Final Exam Practice Question Bio Lab

All the fibers in one muscle that a simple motor neuron innervates makes up a(n)

motor unit.

What does the xylem do?

moves water from roots to other areas

The effects of __________, such as asthma or emphysema, may be determined by measuring rapid exhalation with a spirometer.

obstructive diseases

The ________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

residual volume

The chamber of the heart that recieves oxygen blood poor blood is the

right atrium

Outside the vascular cambium is

secondary phloem

The vascular cambium produces

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

The sounds heard during the last phase of blood-pressure measurement are

silence.

The stimulation of the heartbeat begins in the _____, which is why this structure is called the pacemaker of the heart.

sinoatrial node

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ________.

tidal volume

The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the_______

vital capacity

Which are larger and more distinct, xylem cells or phloem cells?

Xylem cells are larger and more distinct than phloem cells, this may be because xylem is transporting materials and water for the plant while phloem is transporting photosynthetic materials, which is smaller.

What is the function of xylem? Of phloem? Which of these have living cells at maturity? Why are living cells important to the function of one type of tissue and not to the other?

Xylems transport materials and H2O that the plant has received from the roots. The function of phloem is to transport photosynthetic materials, usually from the leaves where photosynthesis takes place, to the roots. Phloem cells are living at maturity, while xylem are dead at maturity. The reason xylem cells function best when dead is that they will be able to transport more materials as dead cells and there is no need for them to be living. However, phloem cells need to be alive because they are a part of active transport in the plants for photosynthetic materials.

Salivary amylase digests

carbohydrates

The vital capacity minus the ________ equals the _________.

expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity

The anatomical name of the voice box is the

larynx.

Which chamber receives freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs?

left atrium

The mitral (or bicuspid, or left atrioventricular) valve controls the flow between the

left atrium and left ventricle.

Note that the epidermis of the root lacks a cuticle. Can you explain why this might be advantageous?

A cuticle is a waxy coating that the epidermis of stems creates that stops water loss. This would be advantageous for roots not to have because the root is the site of constant water transfer. The roots pick up the majority of water and nutrients for the plant, and it would not be helpful to have a waxy blocking when there is consistent need for osmosis and conduction in roots.

Select all of the following that are parts of the alimentary canal. A. esophagus B. mouth C. rectum D. intestines E. accessory ducts F. liver G. stomach H. pancreas

A, B, C, D, G

What can you measure using an EMG (electromyography) concerning the recruitment of motor units? A. The number of active motor units recruited. B. The size of the muscle being used. C. The applied force generated. D. The firing frequency of an individual motor unit.

A,C, D

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the: A. inspiratory reserve volume B. vital capacity. C. residual volume. D. inspiratory capacity. E. expiratory reserve volume.

A.

Which of the following is on the pig's ventral surface? A. Umbilical cord B. Ear C. Vertebrate

A. Umbilical cord

Tube 3 did not have starch or amylase in it. Why did it show a positive reaction with Benedict's reagent? A.Benedict's reagent reacts the pH 7 buffer B.Benedict's reagent reacts with maltose C.Benedict's reagent reacts with water D.maltose was broken down into starch by the pH 7

B.

Which word refers to the head region of the pig? A. Posterior B. Anterior C. Dorsal D. Ventral

B. Anterior (Posterior is the tail side)

For the cells described in your preceding answer, how does their observed structure relate to their function, which is support?

Collenchyma cells are flexible and have uneven thick walls that are meant to aid in the stem structure and overall support.

What types of cells provide support of the stem? Where are these cells located in the stem?

Collenchyma cells provide support for the stem, they are located in the cortex (i.e. close to the surface of stems).

What happens in the aveoli?

Exchange O2 into the blood and removes CO2

Where is the female urogenital opening found?

Female opening is found by the anus

What is the right description of the deudenum?

First part of the small intestine (where a lot of digestion takes place)

Label the yellow

Gallbladder, which stores and concentrates the bile that the liver makes until a hormone lets it know to release the bile for digestion.

