Exam 3 chapters 24-31

Your patient was exposed to an acid in his eyes. What do you do.

Irrigate Pt's eyes for at least 15-20 minutes. If irritation persists, continue irrigation. NC attached to NS bag.

Knowing your body doesn't compensate for rapid blood loss, what length of time does it take your body to compensate after it loses a half liter in relation to donating?

Its taken out within 15-20 minutes so that your body can compensate for the loss.

What are the treatments of Pericardial Tamponade?

-ABCs -O2 -IV access with enough fluid to maintain systolic BP of 90/80 -Transport

What is the appropriate management for an evisceration.

-ABCs and O2 -Moist sterile dressing -Bleeding Control -Iv access with pain management -Treat for shock

You have a Patient who has an obvious pelvic fracture, she is Hypotensive, Tachycardic, and Tachypneic. What is the most appropriate management for her?

-ABCs and O2 -Stabilized pelvis -Treat for shock -Transport while monitoring for internal bleeding.

How do you treat a partial amputation?

-ABCs and Oxygen -As close to anatomical position as possible -Bleeding control with dry sterile dressing -IV Bolus (bi-lateral) -Main management -Transport

What is the most appropriate treatment for a patient with an impaled object in their abdomen?

-CABs -Bleeding control -O2 -Stabilize impaled object with bulky dressing -Treat for shock **Never remove impaled objects unless it interferes with airway management or CPR.**

When administering IV crystalloid boluses to a patient with an electrical injury, you should give enough fluid to maintain a urine output of: A. 1 mL/kg per hour. B. 2 mL/kg per hour. C. 3 mL/kg per hour. D. 4 mL/kg per hour.

A. 1 mL/kg per hour.

Appropriate management for a patient with a serious closed injury and signs of shock includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. 15" to 20" elevation of the lower extremities. B. IV fluid boluses to maintain perfusion. C. prompt transport to a local trauma center. D. high-flow oxygen or assisted ventilation.

A. 15" to 20" elevation of the lower extremities.

A 32-year-old male was involved in a motorcycle crash and sustained bilateral femur fractures as he was ejected over the handlebars of his bike. He is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. On the basis of his injury, what is the approximate volume of blood that he has lost? A. 2 L B. 4 L C. 3 L D. 1 L

A. 2 L

A 4-year-old boy pulled a pot of boiling water from the stovetop. He has superficial and partial-thickness burns to his head, left anterior trunk, and entire left arm. On the basis of the "rule of nines," what percentage of this child's body surface area (BSA) has been burned? A. 30% B. 45% C. 36% D. 27%

A. 30%

Which of the following conditions would allow an adult patient to MOST effectively compensate for external blood loss? A. 500 mL of blood loss over 15 minutes B. 1,000 mL of blood loss over 20 minutes C. 750 mL of blood loss over 10 minutes D. 500 mL of blood loss over 30 seconds

A. 500 mL of blood loss over 15 minutes

On the basis of the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid should you administer per hour to a 70-kg patient with severe burns to 50% of his BSA? A. 800-900 mL B. 900-1,000 mL C. 700-800 mL D. 1,000-1,100 mL

A. 800-900 mL

Which of the following patients has experienced a critical burn? A. A 65-year-old with 18% partial-thickness burns to both upper extremities B. A 10-year-old with 45% superficial burns involving the chest and back C. A 31-year-old with 27% partial-thickness burns who takes antidepressants D. A 50-year-old with 9% full-thickness burns involving an upper extremity

A. A 65-year-old with 18% partial-thickness burns to both upper extremities

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct? A. Internal injury caused by an electrical burn is usually more severe than the external burns indicate. B. When exposed to electricity, the human body is an excellent insulator because it is comprised primarily of water. C. Ordinary household current can cause an electrical injury, but the burns are usually not severe. D. The size of entrance and exits wounds provides an indicator as to the degree of internal injury.

