Exam 3
Steps in order to process karyotyping
1. Genetic material is obtained from an individual. 2. DNA is labeled with short, fluorescently labeled pieces of DNA. 3. DNA binds to specific sequences on a chromosome. 4.Chromosomes are exposed to specific wavelengths of light. 5. Fluorescent markers emit different colors of light that can be visualized as different banding patterns.
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
22 pairs of these
Autosomal
Nucleosomes
Bundles of DNA wrapped around histone proteins and then further compressed into euchromatin
Which of the following sentences best summarizes how genes and chromosomes are involved in transmitting information to future generations?
Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into genes that code for specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, those specific traits are inheritable also.
Meiosis
Cuts chromosomes number in half in order for fertilization to double the chromosome number
Which of the following sentences is true about how DNA is packaged into chromosomes? A. DNA is wrapped in circles around a single protein, much like a spool of thread to make up a chromosome. B. DNA is folded into a fan shaped pattern and held there by interactions between amino groups to form a chromosome. C. DNA folds upon itself through the interaction of hydrogen bonds into three-dimensional structures called chromosomes. D. DNA is coiled around proteins and organized into bundles before being coiled into a chromosome.
DNA is coiled around proteins and organized into bundles before being coiled into a chromosome.
DNA sequencing
Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA.
Alleles that are________ mask the expression of alleles that are _________.
Dominant, Recessive
Being used to treat sickle cell disease
Ex vivo ,Bone marrow of diseased mice were infected with viruses containing normal hemoglobin B genes and reinserted back into the mice.
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning creates multiple copies of a gene for further study.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Phenotype
Physical appearance
aminocentesis
Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves inserting a needle to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion.
Mitosis
Results in diploid
multiple allele inheritance
Trait is controlled by interactions between many different alleles
Allele inheritance
When a trait is controlled by interactions between many different alleles
CRISPR
a collection of DNA sequences that tells Cas9 exactly where to cut
restriction enzymes
cut DNA in predictable sizes, creating predictable-sized fragments. When these fragments are different sizes from normal it could indicate changes in the DNA sequence, which could indicate the presence of genetic diseases.
In Vivo gene therapy
gene is delivered directly into the body
ex vivo gene therapy
gene is inserted into cells that have been removed and then returned to the body
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
autosomal dominant
inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
In Vivo gene therapy
involves inserting the normal gene directly into the individual
ex vivo gene therapy
involves removing tissue, inserting a normal gene into that tissue, and reinserting the tissue into the individual
Autosomes
non-sex chromosomes
autosomal chromosomes
non-sex chromosomes
Karyotypes are made by
obtaining genetic material and incubating it with fluorescently labeled DNA to visualize sizes and banding patterns of chromosome.
Meiosis
process results in haploid gametes
Gametes
sex cells
Autosomal Recessive
two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
Alleles
variations of genes