The meristems of plants continue to grow throughout their lifetime, an example of indeterminate growth. Imagine a 200-year-old oak tree, with active meristem producing new buds, leaves, and stems each year. Contrast this with the growth pattern in humans.

Humans do not have indeterminate growth, we grow up to a certain age then, stop growing and begin to age. With indeterminate plants, they consistently continue to grow throughout their entire life, for example making new branches, flowers, buds, ect.

What has happened to the several years of phloem tissue production?

It dies and becomes part of the trees bark.

Describe the functions of leaves.

Leaves are the key location for photosynthesis, it is where chloroplasts are located, and therefore how plants take sunlight and transform it into oxygen and sugar molecules, i.e. transform light into nutrients to live.

Cork cambium is an example of this type of plant tissue.

Meristematic tissue

What can NOT be used to determine the sex of a fetal pig?

Nipples

Explain the observation that more stomata are found on the lower surface of the leaf than on the upper.

One function of stomata is to take in and release gases, one specific example is taking in CO2 to be used during photosynthesis. But for this to work, stomata must open and close and a factor that alters their ability to do so is environmental, i.e. overall temperature. Therefore, not being in direct sunlight would probably help to regulate when the stomata were opening.

The pith and cortex are made up of parenchyma cells. Describe the many functions of these cells. Relate parenchyma cell functions to their observed structure.

Parenchyma cells are the most common cell in plants and as they are the main cell for storage. They store photosynthetic material and they also support the plant overall. They are long cells that aid in their function of being able to sit in tight groups for support.

What is the term for the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

What function might the ray parenchyma cells serve?

Since ray parenchyma cells are part of ground cells which generally provide support and transport, they may function similarly.

The pancreas is closely associated with the

Small intestine

Compare the structure and organization of roots and stems. How do these two organs differ?

Stems have vascular bundles surrounding the cell close to the surface. These bundles contain the xylem and phloem and sit between the cortex and the pith. However, in roots, the vascular material sits at the center of the organ inside a vascular cylinder. This is surrounded by an endodermis which is specialized to roots. The vascular cylinder holds the xylem and the phloem as well. Both organs have an epidermis that surrounds them as well as a cortex region. The root inside its vascular cylinder has a pericycle which is where the lateral roots develop from, this is specific to roots, as stems do not have this.

What is the function of the endodermis? Why is the endodermis important to the success of plants in the land environment?

The endodermis helps to regulate the material that comes in and out of the vascular cylinder in roots. It is important because as materials and water come in through the roots it helps to regulate what is specifically coming in.

Based on your observations of the woody stem, does xylem or phloem provide structural support for trees?

The xylem provides most of the structural support as over time it continues to make rings, which we know as the wood, which structurally supports the tree.

Describe the changes in cell size and structure in the stem tip. Begin at the youngest cells at the apex and continue to the xylem cells.

The youngest cells are the shoot cells that have been made from the division of the meristem cells. Afterward, the meristem cells continue to divide to make even more of these young shoot cells. In the larger spectrum of cells, we then have vascular tissue cells, xylem cells, epidermal cells, parenchyma cells which all are differentiated and provide specific functions to the plant overall. These cells are larger and more mature than the young cells.

What is the importance of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

They keep the trachea from collapsing when you inhale.

What is a motor unit?

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Axillary buds are located

at the side of the stem

Arteries pump blood ___

away from the heart

Which of the following is produced by the liver to aid in digestion? bile peptidase lipase amylase

bile

Pulmonary artery contains

de-oxigenated blood

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the________ .

inspiratory reserve volume

Observing an EMG signal at different grip strengths shows that ____ motor units are firing at ____ frequency when you clench harder.

more; higher

The top number of blood pressure is called the

systolic pressure

An ECG measures

the electrical activity of the heart

Vital capacity is

the greatest amount of air that can pass through