A. Internal injury caused by an electrical burn is usually more severe than the external burns indicate.

Which of the following organs or tissues requires only intermittent circulation of blood? A. Muscles B. Brain C. Kidneys D. Lungs

A. Muscles

Which of the following organs or systems can survive the longest without oxygen? A. Skeletal muscles B. Central nervous system C. Gastrointestinal system D. The myocardium

A. Skeletal muscles

A 22-year-old male, who was trapped in a confined space during a structural fire, is conscious and alert and refuses EMS treatment and transport. He is breathing without difficulty, but has singed nasal hair and facial redness. Which of the following statements regarding this patient is correct? A. The patient may die several hours later due to pulmonary complications. B. Signs and symptoms of upper airway swelling are rapidly progressing. C. You should encourage this patient to drive himself to the hospital. D. It is likely that this patient has not experienced a serious airway burn.

A. The patient may die several hours later due to pulmonary complications.

A 22-year-old male has sustained full-thickness burns to approximately 55% of his BSA. You are appropriately managing his airway and are administering 100% oxygen. You note that the patient's heart rate is 140 beats/min and thready and his blood pressure is 78/58 mm Hg. You should: A. administer 20 mL/kg crystalloid boluses to maintain perfusion. B. administer IV fluids based on the Parkland formula. C. deliver several 500 mL boluses of normal saline solution. D. withhold IV fluid therapy until you have contacted medical control.

A. administer 20 mL/kg crystalloid boluses to maintain perfusion.

If a patient is hemorrhaging, he or she is: A. bleeding. B. bleeding externally. C. in severe shock. D. bleeding internally.

A. bleeding.

Heat that is generated by an electrical injury can cause coagulation and vascular occlusion, resulting in: A. compartment syndrome. B. spinal cord inflammation. C. massive infection. D. spontaneous hemorrhage.

A. compartment syndrome.

During Stage 1 hemorrhage, the body compensates primarily by: A. constriction of the vascular bed. B. increasing the respiratory rate. C. increasing systolic blood pressure. D. narrowing the pulse pressure.

A. constriction of the vascular bed.

Priority treatment for a patient with an open soft-tissue injury includes: A. control of active bleeding. B. wound decontamination. C. prevention of hypothermia. D. IV crystalloid fluid boluses.

A. control of active bleeding.

The mouth, nose, and other body orifices are lined with ___________________, which secrete a watery substance and provide a protective barrier against harmful agents. A. mucus membranes B. melanin granules C. sebaceous glands D. germinal cells

A. mucus membranes

During an explosion, a metal worker sustained a large laceration to the left side of his neck by flying debris. He is conscious, but restless; the wound is moderately bleeding. Appropriate care for this patient's injury includes: A. preventing air from entering the wound and applying a pressure dressing. B. applying a pressure dressing to the wound and then apply a cervical collar. C. controlling the bleeding by applying direct pressure to both carotid arteries. D. circumferentially wrapping the neck with gauze to secure a dressing in place.

A. preventing air from entering the wound and applying a pressure dressing.

When managing a critically-burned patient, it is important to: A. rapidly estimate the burn's severity and then cover with dry, sterile dressings. B. administer topical analgesia to the burned areas to afford the patient pain relief. C. perform a detailed physical exam at the scene to look for occult injuries. D. break the integrity of any formed blisters as these can result in infection.

A. rapidly estimate the burn's severity and then cover with dry, sterile dressings.

During times of decreased perfusion, the autonomic nervous system: A. redirects blood to the most vital organs of the body. B. causes vasodilation to increase venous capacitance. C. diverts all available blood flow to the kidneys. D. decreases the heart rate so as to decrease oxygen demand.

A. redirects blood to the most vital organs of the body.

When managing a patient with severe bleeding, it is important to: A. take standard precautions. B. control the bleeding. C. administer high-flow oxygen. D. obtain frequent vital signs.

A. take standard precautions.

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause injury: A. there must be a complete circuit between the electrical source and the ground. B. a patient must be in direct contact with the electrical source for at least 30 seconds. C. there must be an insulator in between the patient and the electrical source. D. the source of the electricity must be high voltage, such as a high power line.

