Govern 2305 - U01

Which of the following is true about political participation in the United States?

Both "attempting to persuade others to vote for or against a candidate or party is the second most common form of political participation" and "voting is the most common form of political participation" are true.

Which of the following statements is true?

Both "in the early 1960s, civil rights advocates were focused on public accommodations" and "in the mid-1960s, civil rights advocates were focused on voting" are true.

In ____, the Supreme Court ruled that there could be no limits placed on candidates' expenditure of their own funds, since such spending is considered free speech.

Buckley v. Valeo

Why has party unity been on the rise in recent years?

Divisions between the parties have deepened on many high-profile issues.

A push poll might include a question with which of the following?

Do you think it was appropriate for President Bush to lie to start a war with Iraq?

Thirteenth Amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

In the twentieth century, the president who used public appeals most effectively and was most inventive in their use was

Franklin Roosevelt.

First Amendment

Freedom of Press, Religion, Assembly, to make demands upon the government, speech.

________ glanced at his watch during a presidential debate, which undoubtedly hurt his presidential campaign.

George H. W. Bush

Which presidential incumbents was reelected when the Consumer Confidence Index was less than 100 on the eve of the election?

George W. Bush

Which of the following presidential incumbents was reelected when the Consumer Confidence Index was less than 100 on the eve of the election?

George W. Bush (2004)

Which of the following cases involved the "right to privacy"?

Griswold v. Connecticut

Free Exercise Clause

Guarantees citizens' rights to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses (Sometimes exemptions are granted)

All other things being equal, ___________ was expected to prevail in 1968 and ____________ was expected to prevail in 2000.

Herbert Humphrey; Al Gore

Which first spouse had considerable policy influence while her husband was in office?

Hillary Clinton

What is a reason that House members are more attuned to the legislative needs of local interest groups than members of the Senate?

House members need to seek re-election more frequently.

$500,000 is the amount of money you will probably need if you want to run for a seat in the ...

House of Representatives

Congress is a bicameral legislature, which means that its members are divided between the

House of Representatives and Senate.

____ is the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Impeachment

Which two important colonial groups organized together in opposition to the taxes imposed by the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?

New England merchants and southern planters

Eighth Amendment

No excessive bail shall be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

________ is the only state that does not require voter registration.

North Dakota

Which of the following is true regarding the 2012 presidential election? Romney won the popular vote because consumer confidence in the economy was low on the eve of the election. Obama was reelected because consumer confidence in the economy was high on the eve of the election. Obama was reelected despite a low level of consumer confidence in the economy. Consumer confidence has not exceeded 100 on the eve of a presidential election since 1984.

Obama was reelected despite a low level of consumer confidence in the economy.

The death penalty was implemented in 2010 in all the following states except

Oregon.

_____ is/are the effort(s) by Congress to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies through hearings, investigations, and other techniques.

Oversight

Which of the following is true of the Supreme Court's treatment of student speech?

It has allowed conditional restrictions on student free speech depending on the content of the speech.

How did the 1980's Burger Court treat gender discrimination?

It made it easier for plaintiffs to file and win suits on the basis of gender discrimination.

In what way did the "comity clause" seek to promote national unity?

It prevented states from discriminating against someone from another state or giving special privileges to its own residents.

Why has the controversy over same-sex marriage been so closely linked to the full faith and credit clause?

It raises the issue of whether or not one state will recognize legal same-sex unions made in another state.

What new rule was introduced by 2007 ethics legislation in Congress?

It required lawmakers to identify the earmarks they inserted in legislation.

In what specific way did the Obama administration grant more power to the states than had the administration of George W. Bush?

It reversed the Bush policy of preemption in certain areas by granting states more control in the areas of social policy and the environment.

Which of the following statements about the Declaration of Independence is accurate?

It specifically identified and focused on grievances, aspirations, and principles that might unify the various colonial groups.

Which president was considered "bold" at the time for publicly supporting equality for all Americans?

Kennedy

Which demographic group had the smallest wage gap between male and female workers?

Latino

Unprotected Speech

Libel and Slander must be true *and* also cause harm

The religiously unaffiliated tend to be politically

Liberal.

Which national monument was the final destination of the March on Washington?

Lincoln Memorial

Which states do not distribute electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis?

Maine and Nebraska

Which of the following was a conclusion made by political scientist Milton Lodge and colleagues about individual formation of public opinion?

Many individuals are politically informed but lack memory of some of the facts used to form their opinions.

The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of the national government to create a national bank and reaffirmed the notion of "national supremacy" in which landmark case?

