Nutrition Ch 9

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?

Heat Water Carbon dioxide

Match the concentration of ATP/ADP with its outcome. Instructions

High ATP concentrations - Decrease in energy-yielding reactions High ADP concentrations - Increase in energy-yielding reactions

Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______.

lactate

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.

insulin

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____.

intellectual disability cataracts bacterial infections

Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence.

1. Amino acids undergoing transamination or deamination reactions yield free nitrogen groups. 2. Urea forms in liver. 3. Urea is transported to the kidneys. 4. Urea is excreted into urine.

Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.

1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain

Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.

1. Insufficient insulin production 2. Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to Acetyl-CoA 4. Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. Ketone bodies are formed

To use amino acids as a fuel, they must _____.

have their amino group removed be deaminated

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell's energy needs are met by _______.

ketone bodies

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?

ketone bodies

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______.

lipolysis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______.

liver

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____.

liver enlargement poor physical growth

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

muscles

If a compound gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, it has been ______.

oxidized

Why is oxygen essential to energy production?

oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of _____.

phenylalanine

The final pathway of aerobic respiration is _____.

the electron transport chain

The pathway in the cellular respiration of glucose that uses electrons and hydrogen ions to ultimately form water and ATP is called ______.

the electron transport chain

This figure depicts ______.

the electron transport chain

Which is an example of a catabolic process?

the production of ATP from fatty acids

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _____.

the transition reaction

ATP consists of _____.

three phosphates adenosine

What is the genetic disorder which results in body odors and bad breath?

trimethylaminuria

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?

two

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________.

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form _____.

urea

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?

Enzymes Hormones Minerals

How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?

Anaerobic metabolism

A substance is ______ when it loses 1 or more electrons.

oxidized

What is the total number of net ATP produced during the complete metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose?

32

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function?

90%

The term metabolism refers to which of the following?

A chemical process involved in maintaining life

Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?

ADH pathway Catalase pathway Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to _______.

ADP AMP

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as _____ is the main form of energy used by the body.

ATP

The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism.

ATP

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?

ATP

Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?

Aerobic metabolism

What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Match the definition with the most appropriate term.

Anabolism - Smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds Catabolism - Breaking down compounds to small units

Typical fatty acids _____ converted into glucose.

Cannot be

Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?

Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better. Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.

Match each term with its definition.

Carnitine -- Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria Fatty acid oxidation -- The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP Lipolysis -- The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

Match the term with its best definition. Instructions

Cellular respiration - Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy Aerobic - Making ATP in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic - Making ATP without oxygen

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle Form ketones

What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate Glycolysis

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid?

Eggs Meats Milk

Which yields the most ATP?q

Fatty acid

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

Match the number of net ATP produced with one molecule of glucose with each stage of metabolism. Instructions

Glycolysis - 2 ATP Electron transport chain - 28 ATP Complete oxidation of glucose (total) - 32 ATP

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?

Intermediates

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

Ketosis

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

Kidney cells Liver cells

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

Krebs cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Match the insulin effect with the appropriate outcome. Instructions

Low levels of insulin - Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis Increased insulin levels - Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in?

Mitochondria

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

NAD+ lactate

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

Nervous system uses less glucose Slowing of metabolic rate Reduction in energy requirements

_______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.

Niacin

Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

Niacin Riboflavin

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.

Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

Which of the following is true about ATP?

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.

Which of the following statements are true?

The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose. Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose. Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis.

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes. The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

Which of the following is true about oxidation-reduction reactions?

These reactions go together--one cannot occur without the other.

What are two functions of glycolysis?

To produce energy To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______.

acetaldehyde

The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of ______.

acetaldehyde alcohol

What are some of the key functions of the liver?

alcohol metabolism production of ketone bodies nutrient storage

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into _____ _____

amino acids

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered _____.

anabolic

During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ______ state.

anabolic

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP.

anaerobic

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?

beta oxidation

Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism.

both affect

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

by providing additional oxaloacetate

The removal of the amino group produces ______ ______, which are then used to make ATP in a variety of different ways.

carbon skeletons

During the periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease, such as cancer, the body is in a(n)______ state.

catabolic

ATP is _______ recycled.

constantly being

In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?

cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol of the cell

Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ______.

death

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______.

decreases

During _____ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.

excessive moderate

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______.

fat

Identify the consequences of feasting.

fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________.

galactosemia`

Energy (ATP) can be formed from ______.

glucose fatty acids amino acids

The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called _______.

glycogen storage disease

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of _____.

pyruvate

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ____.

rapidly

A substance is _____ when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron.

reduced

The transition reaction also ______ which will eventually enter the electron transport chain.

reduces NAD

The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends _____.

screening for 35 core conditions

In trimethylaminuria, the compound trimethylamine accumulates and is excreted in the ____.

sweat breath urine