A. there must be a complete circuit between the electrical source and the ground.

A 40-year-old patient has sustained circumferential burns to the chest. The MOST serious complication associated with this type of burn injury is: A. ventilatory insufficiency. B. increased chest excursion. C. cardiac dysrhythmias. D. compartment syndrome.

A. ventilatory insufficiency.

Which of the following is the MOST acute and serious complication associated with a break in the integrity of the skin? A. Severe infection B. Loss of fluids C. Hyperthermia D. Vasodilation

B. Loss of fluids

In which of the following circumstances should you remove an impaled object? A. Metal rod in the thigh with severe arterial hemorrhage B. Metal shard in the cheek and inadequate respiratory effort C. Ice pick in the chest of an unconscious breathing patient D. Knife in the abdomen of a pulseless and apneic patient

B. Metal shard in the cheek and inadequate respiratory effort

Which of the following injuries or conditions would MOST likely overwhelm the body's hemostatic response and result in death? A. Bleeding within the brain B. Ruptured aortic aneurysm C. Laceration to the liver D. Laceration to the spleen

B. Ruptured aortic aneurysm

You should be MOST suspicious for serious bleeding when: A. the typical signs of shock are not present. B. a patient has a poor general appearance. C. the MOI suggests injury to the lower extremities. D. a patient has a normal BP for his or her age.

B. a patient has a poor general appearance.

You are assessing a 4-year-old male who was electrocuted when he stuck a pin into an electrical socket. He is conscious and alert and complains of pain to his left hand, where you find a small entrance wound. When treating this child, you should: A. flush the wound with sterile saline. B. anticipate extensive internal injuries. C. fully immobilize his spinal column. D. apply an AED and monitor the child.

B. anticipate extensive internal injuries.

During your initial attempt to control severe external bleeding from an extremity, you should: A. digitally compress a proximal pressure point. B. apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing. C. apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound. D. apply a pressure dressing to the wound.

B. apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing.

You arrive at the scene of a residential fire where the occupant, a 48-year-old male, has sustained partial- and full-thickness burns to his lower extremities and lower torso. Firefighters removed the patient's smoldering clothing and stopped the burning process prior to your arrival. The patient is conscious, but restless, and complains of intense pain to the burned areas. After taking the standard precautions, you should: A. perform a secondary assessment and start an IV. B. apply supplemental oxygen and monitor his airway. C. immerse the burned areas in sterile water. D. rapidly estimate the extent of the patient's burns.

B. apply supplemental oxygen and monitor his airway.

A utility worker was trimming branches away from a high power line when he accidentally cut the power line. He is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should begin CPR and then: A. apply full spinal motion restriction precautions. B. apply the AED as soon as possible. C. establish two large-bore IV lines. D. assess for an entrance and exit wound.

B. apply the AED as soon as possible.

A young male tripped on a garden hose, fell, and struck his head on a concrete sidewalk. He is unresponsive and has a large hematoma to his forehead. His respirations are slow and shallow. You should: A. start an IV and administer a 20 mL/kg bolus. B. assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen. C. administer oxygen via nonrebreathing mask. D. apply ice to the injury to reduce bleeding.

B. assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen.

You and your partner are caring for a 30-year-old female who sustained extensive partial- and full-thickness burns when she was near a gas heater that exploded. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is semiconscious with profoundly labored and stridorous respirations. Immediate management of this patient should include: A. covering her with dry, sterile dressings and applying oxygen. B. assisting her breathing with a bag-mask device and oxygen. C. insertion of a multilumen airway to protect her from aspiration. D. 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask and rapid transport.

B. assisting her breathing with a bag-mask device and oxygen.

When caring for a patient with multiple abrasions, you should: A. clean the wounds with sterile water. B. be alert for underlying injuries. C. transport to a local trauma center. D. give a 500 mL crystalloid bolus.