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections

Midterm elections

________ occurs when state legislators concentrate the members of one party in as few districts as possible in order to ensure that their opponents will elect as few representatives as possible.

Packing

What is an impact of increasing polarization between the parties in the United States?

Party endorsements have a larger impact on public opinion formation.

Under the 1965 Voting Rights Act, prior to 2013, what criteria was used for determining which voting jurisdictions needed federal preclearance before changing their voting laws or practices?

Past history of voting discrimination

Which of the following is suggested by the data presented in the figure?

People tend to overstate their voting habits in surveys.

________ is the niche leader inside the Beltway.

Politico

Which of the following was established in the Tenth Amendment?

Powers not specifically granted by the Constitution to the federal government were reserved to the states or to the people.

Which of the following is an example of inherent presidential powers?

President Lincoln mobilizing troops at the outbreak of the Civil War

World War I was an important factor in advancing the cause of women's suffrage because

President Woodrow Wilson and members of Congress believed that women would support the war effort if they were granted the right to vote.

What is the name of the surveillance program that was cited as being effective against terrorism?

Prism

____ liberties place restraints on how government is supposed to act, while ____ liberties limit what the government has the power to do.

Procedural; substantive

Which of the following statements best describes the media's role in the Watergate affair?

Relentless investigations by journalists revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.

________ occurs when a citizen votes for a candidate because he or she approves of the candidate's past record.

Retrospective voting

Which of the following is an example of delegated powers?

The Environmental Protection Agency interprets and enforces the air pollution laws enacted by Congress.

In which of the following ways did the Liberty Party and Free Soil party differ?

The Liberty Party was staunchly abolitionist, and the Free Soil Party was more moderately antislavery.

Which of the following statements about congressional polarization is accurate

The Republican Party has experienced the greatest ideological shift in recent years.

Which of the following was an original Constitutional means of selecting one of the three major branches of government, but that has since changed?

The Senate was chosen by state legislatures.

Which of the following structural aspects was established for the legislature by the Constitution?

The Senate was given the power to approve presidential appointments.

Which of the following is true of the state of voter ID laws in the United States?

The Supreme Court struck down an Arizona law requiring that individuals produce proof of U.S. citizenship in order to register to vote.

Protected Speech

The Truth, Political Speech, Symbolic Speech

Which of the following statements about the death penalty is accurate?

The United States is the only Western nation that still executes criminals.

Why do radio stations repeat the news so often throughout the day?

The audience is constantly changing since most people listen to the radio in their cars.

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

The court deemed Texas's use of "white primary" elections unconstituional

Which of the following is established by the Fifth Amendment?

The courts cannot hold trials for serious offenses without provision for a grand jury.

Which of the following statements about congressional redistricting is accurate?

The federal government has generally supported the creation of majority-minority districts.

Which of the following is true about deterrence based on the data presented in this chart?

The murder rate for states that have the death penalty and have conducted at least one execution is higher than in states that do not have the death penalty.

Which of the following would best exemplify a characteristic of a unitary system of government?

The national government selects the textbooks and curriculum for all schools.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Twenty-sixth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Why does the solicitor general have such a strong influence on the Supreme Court?

The solicitor general screens most cases being appealed by agencies of the federal government and only lets some cases advance.

Which of the following is a constitutional requirement for being a Supreme Court Justice?

There are no constitutional requirements for serving on the Supreme Court.

How did the Articles of Confederation specify that its executive be selected?

There was no executive branch under the Articles.

What are expressed powers in the Constitution?

These are the specific powers granted in the Constitution to Congress and to the president.

The First Continental Congress met in 1774. Which of the following actions did the delegates at the Congress take?

They called for a total boycott of British goods.

Which of the following is true of leadership PACs?

They have been more aggressively used by conservative candidates.

Which of the following describes the philosophy of many of the founders of the American republic?

They were influenced by their experience in Europe and understood that religious persecution drove many settlers to America.

___________ is credited with coining the phrase "wall of separation between church and state."

Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following statements is true about the Three-Fifths Compromise?

Under this compromise, five slaves would count as three free persons in apportioning seats in the House of Representatives.

Which of the following cases limited Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce?

United States v. Lopez (1995)

What Supreme Court case first restricted the use of racial quotas in university admissions?

University of California v. Bakke

Which of the following is suggested by the data presented in the chart?

Violent offenders are irrational by definition.

Which of the following statements is true? - Federal law since 2002 requires that all states use the same type of voting equipment. - The Supreme Court justices have mandated that all voting machines provide a paper ballot. - Voting equipment varies from county to county throughout the United States. - Since 2000, all voting equipment has been required to use a butterfly ballot. - The Supreme Court has ruled that elections using electronic voting machines are unconstitutional.

