General Psychology exam #2

semantic

A dense network of memory "associations" is call a _______ network.

c

A multiple choice question REQUIRES this type of memory retrieval: A)recall B)episodic C)recognition D)explicit

seven

George Miller's magic number for immediate memory span is ___ units (chunks), plus or minus 2.

constant stress is a physiological drain on the body because of its automatic response to stressful conditions

How does stress relate to poor health?

18

How many seconds can a person generally hold unrehearsed information in short term memory?

incentive

I do the dishes to get my allowance, and I don't skateboard in the house to avoid getting grounded. Which theory do these motivations illustrate?

proactive interference

I'm a comic book collector. I can easily tell you the plots to the first thirty batman comics, but when asked, I can't seem to recall what happened in the latest Batman comic I bought and read yesterday. What is causing me to forget?

retroactive interference

I've been reading the Harry Potter series over the last six months. I just finished the final book yesterday and am telling you all about everything that happened in it. You mention something that happened in the second book, but I don't remember that part. What is causing me to forget?

decay

If my memory of an experience is gradually losing pieces of information, what do we call this?

physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization

List Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in order. (there are five)

alcohol consumption, smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, constant stress

List at least three behaviors that lead to early mortality.

instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive

Name the four theories of motivation.

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Name the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome in order.

problem, emotion

Name the two focuses available for using coping skills for stress.

emotional, physiological

State-Dependent Memory proposes that recall is improved when one or both of two states are the same at encoding and recall. What are these states?

anticipatory stress

Stress about something that has yet to occur is called _______ _____.

optimal level, varies

The Arousal Theory of motivation assumes people seek to maintain an _____ _____ of arousal, and that this (is the same / varies) between individuals.

sensory, short term (working), long term

The Information Processing model of memory has three stages. What are they?

Yerkes Dodson

The _____ - _____ Curve proposes that people perform best at an optimum level of arousal.

Alfred Kinsey

The _____ _____ study was done in the 1940's and 1950's and consisted of surveys and interviews asking about sexual practices.

Masters & Johnson

The ______ _ ______ study done in the 1960's measured physiological responses to sexual stimuli in a lab.

autonomic

The ______ nervous system triggers many of the physiological changes that accompany emotions.

retrieval cues

The hints or reminders of where to look for a piece of information in Long Term memory are called ______ ______.

encoding

The part of memory process where raw information is "transduced" into a neural form is called ________.

encoding specificity principle

The principle of retrieval within the Information Processing model which proposes retrieval depends on the retrieval cues available and how the memory was originally encoded. (closely linked with the transfer-appropriate memory model)

context-dependent memory

The retrieval cue which is external and associated with one's environmental setting at encoding and recall is called ____________ ______.

episodic, semantic, and procedural

The three types of memory storage are _________, _________, and _________.

explicit

The type of memory retrieval which requires deliberate effort is _______.

tip-of-the-tongue

This phenomenon occurs when we have incomplete knowledge or holes in our semantic memory network.

drive reduction

This theory of motivation assumes that our behavior is caused by an imbalance in homeostasis and a drive to return to return it to balance.

recall

This type of retrieval requires bringing a thought or idea (previously stored) into conscious awareness.

true

True or False? Facial responses to emotion are both instinctual and a result of cultural learning.

false (they seek difficult goals that are easy enough to be accomplished)

True or False? High achievers seek the most difficult tasks possible.

true

True or False? How one views achievement tends to be learned in early childhood, tends to be influenced by culture, and tends to be effected by a self-fulfilling prophecy (expectancy effect).

true

True or False? Implicit Memory happens without any effort.

false (it was in the 1990's)

True or False? In the 1980's, University of Chicago researchers conducted the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) which included face-to-face interviews about sexuality with 3,432 individuals.

true

True or False? Semantic memory codes are mental representations of meaning, especially word meaning.

true

True or False? Sexual Scripts: tell us what is right and wrong sexual behavior, assign meaning to certain behaviors, and can be different for males and females.

false (it is mostly acoustic)