B. be alert for underlying injuries.

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as: A. oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs. B. circulation of blood within an organ or tissue. C. adequate supplies of glucose within the brain. D. removal of carbon dioxide from the body

B. circulation of blood within an organ or tissue.

The LEAST desirable method of bleeding control in the prehospital setting is: A. maintaining manual pressure over the injury. B. clamping a bleeding artery with hemostats. C. applying a tourniquet proximal to the injury. D. applying a pressure dressing and bandage.

B. clamping a bleeding artery with hemostats.

You are caring for a 59-year-old male involved in a motor-vehicle crash. During your assessment, you note that his pelvis is unstable, he is pale and diaphoretic, and his blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Use of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) would be absolutely contraindicated if further assessment of this patient revealed: A. collapsed jugular veins. B. coarse crackles in the lungs C. a rigid, distended abdomen. D. bilateral femur fractures

B. coarse crackles in the lungs

Appropriate management of a patient with an abdominal evisceration includes: A. carefully irrigating the exposed organs with sterile saline and replacing them back into the abdomen. B. covering the exposed organs with a moist, sterile dressing and securing the dressing in place with a dry, sterile dressing. C. applying and inflating all compartments of the PASG to protect the exposed organs and treat for shock. D. avoiding flexion of the patient's knees as this may exacerbate bleeding and enlarge the evisceration.

B. covering the exposed organs with a moist, sterile dressing and securing the dressing in place with a dry, sterile dressing.

The layer of the skin that plays a key role in the cooling of the body is the: A. sebaceous layer. B. dermis. C. germinal layer. D. epidermis.

B. dermis.

A 20-year-old male was shot multiple times during a drive-by shooting. You arrive at the scene, which has been secured by law enforcement, and approach the patient. He is semiconscious and is bleeding heavily from the chest. You should: A. perform a primary assessment. B. follow proper standard precautions. C. ensure the patient's airway is patent. D. immediately control all bleeding.

B. follow proper standard precautions.

Prior to applying a tourniquet to a profusely bleeding injury, you should take standard precautions and then: A. elevate the patient's legs 6" to 12". B. hold direct pressure over the bleeding site. C. apply pressure over a proximal artery. D. apply oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

B. hold direct pressure over the bleeding site.

In contrast to upper-airway injury following a burn, lower-airway injury is usually the result of: A. diffuse collapsing of the alveoli. B. inhalation of chemicals and particulate matter. C. interstitial fluid shifts and pulmonary edema. D. inhalation of superheated gases.

B. inhalation of chemicals and particulate matter.

When assessing a patient with blunt abdominal trauma, the severity of internal bleeding is BEST determined by: A. noting the mechanism of injury. B. monitoring for signs of shock. C. frequently taking the blood pressure. D. ascertaining the patient's medical history.

B. monitoring for signs of shock.

All patients with closed soft-tissue injuries should be assessed for: A. intra-abdominal bleeding. B. serious hidden injuries. C. signs of impending infection. D. trauma to the spinal cord.

B. serious hidden injuries.

A 55-year-old male sustained partial-thickness burns to his face and neck when he opened the hot radiator cap on his car. He is conscious and alert, but complains of dyspnea and difficulty swallowing. His oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. You should be MOST concerned about the: A. degree of burns. B. status of his airway. C. possibility of blindness. D. risk of infection.

B. status of his airway.

Death immediately following a burn is MOST commonly the result of: A. severe hypovolemic shock. B. toxic chemical inhalation. C. massive bacterial infection. D. incineration of the patient.

B. toxic chemical inhalation.

Radiation is released into the atmosphere when: A. it becomes ionized and its atoms become stable in their charge. B. unstable atoms emit excess energy in an attempt to stabilize. C. atoms lose their charge and increase their production of energy. D. stable atoms become unstable and produce excess energy.

B. unstable atoms emit excess energy in an attempt to stabilize.

What composes the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal cord

How much IV fluid (per bolus) should you administer to a 65-kg patient with extensive burns and severe shock? A. 1,350 mL B. 1,410 mL C. 1,300 mL D. 1,435 mL

C. 1,300 mL

Why does the skin become flushed or red when a person is exposed to a hot environment? A. The blood is hyperoxygenated and assumes a bright color. B. Vasoconstriction shunts blood to the surface of the skin. C. Blood vessels dilate and heat radiates to the skin surface. D. Sweat glands produce sebum, resulting in heat evaporation.