Voting equipment varies from county to county throughout the United States.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Walter Mondale received 80 percent of the evangelical Christian vote in 1984 to 20 percent for Ronald Reagan.

President Nixon vetoed the ____, but Congress overrode the veto. Subsequent presidents have tended to ignore this law.

War Powers Resolution

Which of the following is true of the relationship between members of Congress and their constituents?

Well over a quarter of each representative's time is devoted to constituency service.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? - Economic considerations do not affect the decisions that voters make about who to vote for. - When voters are satisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for the party in power. - When voters are dissatisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for the party in power. - When voters are dissatisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for Republican candidates. - When voters are dissatisfied with their economic performance, they tend to vote for Democratic candidates.

When voters are satisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for the party in power.

Which race/ethnicity represents the second-largest group within the U.S. prison population?

White

Members of the _____ tend to be closer personal and political associates of the president than other appointed officials.

White House staff

The death penalty is not currently legal in

Wisconsin.

The Establishment Clause

With Government will never establish an official religion (Although this country was founded on JudaChristian Values)

The Seneca Falls declaration addressed civil rights for which group?

Women

Which of the following wars was approved with a formal declaration of war by Congress?

World War II

What is a writ of habeas corpus?

a court order that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention.

Jurisdiction refers to

a court's area of authority.

An unfunded mandate is

a federal law that requires the states to do certain things but does not provide state governments with the funding to implement these policies.

A unitary system is

a government in which the national government holds the ultimate authority.

Modern political campaigns do NOT depend on ________.

a large army of volunteers from the party

U.S. circuit court decisions are usually made by

a panel of three judges.

In order to win the presidency, a candidate must receive ____ of Electoral College votes.

a plurality of votes

Primary elections are held to select

a political party's presidential candidate for the general election.

What is a signing statement?

a presidential announcement made at the time of signing legislation that notes how the new law will be interpreted

U.S. district court decisions are mostly made by

a single federal judge.

In contrast to a value, an attitude refers to

a specific view about a particular issue, person, or event.

Which of the following types of races is most likely to be decided exclusively by partisan loyalty among the voters?

a state legislative election

Which of the following requires a two-thirds Senate ratification vote?

a treaty

To override a presidential veto, what is required?

a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate

In the 2012 presidential election, about how many states were considered to be "toss-ups", thus garnering most of the money and effort of the candidates?

5

In the 2012 election cycle, which age group made up the single largest group of donors as a percentage?

50-64

n the 2012 election cycle, which age group made up the single largest group of donors as a percentage?

50-64

A nonprofit group that also engages in issue advocacy and is allowed to spend up to half of its revenue for political purposes is called

501c(4) committee

nonprofit groups that also engage in issue advocacy. Under Section 501c(4) of the federal tax code such a group may spend up to half its revenue for political purposes

501c(4) committees

nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates. Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and provides tax-exempt status for nonprofit advocacy groups

527 committees

What percentage of Americans earning more than $75,000 said there are "strong" or "very strong" conflicts between rich and poor?

67 percent

During the course of American history, incumbent presidents running for re-election typically win about ________ percent of the time.

70

In a typical congressional session, _____ percent of bills introduced die in committee.

95

Before the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform law went into effect, what was the percentage of congressional incumbents reelected?

98 percent

Which of the following statements about adversarial journalism is FALSE?

Adversarial journalism disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s.

Which of the following statements is true about political participation?

African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites.

Which of the following was provided for by the supremacy clause?

All laws made by the federal government would be superior to all laws adopted by any state or any other subdivision.

What do the data presented in this figure suggest?

All other things being equal, Hubert Humphrey was expected to prevail in 1968 and Al Gore was expected to prevail in 2000.

Which of the following statements is true?

Both "In the early 1960's civil rights advocates were focused on public accommodations" and "in the mid-1960's, civil rights advocates were focused on voting" are true.

Which type of principle of representation exists when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representatives?

agency

In 2013, the Senate voted 52-48 to end the use of the filibuster against

all executive branch and judicial nominees except those to the Supreme Court.

Appropriations are the

amounts of money, approved by Congress in statutes, that each unit or agency can spend.

What is a closed primary?

an election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to the Election Day

The Bill of Rights mollified some Antifederalist concerns about

an overly powerful central government.

The White House staff is composed mainly of

analysts and advisers.

Members of the House of Representatives that are making voting decisions are most likely to listen to the interest groups that

are connected to the constituents in the member's district.