True or False? Short term memory uses mostly semantic encoding.

false (it is the "transaction" that happens between a person and their environment)

True or False? Stress is an event that causes you to be uneasy.

five

Using the Method of Savings, if I had to repeat a list of item twelve time to memorize it, then I had to repeat it seven times to memorize it the next day, what would my "savings" be?

levels of processing, transfer-appropriate processing, parallel distributed processing, information processing

What are the four Models of Memory?

personal threat, seriousness, belief a practice will reduce the threat, balance between perceived costs & benefits from practice

What are the four assumptions about health-related behaviors that influence our decisions concerning health?

prediction & control, interpretation, social support, stress-coping skills

What are the four mediators that determine the level of stress that a stressor causes a person?

(BECS) biological, emotional, cognitive, social

What are the four sources of motivation?

acoustic, visual, semantic, tactile

What are the four types of memory codes used in the encoding process?

catastrophic events, life changes/strains, chronic stressors, daily hassles

What are the four types of stressors?

assessment, goal setting, planning, action, evaluation, adjustment

What are the stages in coping with stress in order?

precontemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance, relapse

What are the stages of change (readiness) in order?

encoding, storage, retrieval

What are the three steps of the Basic Memory Process

sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)

What are the two systems activated in an alarm reaction (fight-or-flight)?

maintenance, elaborative

What are the two types of rehearsal in the Levels of Processing memory model?

we have physical and psychological stress responses

What happens to us when we experience stress?

any event that forces a person to change or adapt

What is a stressor?

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

What is the Holmes and Rahe scale of stress called?

hormones are secreted to release energy supplies and fight inflammation

When the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system is activated in an alarm reaction, what physiological response occurs?

blood pressure rises, muscles tense, blood sugar released

When the sympatho-adren-medullary (SAM) system is activated in an alarm reaction, what physiological response occurs?

initiation, direction, intensity, persistence

Which four aspects of behavior does motivation influence?

transfer-appropriate processing

Which memory model assumes that memories are better retrieved if they are retrieved the same way they were encoded?

parallel distributed processing

Which memory model proposes that every unit of knowledge is connected with every other unity of knowledge?

retrieval

Which part of the memory process involves explicit memory and implicit memory?

selective attention

Which process allows us to move information from Sensory Memory to Short Term Memory in the Information Processing Model?

James-Lange

Which theory of emotion is this? stimulus - to - interpretation of physiological response - to - emotion

Schachter-Singer

Which theory of emotion is this? stimulus - to - interpretation of physiological response in context of situation - to - emotion

Cannon-Bard

Which theory of emotion is this? stimulus - to - thalamus - to - emotion

Lazarus' cognitive-mediational

Which theory of emotion is this? stimulus - to - though - to - physiological reaction / emotion

instinct

Which theory of motivation proposes that behavior is biological and is not learned?

stomach signals, blood signals, brain monitors

Which three biological signals does the body use to determine hunger and satiety (fullness)?

(FAS) flavor, appetite, social rules (traditions)

Which three non biological factors are involved with hunger, eating, and satiety (fullness)?

fear, anger

Which two emotions are associated with a fight-or-flight response?

semantic

Which type of encoding is usually used to store information in Long Term Memory?

procedural

Which type of memory storage allows you to ride a bike, once you've learned how?

motivation

Why we do the things we do: ______

health

_____ is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

health psychology

______ ______ is a field in which psychologists conduct and apply psychological research to promote human health and prevent illness

achievement

______ is a desire for approval and admiration, and it is a sense of esteem from others and oneself.

spreading activation

_______ _______ occurs when we attempt to retrieve information and semantic networks are engaged.

ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting

________ _____ _ _______ proposes that less is forgotten each time information is rehearsed and relearning takes less time with each successive rehearsal.

ruminating

________ is the cognitive stress reaction where a person is persistently drawn back to thinking about a stressor.

catastrophizing

________ is the cognitive stress reaction where a person perceives a stressor as greater than it actually is. (making a mountain out of a mole hill)