C. Blood vessels dilate and heat radiates to the skin surface.

Which of the following factors has the MOST significant impact on determining the severity of a burn? A. The age of the patient B. Preexisting medical conditions C. Depth and extent of the burn D. Location of the burned areas

C. Depth and extent of the burn

When assessing a 70-year-old male with suspected internal bleeding, which of the following findings would be MOST pertinent? A. A history of controlled hypertension B. The patient regularly takes Tylenol. C. Dizziness or syncope upon standing D. A history of trauma six months ago

C. Dizziness or syncope upon standing

Which of the following has the MOST impact on the severity of radiation injury or type of health effect? A. The presence of any underlying medical conditions. B. Type of radiation and the patient's age C. The amount and duration of exposure D. The distance between the patient and the source

C. The amount and duration of exposure

A 60-year-old male has sustained partial- and full-thickness burns to his anterior chest, head, and both anterior arms. On the basis of the "Rule of Nines," what percentage of his body surface area (BSA) has been burned? A. 45% B. 27% C. 18% D. 36%

D. 36%

Which of the following patients would benefit MOST from the application and inflation of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG)? A. Closed head trauma with a BP of 160/90 mm Hg B. Unilateral femur fracture with a BP of 100/60 mm Hg C. Unstable pelvis with a BP of 80/50 mm Hg D. Chest trauma with a systolic BP of 60 mm Hg

C. Unstable pelvis with a BP of 80/50 mm Hg

You are dispatched to an industrial plant for a worker who was exposed to an unknown chemical. Upon arrival, you find the patient sitting outside of the plant. He has a white, dry powder covering his right arm. Care for this patient's exposure includes: A. removing the patient's clothing and immersing his arm in a container of water. B. immediately flushing the area with sterile saline to stop the burning process. C. brushing the chemical from the patient's arm and then irrigating with water. D. removing the patient's clothing and flushing with copious amounts of water.

C. brushing the chemical from the patient's arm and then irrigating with water.

You respond to a domestic dispute, where a middle-aged male was stabbed in the chest by his wife. Your assessment reveals that the patient is pulseless and apneic. The knife is impaled in the center of his chest. You should: A. turn the patient onto his side, stabilize the knife, and begin CPR. B. leave the knife in place, control the bleeding, and initiate CPR. C. carefully remove the knife, control the bleeding, and perform CPR. D. stabilize the knife with bulky dressing, initiate CPR, and transport.

C. carefully remove the knife, control the bleeding, and perform CPR.

Common signs and symptoms of radiation sickness include: A. increased visual acuity. B. thickening of the skin. C. hair loss and skin burns. D. hyperactive organ function.

C. hair loss and skin burns.

A full-thickness burn is typically characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT: A. leathery skin. B. muscle involvement. C. intense pain. D. eschar.

C. intense pain.

In addition to improving systemic perfusion following an electrical burn injury, you should administer IV crystalloid fluid boluses in order to: A. abruptly increase the blood pressure. B. concentrate myoglobin in the renal tubules. C. maintain adequate urine output. D. prevent the occurrence of dysrhythmias.

C. maintain adequate urine output.

The ability of a person to effectively compensate for acute blood loss is MOST directly related to the: A. location of the injury. B. patient's total blood volume. C. rate of blood loss. D. patient's weight.

C. rate of blood loss.

Following severe maxillofacial trauma, a 16-year-old male presents with oropharyngeal bleeding and poor respiratory effort. You should: A. pack the mouth with sterile gauze. B. assist his ventilations at once. C. suction the oropharynx. D. insert a nasopharyngeal airway.

C. suction the oropharynx.

Cardiac arrest following an electrical burn would MOST likely occur if: A. there is an entrance and an exit wound. B. the patient is older than 50 years of age. C. the electricity flows from arm to arm. D. the patient is exposed to direct current.