Expressed powers

are specific powers granted by the U.S. Constitution to the national government.

In general, the chief justice

assigns opinions when voting with the majority.

All other things being equal,

conservatives have an advantage in presidential elections and moderates determine the outcome of presidential elections.

The president may deploy troops in a state or city without a specific request from the state legislature or governor if the president

considers it necessary to enforce a federal judicial order.

Selective incorporation

considers the provisions of the Bill of Rights one by one and selectively applies them as limits on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action policy was

constitutional, since race was used only as a plus factor and not a quota.

In what kind of case does the plaintiff charge that it has suffered because of another's violation of a specific agreement between the two?

contract

The two most common types of civil cases involve torts and

contracts.

In 2010 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission that the government could not restrict independent expenditures by ______ to political campaigns.

corporations and unions

The total boycott of all British goods in the colonies came immediately after which event?

creation of the First Continental Congress

In ____ cases, the government is always the plaintiff.

criminal

Political scientists Richard Lau and David Redlawsk argue that most public opinion is formed through

cues from political elites.

Between 1979 and 2012, the wage gap was nearly

cut in half.

Shays's Rebellion was politically significant to the American founding in that it

demonstrated the weakness of government under the Articles of Confederation.

Which of the following is a component of the Lemon test?

determining whether government involvement advances a particular religion

The executive branch as specified by the Articles of Confederation

did not exist; the Articles specified no executive leader.

The process of amending the Constitution is ____, leading to a ____ proportion of proposed amendments succeeding

difficult; very small

Southern Government officials used gerrymandering to

dilute African American voting power through the drawing of district lines

Southern government officials used gerrymandering to

dilute African American voting power through the drawing of district lines.

Most of the Constitution's framers opposed ______ as they established the presidency in Article II of the Constitution.

direct, popular election of the president

Fighting words fall outside constitutional protection because they

directly incite violence.

Justices who disagree with the majority decision of the Court may choose to publicize the character of their disagreement in the form of a

dissenting opinion

Midterm elections are congressional elections that

do not coincide with a presidential election.

Federal preemptions allow Congress to impose national priorities upon states through national legislation, a power that is rooted in the Constitution's

doctrine of national supremacy.

The Fifth Amendment protects against

double jeopardy.

Supporters of race-based redistricting contend that

drastic measures are required to overcome traditional Caucasian dominance in Congress.

The core component of the New Jersey Plan was that

each state would be equally represented in the new regime regardless of that state's population.

For what condition is the office of the president consistently blamed or rewarded, but over which in fact it has very little control?

economic performance

In 2012, which of the following was covered the least in local newspapers?

education

What is the name of the clause that is understood to give Congress the power to pass any law that is necessary to carry out its expressed powers?

elastic clause

the presidential electors from each state who meet after the general election to cast ballots for president and vice president

electoral college

The Obama Administration's "look back" program sought to

eliminate several hundred existing agency rules it deemed obsolete.

Most criminal cases

end with a plea bargain.

The federal courts have established ____ as a critical factor in establishing the boundaries of legislative districts.

equal populations

What is the most important core value for liberals?

equality

Which of the following values or outcomes would likely be opposed by most Americans?

equality of income

The idea of the separation of church and state is most closely associated with the

establishment clause.

When using a simple random sample,

every individual in a population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent.

when using a simple random sample,

every individual in a population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent.

The most dramatic restraint imposed on police by the Bill of Rights, which can free those people who are known to have committed the crime of which they have been accused, is the

exclusionary rule.

A treaty requires a two-thirds Senate ratification vote. Presidents often use _____ to avoid this challenge to their foreign policy

executive agreements

The president may use _____ to more effectively manage the executive branch and carry out existing rules and policies

executive orders

What executive tool did President George W. Bush use to limit the use of embryonic stem cells research and to try to restrict the work of international family planning groups that provided abortion counseling services?

executive orders

Specific powers provided to the national government in the U.S. Constitution are called ____ powers.

expressed

The power to declare war is an example of which type of power?

expressed

The Supreme Court ruled in Lawrence v. Texas that the right to privacy

extends to gay and lesbian citizens.

President Obama has been criticized by liberals for his

extension of Bush-era tax cuts.

Which of the following beliefs or characteristics could be attributed to the Federalists?

feared excessive democracy

A system that distributes power between state and national governments is called

federalism.

Which constitutional amendment guaranteed voting rights for African American men?

fifteenth

In 2012, which of the following was covered the least in local television news?

foreign affairs

As "head of state", the president is the leading actor in

foreign policy.

