Nutrition Ch 9
Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?
Heat Water Carbon dioxide
Match the concentration of ATP/ADP with its outcome. Instructions
High ATP concentrations - Decrease in energy-yielding reactions High ADP concentrations - Increase in energy-yielding reactions
Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______.
lactate
Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.
insulin
In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____.
intellectual disability cataracts bacterial infections
Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence.
1. Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. 2. Urea forms in liver. 3. Urea is transported to the kidneys. 4. Urea is excreted into urine.
Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain
Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.
1. Insufficient insulin production 2. Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA 4. Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. Ketone bodies are formed
To use amino acids as a fuel, they must _____.
have their amino group removed be deaminated
What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?
identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders
During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______.
ketone bodies
What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?
ketone bodies
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______.
lipolysis
After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______.
liver
What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?
liver
The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____.
liver enlargement poor physical growth
Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?
muscles
If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been ______.
oxidized
Why is oxygen essential to energy production?
oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions
People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of _____.
phenylalanine
The final pathway of aerobic respiration is _____.
the electron transport chain
The pathway in the cellular respiration of glucose that uses electrons and hydrogen ions to ultimately form water and ATP is called ______.
the electron transport chain
This figure depicts ______.
the electron transport chain
Which is an example of a catabolic process?
the production of ATP from fatty acids
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _____.
the transition reaction
ATP consists of _____.
three phosphates adenosine
What is the genetic disorder which results in body odors and bad breath?
trimethylaminuria
How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?
two
Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________.
uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form _____.
urea
Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?
Enzymes Hormones Minerals
How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?
Anaerobic metabolism
A substance is ______ when it loses 1 or more electrons.
oxidized
What is the total number of net ATP produced during the complete metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose?
32
During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function?
90%
The term metabolism refers to which of the following?
A chemical process involved in maintaining life
Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?
ADH pathway Catalase pathway Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to _______.
ADP AMP
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as _____ is the main form of energy used by the body.
ATP
The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism.
ATP
What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?
ATP
Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?
Aerobic metabolism
What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Match the definition with the most appropriate term.
Anabolism - Smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds Catabolism - Breaking down compounds to small units
Typical fatty acids _____ converted into glucose.
Cannot be
Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?
Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.
Match each term with its definition.
Carnitine -- Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria Fatty acid oxidation -- The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP Lipolysis -- The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
Match the term with its best definition. Instructions
Cellular respiration - Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy Aerobic - Making ATP in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic - Making ATP without oxygen
What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?
Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle Form ketones
What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?
Conversion of pyruvate to lactate Glycolysis
Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid?
Eggs Meats Milk
Which yields the most ATP?q
Fatty acid
What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?
Gluconeogenesis
Match the number of net ATP produced with one molecule of glucose with each stage of metabolism. Instructions
Glycolysis - 2 ATP Electron transport chain - 28 ATP Complete oxidation of glucose (total) - 32 ATP
What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?
Intermediates
What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?
Ketosis
Where can gluconeogenesis occur?
Kidney cells Liver cells
What are other names for the citric acid cycle?
Krebs cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Match the insulin effect with the appropriate outcome. Instructions
Low levels of insulin - Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis Increased insulin levels - Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in?
Mitochondria
During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?
NAD+ lactate
To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?
Nervous system uses less glucose Slowing of metabolic rate Reduction in energy requirements
_______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.
Niacin
Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?
Niacin Riboflavin
What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.
Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy
Which of the following is true about ATP?
The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.
Which of the following statements are true?
The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose. Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose. Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis.
What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?
The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.
Which of the following is true about oxidation-reduction reactions?
These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.
What are two functions of glycolysis?
To produce energy To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds
When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?
When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria
In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______.
acetaldehyde
The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of ______.
acetaldehyde alcohol
What are some of the key functions of the liver?
alcohol metabolism production of ketone bodies nutrient storage
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into _____ _____
amino acids
The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.
ammonia
Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered _____.
anabolic
During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ______ state.
anabolic
During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP.
anaerobic
What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?
beta oxidation
Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism.
both affect
How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?
by providing additional oxaloacetate
The removal of the amino group produces ______ ______, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways.
carbon skeletons
During the periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease, such as cancer, the body is in a(n)______ state.
catabolic
ATP is _______ recycled.
constantly being
In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?
cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol of the cell
Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ______.
death
When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______.
decreases
During _____ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.
excessive moderate
The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______.
fat
Identify the consequences of feasting.
fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy
The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________.
galactosemia`
Energy (ATP) can be formed from ______.
glucose fatty acids amino acids
The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called _______.
glycogen storage disease
During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of _____.
pyruvate
Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ____.
rapidly
A substance is _____ when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron.
reduced
The transition reaction also ______ which will eventually enter the electron transport chain.
reduces NAD
The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends _____.
screening for 35 core conditions
In trimethylaminuria, the compound trimethylamine accumulates and is excreted in the ____.
sweat breath urine