C. the electricity flows from arm to arm.

High-voltage burn injuries occur MOST frequently in: A. industrial plant workers. B. children in the home. C. utility workers. D. adults in the workplace.

C. utility workers.

What 3 parts compose the brain?

Cerebellum, Cerebrum, and Brain stem

An 80-kg patient has a lacerated brachial artery with severe bleeding. Based on his weight, what is the maximum amount of blood loss that his body can tolerate without developing severe shock? A. 1,250 mL B. 500 mL C. 950 mL D. 1,100 mL

D. 1,100 mL

A 1-year-old female sustained blunt abdominal trauma following a motor-vehicle crash in which she was not properly restrained. Significant signs and symptoms will MOST likely occur after as little as _____ of blood loss. A. 250 mL B. 50 mL C. 300 mL D. 100 mL

D. 100 mL

Which of the following weapons would MOST likely result in the largest surface area of tissue damage? A. .22 caliber handgun B. 357 magnum C. 9.0 mm handgun D. 12-gauge shotgun

D. 12-gauge shotgun

A 33-year-old male was shot in the abdomen during an altercation at a bar. He is semiconscious, his heart rate is 160 beats/min and thready, and his respirations are 38 breaths/min and shallow. On the basis of this patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect that he is experiencing stage ____ hemorrhage. A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

D. 4

During a lengthy transport of a 120-lb 29-year-old female with partial- and full-thickness burns to 45% of her BSA, medical control orders you to begin IV fluid replacement based on the Parkland formula. What volume of IV crystalloid should you administer per hour? A. 720 mL B. 690 mL C. 780 mL D. 620 mL

D. 620 mL

Which of the following medications would interfere with the body's hemostatic effect? A. Antihypertensives B. Antidepressants C. Antianginals D. Anticoagulants

D. Anticoagulants

Which of the following is the MOST significant acute complication associated with a laceration to the forearm? A. Internal bleeding B. Severe pain C. Severe infection D. External bleeding

D. External bleeding

Which of the following would be classified as a moderate burn in an infant or child? A. Partial-thickness burns to the hands, face, or genitalia B. Full-thickness burns covering 1% of the BSA C. Superficial burns covering 30% of the BSA D. Partial-thickness burns covering 15% of the BSA

D. Partial-thickness burns covering 15% of the BSA

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct? A. Following the burn, there is an immediate shift of fluid out of the vascular space. B. Sodium is shunted away from the burned area as the body attempts to compensate. C. Immediately following the burn, fluid shifts to the injured area and creates edema. D. Significant hypovolemia may not occur for several hours following the burn injury.

D. Significant hypovolemia may not occur for several hours following the burn injury.

Which of the following physiologic responses occurs initially following a burn injury? A. An inflammatory response and increased capillary permeability B. Electrolyte derangements and significant hypovolemia C. Massive edema as the fluid shifts into the extravascular space D. Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the burned area

D. Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the burned area

When assessing a conscious patient who experienced an electrical injury, you note irregularity in his pulse. This is MOST indicative of: A. ventricular fibrillation. B. impending respiratory arrest. C. decreased perfusion. D. a cardiac dysrhythmia.

D. a cardiac dysrhythmia.

Hemostasis is a natural response of the body in which: A. all body systems work together to maintain stability of the internal environment. B. platelets lose their ability to aggregate due to severe internal bleeding. C. blood is diverted away from the skin to areas where it is needed the most. D. bleeding spontaneously clots through vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

D. bleeding spontaneously clots through vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

A 34-year-old male was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. During the crash, his vehicle caught fire. Bystanders removed the patient from his vehicle prior to your arrival. The patient is conscious with adequate breathing. He has partial-thickness burns to his face and neck, and an open femur fracture with severe bleeding. Immediate management for this patient should include: A. maintaining body temperature. B. providing assisted ventilation. C. performing a secondary assessment. D. controlling the bleeding from his leg.