The fact that journalists referred to the Obama administration's health care initiative as "reform" instead of as "health care rationing" is an example of the media's power of ________.

framing

positive news and feature coverage initiated by the media themselves.

free media

When states vie for influence by holding their nominating processes earlier, it is called ________.

front-loading

Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 was important because it

gave the national government significant new authority to regulate interstate commerce.

a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national office and most state and local offices are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)

general election

Which of the following types of federal grants is most completely suited to the goal of devolution in New Federalism?

general revenue sharing grants

Which of the following is NOT a key factor affecting one's level of participation?

geographic region

State legislators routinely seek to influence electoral outcomes by manipulating the organization of electoral districts. This strategy is called

gerrymandering

The practice of ________ means that district boundaries have been purposefully drawn to unfairly advantage one group or party.

gerrymandering

the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party

gerrymandering

The process of redrawing legislative district boundary lines to provide political advantage or disadvantage is known as

gerrymandering.

The elastic clause

gives Congress the ability to pass laws necessary to carry out its expressed powers.

New Federalism was generally characterized by

granting state and local governments greater control of nationally funded programs.

political campaigns that operate at a local level, often using face-to-face communication to generate interest and momentum by citizens

grassroots politics

Known as "the Great Writ," ____ is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion.

habeas corpus

The concept of the "mixed regime," so called by theorists such as Montesquieu and incorporated into the Constitution, meant that each branch of government

had a distinct constituency.

Changing the structure or composition of the federal government

has been the motivating factor behind most of the post-Bill of Rights amendments.

In recent years, the use of the filibuster and cloture in the U.S. Senate

has increased to record levels

In recent years, the use of the filibuster and cloture in the U.S. Senate

has increased to record levels.

African Americans

have linked fate when it comes to political participation.

To win Senate confirmation, judicial nominees usually need to

have support from the senators from the nominee's state.

In 2003, Californians voted out Governor Gray Davis. This election was unusual because

he lost in a rare recall effort.

As the leading actor in U.S. foreign policy, the president is known as

head of state.

Which groups made the lowest level of political contributions as a percentage?

high school diploma or less

Which of the following groups made the lowest level of political contributions as a percentage?

high school diploma or less

When journalists focus on a candidate's relative standing in the polls instead of substantive issues they are demonstrating ________ coverage.

horse race

The media can set the political agenda in the United States by

identifying an issue as a problem that must be solved.

How can a bill become a law without the signature of the president?

if the House and Senate override the president's veto through a two-thirds majority

If the House and Senate pass different versions of a piece of legislation, the differences will be resolved

in a conference committee.

Antifederalists' concerns about the Constitution

included a concern that. the Constitution did not specifically enumerate protected civil liberties

Looking at the entire set of results, one can conclude

income inequality is a concern for most Americans.

Statewide initiatives on the ballot

increase voter turnout in elections.

During military emergencies, executive branch powers tend to

increase.

The ____ is a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds.

incumbent

a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds

incumbent

In most congressional elections, ____ outspend ____.

incumbents, challengers

Powers that are not explicit in the Constitution, but are implied by the overarching responsibilities of the president, are known as _____ powers.

inherent

Family provides most people with their ____ to politics.

initial orientation

What level of scrutiny does the Supreme Court typically use in cases related to sex and gender discrimination?

intermediate scrutiny

The commerce clause of Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution affords Congress broad regulatory power over what?

interstate commerce

The process of logrolling in Congress

is a very simple exchange of support for pieces of legislation.

The Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Lopez is important because

it was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress under the commerce clause.

The power of the Christian Coalition in the 1990s was due to

its success in mobilizing a large grassroots base.

Of the following, what is the least prevalent form of political participation in the United States?

joining a protest rally

What power does the Supreme Court possess that is not expressly given to it by the Constitution?

judicial review

The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison established

judicial review.

What is the term for a court's sphere of power and authority?

jurisdiction

The Speaker of the House is the

leader of the majority party.

The president pro tempore in the Senate is ____ the majority and minority leaders.

less powerful than

Stare decisis is a Latin phrase that means

let the decision stand

A majority of newspaper reporters identify themselves as ________.

liberal

Which two groups had the highest percentages of Americans who believed there are "strong" or "very strong" conflicts between rich and poor?

liberal democrats

The religiously unaffiliated tend to be politically

liberal.

During the 2012 Republican presidential nominating process, candidate Ron Paul spoke for what faction of the party?

libertarians

Online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter

likely increase the role of peers in shaping public opinion.

Civil liberties are

limitations on government action.

Antifederalists bitterly attacked the elastic clause of the Constitution because they believed it to be a violation of the principle of

limited government.

