind, hand and eye The New Vision

Where did Hine first photograph newly arrived immigrants to the US?

Ellis Island

Capa believed that it was his job to get as close to the action as possible. What was the phrase he used to equate this with the quality of photojournalistic photographs?

If it is not good enough, hour not closed enough

How did seeing Ansel Adams lecture in Detroit affect Harry Callahan's approach to photography?

It freed him to make his pictures close to home, in his home backyard even

Why were the pictorialists drawn to making soft focus photographs?

It was seen as a means to create beautiful images as opposed to simple documents of facts Bypassing the camera's relentless descriptive ability, in effect, making the image more painterly

Why was the Vietnam war known as "the first media war"?

It was the most reported on war with both photos and TVs

What was the name of the wider, philosophical movement in Germany with which ALbert Renger-Patzsch is associated?

New Objectivity, it infused all areas of cultural activity, implying a practical engagement with the world, as opposed to romantic idealism

Why did Victorian artists such as Julia Margaret Cameron prefer to be called "amateurs" rather than professionals?

Noble intentions, the pursuit of something driven by love

What did Moholy-Nagy mean when he used the term "dematerialized" in relation to the photograph?

One that needed no materials or tools

What were Ann Brigman's three primary influences?

Pagan mythology, European Romanticism, and her exposure as a child to the beliefs of native Hawaiian people

Why did Eugene and Aileen Smith go to Minamata? What did they hope to achieve with their photographs?

People were suffering from a disease Wanted to bring disease to public attention

What was the name of the book that Bill Brandt published in 1961? What did he do to achieve the high degree of distortion seen in the pictures?

Perspectives on the Nude He used a camera equipped with an extremely wide angle lens

How did Mathew Brady describe himself soon after gaining permission to photograph the Civil War?

The eye of history

What was Krysztof Wodiczko"s most celebrated projection piece?

A Projection of a swastika onto the facade of South Africa House in London

In what way did the camera "serve as a relief" for Margaret Bourke-White as she photographed at Buchenwald?

A barrier between her and the white honor in front of her

What special piece of equipment enabled Paul Strand to surreptitiously make pictures of people on the street?

A camera fitted with a specifically designed prismatic lens

What was the narrative suggested by Gertrude Kasebier's picture "Blessed Art Thou Among Women"?

A father sends his son out into the world A mother and daughter stand together as the young girl prepares to step across the threshold to make her way in life

What is meant by combination printing?

A method of combining multiple negatives to make a single seamless photograph

What is a photo essay?

A method of telling story they are photographed along with short written captions and additional text

What is the primary goal of an allegorical photograph?

A picture that can be interpreted to reveal a meaning, typically of a moral or political nature

What did Susan Sontag mean when she wrote "Combat photographers cannot avoid participating in the lethal activity they record"?

By taking pictures and slaying outside of events - photos are neglecting their responsibility to actually helps those in need

What was the name of the magazine that Stieglitz began publishing in 1902?

Camera Work

What was the appeal of collage and photo-montage to artists who were opposed to traditional methods of art making? Why were they particularly drawn to photography?

Collage - they could construct images without traditional materials Photomontage - use the pictures as substitutes to the world itself => appeared flat and seamless They loved photography because it represented a break and a threat to painting

Why did Susan Meiselas decide to use color film to document the civil war in Nicaragua? What was the reason that some people felt she should have used black and white?

Color did a better job of suggesting what she was seeing Because the color was too beautiful => take away from the seriousness and sometimes horror of what being photographed

What was the name of the avant-garde movement that emerged from the Cabaret Voltaire? What were the primary goals of these artists?

Dada Began with both the outright rejection of mainstream societal values and the deliberate provocations intended to offend and destroy traditional culture and aesthetics.

What were the primary goals of John Thomson and Adolphe Smith's project Street Life in London? How did the general public respond to these pictures?

Describe the vast diversity of London street's life The public wanted work to arouse middle class sympathies for the poor and disadvantages

Why is Robert Capa's photograph "Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death" controversial?

Detractors say it was taken 30 miles from the nearet fighting

What did P.H. Emerson call his theory regarding the way a photograph should be focused? What specifically did he propose?

Differential focus Photographer should imitate the effects of nature on vision => should focus on the primary subject and allow the rest of the frame to be slightly out of focus

What was the name of the international photography exhibition organized in Germany in 1929?

Film und Foto

What technological invention made Jacob Rii's work possible?

Flash powder

Why did Duane Michals first begin to make staged photographs?

Frustrated at his inability to convey complex personal concerns

WHy is Alexander Gardner's picture "Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter" controversial?

He moved the corpse and included his own gun in the picture

Why was Arthur Rothstein's series of photographs of a cow's skull controversial?

He moved the skull => questioning the authenticity of the picture's veracity

In 2003 the Los Angeles Times fired the photographer Brian Walski. What specifically did he do that caused him to lose his job?

He photoshopped two pictures together => bad photoshop

Why did Edward Sheriff Curtis begin to photograph Native Americans?