D. controlling the bleeding from his leg.

A 62-year-old female with a history of type 2 diabetes has sustained partial-thickness burns to 27% of her body surface area (BSA). This burn should be classified as a: A. moderate burn. B. first-degree burn. C. minor burn. D. critical burn.

D. critical burn.

All of the following are characteristic of a closed soft tissue injury, EXCEPT: A. a history of blunt trauma. B. swelling beneath the skin. C. pain at the site of injury. D. deformity of a short bone.

D. deformity of a short bone.

The layer of skin that lies below the germinal layer and contains nerves, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels is called the: A. subcutaneous layer. B. melanin layer. C. epidermis. D. dermis.

D. dermis.

Upon arriving at the scene of a motorcycle crash, you find the patient, a young male, lying supine approximately 10 feet from his bike. An emergency medical responder is manually stabilizing the patient's head. You note an obvious open injury to the patient's left lower leg with severe bleeding. Your MOST appropriate initial action should be to: A. open the patient's airway and assess respiratory rate, regularity, and depth. B. have your partner assume control of the patient's head as you open the airway. C. locate and control all obvious bleeding and then perform a primary assessment. D. direct your partner to control the bleeding as you assess the patient's airway.

D. direct your partner to control the bleeding as you assess the patient's airway.

Small muscles within the dermis that pull the hair into an erect position when you are cold or frightened are called the: A. erector ducts. B. hair follicles. C. sebum muscles. D. erector pili.

D. erector pili.

The three basic pathways by which radiation enters the body are: A. absorption, inhalation, and injection. B. inhalation, absorption and direct exposure. C. ingestion, direct exposure, and injection. D. inhalation, ingestion, and direct exposure.

D. inhalation, ingestion, and direct exposure.

An industrial-plant worker was splashed in the left eye with a strong acid chemical. The MOST appropriate initial care for this patient's injury is to: A. cover the affected eye with a sterile dressing or eye patch. B. limit irrigation of the affected eye to a maximum of 5 minutes. C. neutralize the substance with a strong alkaline solution. D. irrigate the eye laterally, away from the unaffected eye.

D. irrigate the eye laterally, away from the unaffected eye.

During your rapid assessment of an unconscious 67-year-old female, you note signs of shock and the presence of hematochezia. You should be MOST suspicious for: A. upper gastrointestinal bleeding. B. bleeding within the retroperitoneum. C. a leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm. D. lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

D. lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

UNSURE After ensuring you and your partner's safety, the next step in caring for a patient with any burn is to: A. perform a rapid head-to-toe assessment. B. ensure the burning process has stopped. C. open and maintain the patient's airway. D. move the patient to a place of safety.

D. move the patient to a place of safety.

After blood diffuses across the capillary membrane and perfuses the cells, it: A. forms lactic and pyruvic acids, which are used by the cells to form energy. B. returns carbon dioxide to the left side of the heart, starting with the veins. C. drops off carbon dioxide and returns oxygenated blood to the heart. D. returns waste products to the right side of the heart, starting with the venules.

D. returns waste products to the right side of the heart, starting with the venules.

Common prehospital treatment for patients with severe burns includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. contamination prevention. B. advanced airway care. C. crystalloid fluid boluses. D. tetanus prophylaxis.

D. tetanus prophylaxis.

Compartment syndrome is caused by: A. excessive blood or fluid collection within the abdominal musculature. B. permanent nerve and tissue damage proximal to an injury site. C. severe increased intracranial pressure following blunt head trauma. D. tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space.

D. tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space.

Blood leaves the capillary beds and is returned to the right side of the heart by the: A. cellular capillary vessels. B. arterioles and arteries. C. pulmonary capillary vessels. D. venules and veins.

D. venules and veins.

All of the following signs are indicative of upper airway burns due to an inhalation injury, EXCEPT: A. carbonaceous sputum. B. dyspnea and hypoxia. C. an altered mental status. D. wheezing or rhonchi.

D. wheezing or rhonchi.

What are the Symptoms of a Pericardial Tamponade?

Muffled Heart sounds, Tachycardia,