Obama was reelected despite a _________ of consumer confidence in the economy.

low level

Real power in the Senate is in the hands of the

majority and minority leaders.

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district

majority system

a gerrymandered voting district that improves the chances of minority candidates by making selected minority groups the majority within the district

majority-minority district

Women are disadvantaged as candidates for office because

male candidates are more likely to have the advantage of incumbency in office.

Concerns about privacy led Senator Udall to advocate having a national debate on the use of

metadata.

When a congressional election is held that does not coincide with a presidential election, it is called a(n)

midterm election

The 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 resulted in

more minority representation in congress

If you consider yourself moderate, you are like

most Americans.

Which government has the authority to declare war?

national

Which government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce?

national

What factors have studies indicated likely matters least in generating long-term support for a presidential candidate?

national debate performance

The national government's implied powers are granted through which of the following?

necessary and proper clause

Google News and Real Clear Politics are good examples of ________.

news aggregators

A website devoted entirely to reporting on climate change and other environmental issues is an example of ________ journalism.

niche

In the case of Buckley v Valeo, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

no limits can be placed on candidates' expenditure of their own funds, since such spending is considered free speech.

Big government is ____ considered a core U.S. value.

not

Opponents of race-based redistricting contend that

not fair, it has a negative impact on racial minorities, and it has resulted in making many districts uniformly Caucasian and more Republican.

The number of a state's electoral votes is determined by the

number of members it has in both houses of Congress.

What is the primary concern of the majority of private bills introduced in Congress?

obtaining citizenship for foreign nationals

a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election

open primary

What prompted the South's general move form the Democratic to the Republican camp during the 1960's?

opposition to the Democratic Party's racial integration policies

What prompted the South's general move from the Democratic to the Republican camp during the 1960s?

opposition to the Democratic Party's racial integration policies

In contemporary politics, local election campaigns tend to be ________, while statewide elections tend to be ________.

organizationally driven and labor intensive; media driven and capital intensive

The New England-based merchants and southern planters

organized together in opposition to taxes imposed by the Stamp and Sugar Acts.

The Constitution gives the Supreme Court ____ jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors and issues in which a state is a party.

original

Selection bias occurs when a sample ____ some opinions.

overrepresents or underrepresents

A two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress is necessary to

override a Presidential veto.

A two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate is required to do which of the following?

override the president's veto

The right of the people "to keep and bear Arms" is based on

participation in state militias.

Which three types of factors influence the decisions of voters at the polls?

partisan loyalty, issues, and the characteristics of candidates

As a tool for achieving political goals, presidents have found _____ to be mostly unreliable

party members

a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions policy

party platform

Under the 1965 Voting Rights Act, prior to 2013, what criteria was used for determining which voting jurisdictions needed federal preclearance before changing their voting laws or practices?

past history of voting discrimination

Pork barrel legislation is a form of ____ in which Members of Congress ____.

patronage; secure direct benefits for their districts or states

The "separate but equal" doctrine

permitted a system of segregated social facilities.

The party who brings a case against a defendant in criminal and civil courts is referred to as the

plaintiff.

A negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to tell the court that he or she is guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing is known as a

plea bargain

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast

plurality system

In the 2006 case of United States v. Grubbs, the Supreme Court ruled that

police could conduct searches using such "anticipatory warrants."

a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns

political action committee (PAC)

____ are organizations established by corporations, labor unions, or interest groups to channel the contributions of their members into political campaigns.

political action committees

Political socialization is the process through which

political beliefs and values are formed.

Generally, presidents can expand their power in two ways: through administration and

popular mobilization.

Appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created to help local representatives win re-election in their home districts are called

pork-barrel legislation.

Judicial review refers to the

power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of state and federal laws.

Concurrent powers are

powers and responsibilities shared by both the national and state government

The vice president exists for two official purposes only: to succeed the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacity; and to

preside over the Senate, casting a tie-breaking vote when necessary.

The Electoral College is

presidential electors from each state who cast ballots for president and vice president.

What do Sections two and three of Article II of the Constitution establish?

presidential powers and duties

Political parties in most states hold ____ to choose a presidential nominee who will face the nominees from other parties during the general election.

primaries

Which of the following widely used systems was introduced in hopes of diminishing the power of American party leaders?

primary elections

elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election

primary elections

What are legal precedents?

prior cases whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case

For the presidential primaries, most but not all state parties use what type of election?

proportional representation

a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote

proportional representation

Modern presidents often use the annual State of the Union Address to

propose new legislation.

voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate or political party

prospective voting

Political scientists call voters' choices that focus on future behavior ________ voting, while those based on past performances are called ________ voting.

prospective; retrospective

Which category of criminal offenders make up the smallest segment of the U.S. prison population?

public-order offenders

a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote

recall

In courts that have appellate jurisdiction, judges

receive cases after the factual record is established by the trial court.