He witnessed a Sun Dance ceremony and was so moved => he decided to dedicated himself to the culture before it went extinct

What was the primary goal of Jacob Rii's photographic work?

Help the poor

What did Bill Brandt believe was the key ingredient that transformed the everyday into the beautiful and surprising?

His desire to maintain the innocence that a child has when confronting the world for the first time

What was the title of the book that Riis published in 1890?

How the Other Half Lives: Study among the Tenants of New York in 1890

How does the approach of a humanist photographer differ from that of a photojournalist?

Humanist photographer: stresses potential values and goodness of humans Photojournalist: shows the actual people to tell the visual stories

What was the original name of the gallery that Alfred Stieglitz opened in 1905? What was the shortened name by which it later became known?

Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession 291

What was the title of Donna Ferrato's book documenting domestic abuse?

Living with the enemy

What was the name of the photo-agency formed by Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson and two other photographers? Why did they feel that it was important to form such an agency?

Magnum - get freedom from editorial sanction and get more control of their images

Who said, "I photograph what i do not wish to paint and I paint what I cannot photograph."?

Man Ray

Why have some ethnologists criticized Curtis' approach?

Manipulating his images He misinterpreted the fact

What were the three classes of photography devised by Jabez Hughes. What was his definition of "high art photography"?

Mechanical photography (simple documentation) Art photography High Art photography (instruct, purify and ennoble the viewer)

What was the title of Dorothea Lange's picture that has become a symbol of the Great Depression? What was the primary subject's name?

Migrant Mother Florence Owens Thompson

What specific belief of the previous age was rejected by modernist artists?

Modernist artists rejected the truths of the previous age, specifically reason which was the core of a belief system (that began with the Enlightenment) basic in logic and empiricism

WHat was the NCLC? What was its primary goal?

National Child Labor Committee Set up to study and lobby for changes in child labor laws

What was the term that Jerry Uelsmann used to describe his process? How did this differ from that of straight photographers?

Post-visualization Makes pictures thinking of how he might combine them in the darkroom

What were the main issues that Duane Michals wanted to use the camera to explore?

Questions the truthfulness of photography and probe ways that pictures can mirror a world that often defies logic.

Why was Arthur Fellig given the name "Weegee"?

Referred to a Ouija board as the police thought it was psychic community with the spirits

What was the name of the artist who altered copies of magazines of Time and Newsweek and then placed them back onto newsstands? Who, or what was he aiming to subvert?

Robert Heinecken Large companies whose power often goes unquestioned and unchallenged

How do Cindy Sherman's works differ from traditional self-portraits?

She is an actor, assuming the roles of numerous different types of women => "Cliches"

In what way did photographers such as Lady Mary Filmer seek to introduce the human hand into their work? Why did she do this?

She made many albums consisting of photographs pasted into painted scenes or surrounded by collaged elements

What was the primary inspiration for CIndy Sherman's series Untitled Film Stills?

Sherman's love of dressing up and assuming different personalities

What was Roman Vishnaic's primary subject matter?

Small Jewish communities in Eastern Europe

What was the name of the camera that Weegee used? What technical steps did he take to ensure he could quickly photograph moments of high drama?

Speed Traffic preset to f16 at 1/200 with flash and bulbs and focus distances set as 10ft

What was the subject matter of Alfred Stieglitz's picture, "The Steerage"?

Steerage was the cheapest way to travel, passengers here slept on the deck for the entirety of the journey => felt similar to a collage and its complicated depiction of space

What was the core goal of the surrealist movement?

Surrealist prized dreams and free association for their lack of fixed, logical explanations

Why did Alexander Gardner decide to stop working for Matthew Brady and form his own team of photographers?

THe actual photographers were not getting credit for their works

What replaced magazines such as Life as the primary method for people to get the news and learn about the world?

Televisions

What was the title of the series of photographs that Lee Friedlander made inside motel rooms?

The Little Screens

What was the title of the pictures Roger Fenton made of a field strewn with Cannonballs? Why were these images controversial?

The Valley of the shadow of death The camera balls had been removed

What was the title of Oscar Rejlander's best known combination print? What is the story it portrays?

The two ways of life A father leading two sons through an arch which symbolized the boundary between city and country. The youth on the right chooses to follow the path of religion, mercy, industry, the other will inhabit a world of gamblers, idlers and sinners.

What is the meaning the appropriation in relation to contemporary art?

The use and re-contextualization of a pre-existing image

In what way do Tim Hetherington's photographs of sleeping Marine's contradict stereotypical images of war?

They appear beautiful and innocent and not high drama with action

What is meant by the term "social landscape" as it refers to photography?

They sit somewhere between landscape and street photography They are of spaces which people use, and typically, but not always, include people in them

In an effort to integrate photography into modern art, Alvin Langdon Coburn made a series of abstract photographs. What was the title he gave to these images?

Vortographs - abstraction

Why did President Roosevelt form the Resettlement Administration? What was the new name given to the Resettlement Administration two years after it was formed?

To help people in drought areas seek through the depression Farm Security Administration

What was Lewis Hine's main goal as a photographer?

Use photography to bring change and to emphasis the value, goodness and beauty of human beings