According to _____, the average American exhibits little knowledge of political institutions, processes, or leaders.

recent studies by political scientists.

____ is the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives.

redistricting

the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. This happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts

redistricting

Which is the best example of direct democracy in practice in the United States today?

referendum

the practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection

referendum

Laws passed in the 1970's make it more difficult for banks to engage in redlining, which is the practice of

refusing to lend money for housing mortgages for entire neighborhoods.

Laws passed in the 1970s make it more difficult for banks to engage in redlining, which is the practice of

refusing to lend money for housing mortgages for entire neighborhoods.

If the president executes a pocket veto, Congress's only recourse is to

reintroduce the bill in the next session

Since the publication of the Pentagon Papers, the national news media have

relentlessly investigated the personal and official wrongdoing of public officials

Since the publication of the Pentagon Papers, the national news media have

relentlessly investigated the personal and official wrongdoing of public officials.

The "full faith and credit" clause

requires that each state's laws be honored by the other states.

____ voting occurs when voting is based on the past performance of a candidate.

retrospective

voting based on the past performance of a candidate or political party

retrospective voting

If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to

right of rebuttal

The free exercise clause protects

right to believe in and practice one's religion of choice.

The Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade was based on the

right to privacy.

a "second round" election in which voters choose between the top two candidates from the first round

runoff election

Polls are ____ instruments for measuring public opinion.

scientific

Which of the following groups have had the highest levels of political participation?

senior citizens (65 and over)

Within each committee, hierarchy has usually been based on

seniority.

Because the Supreme Court has so much influence over American law and politics, virtually all presidents have made an effort to select justices who

share their political philosophies.

"Strict constructionists" tend to argue that the Supreme Court

should narrowly interpret the Constitution.

Presidents often use _____ to announce their interpretations of legislation they sign into law.

signing statements

Which type of representation occurs when representatives have the same racial, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents?

sociological

Money contributed directly to a political party to be used for voter registration or party building is called ________.

soft money

The Constitution gives the power of advice and consent

solely to the Senate.

The member of the justice department who screens all appeals to the Supreme Court for the U.S. government is the

solicitor general.

Brief quotes and short characterizations of the day's events in news coverage are called ________.

sound bites

Speech that is accompanied by conduct and that can be regulated by the government to preserve public order is called

speech plus.

Being able to __________ is a major concern for politicians regarding a news cycle that is now second by second.

spin a story into a positive perception

a 15-, 30-, or 60-second television campaign commercial that permits a candidate's message to be delivered to a target audience

spot (advertisement)

Which types of committees are the most important arenas of congressional policy making, remaining in existence from one session of Congress to the next?

standing committee

Historically, the most important arenas of congressional policy making have been

standing committees.

Most of the rules and regulations Americans face in their daily lives are set by

state and local governments.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the criteria for determining one's eligibility to vote were established by ________.

state governments

selecting candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot

straight-ticket voting

The judicial test that places the burden of proof on government to show that a race-based policy serves a compelling government interest and is narrowly tailored to address identifiable past discrimination is called

strict scrutiny.

State-level data from 1980-2010 suggests that

stringent voter ID laws have the effect of lowering overall turnout.

Most of the Constitutional amendments ratified since the Bill of Rights in 1791 have been directly or indirectly concerned with

structure or composition of government.

The appointment of ambassadors, ministers, and federal judges by the president is

subject to majority approval by the Senate.

The fact that more Americans identify themselves as conservatives than as liberals

suggests that moderates play an important role in deciding the outcome of federal elections.

Eminent domain is the power of government to

take private property for public use.

In the mid-eighteenth century, most governments relied on ____ for revenue.

tariffs, duties, and other taxes on commerce

Like most governments of the mid-eighteenth century, the British regime had to rely on what for most of its revenues?

tariffs, duties, and other taxes on commerce

Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically provide(s) the least depth of news coverage.

television

Which of the following is regulated by the federal government?

television

Swing states like Ohio, Virginia, and Iowa were compared to which cut of meat?

tenderloin

The government bailout of banks in 2008 offers an example of government policy

that contradicts popular public opinion.

The government bailout of banks in 2008 offers an example of governmental policy

that contradicts popular public opinion.

In the important 1945 case concerning eminent domain, the Supreme Court essentially ruled that

the "public interest" used to justify eminent domain can mean anything a legislature wants it to mean.

Civil rights advocates shifted their focus away from public accommodations to voting rights after 1964 because

the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress.

McCulloch v. Maryland is an important case because

the Court interpreted the delegated powers of Congress broadly, creating the potential for increased national powers.

Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?

the National Security Council

Which of the following is the most important and largest part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?

the Office of Management and Budget

Evangelical Protestants are more likely to be associated with ________.

the Republican Party

What would be the closest Senate counterpart to the House Ways and Means Committee?

the Senate Finance Committee

Presidential power to make treaties and to appoint top executive officers, ambassadors, and federal judges is subject to

the Senate's advice and consent power.

The supremacy clause of Article VI of the Constitution implies that

the Supreme Court may review the constitutionality of state laws.

The Court's legal power to review acts of Congress has not been seriously questioned since 1803 in part because

the Supreme Court tries to give acts of Congress an interpretation that will make them constitutional.

Under the traditional system of dual federalism, the national government's primary functional role was

the assistance of the nation's commerce.

When there is a presidential election and the Consumer Confidence Index has a score of over 100,

the candidate of the party in power is likely to win.

Who is the incumbent?

the current officeholder, running for re-election

Which of the following did the Antifederalists most vigorously disapprove?

the elastic clause

Which of the following has been most important in establishing standards such as "one person, one vote" in the process of drawing the boundaries of House districts?

the federal courts

The cabinet is made up of

the heads of major government departments and agencies.

Prospective voting occurs when voting is based on

the imagined future performance of a candidate.

What body or branch is empowered to settle disputes between the states?

the judiciary

Who holds the "power of recognition" in the Senate?

the majority leader

Who or what is in charge of the redistricting process that occurs in the states every 10 years?

the majority party in the state legislature

The implied powers of the necessary and proper clause allow

the national government to interpret its delegated powers expansively.

In the House of Representatives, the Rules Committee determines

the order in which bills come up for a vote on the floor.

The 2010 Citizens United decision declared that advocacy groups can form Super PACs and run unlimited campaign ads for or against candidates, as long as

the organizations are independent of the candidate's campaign.

What was accomplished by the 1947 Mendez v. Westminster case?

the overturning of school segregation in Orange County

What is an example of a concurrent power?

the power of both the national and state governments to charter banks and corporations

The Tenth Amendment states that

the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

In the present day, what determines how a party convention's delegates will vote?

the results of the state party primary or caucus

The Supreme Court case Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC (1969) upheld ________.

the right of rebuttal

In the 2008 case of Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court ruled that Guantanamo prisoners had

the right to habeas corpus.

The Reagan administration is generally credited with transforming which of the following into a significant tool of presidential direct action?

the signing statement

One key demonstration of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation was

the size and duration of Shays's Rebellion.

"King Caucus" refers to

the use of each party's congressional caucus to nominate presidential candidates during the early nineteenth century.

What has been the defining characteristic of post-New Deal cooperative federalism?

the use of grants-in-aid to encourage states to pursue nationally defined goals

What aspect of the institutional presidency did President Clinton particularly rely on to oversee his National Performance Review?

the vice presidency

A runoff election is likely to occur when

there are more than two candidates running in the election.

The development of media giants with access to a variety of media holdings raises the question of whether

there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions.

Which types of interest groups have the most influence on members of the House of Representatives that are making voting decisions?

those that have some connection to constituents in a particular members' district

Counting slaves as ____ for the purposes of census did not allow slaves to ____.

three-fifths of a person; vote

A block grant consists of federal aid to state or local governments that is

to be spent within a specified policy area, though without the narrow regulations of categorical grants.

What is the purpose of select committees?

to highlight or investigate a particular issue

For a president, the main value of a vice president as a political resource is

to increase his electoral strength.

What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?

to limit the powers of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals

Which of the following are executive orders first and foremost designed for?

to manage the executive branch

What was the original purpose of voter registration?

to reduce corruption by making it more difficult to vote

Dr. Jane Doe delivered a baby in a hospital while intoxicated. The baby died during delivery, and the parents sued the doctor. What kind of case is that?

tort case

Over the past decade, polls have revealed that Asian American voters are moving

toward the Democratic Party.

an informal public meeting in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens. Allows candidates to deliver messages without the presence of journalists or commentators

town hall meeting

In 2012, which of the following was covered the most in local television news?

traffic and weather

In general, the Federalists' future vision of the United States

triumphed over the Antifederalist vision.

A presidential veto can be overridden by a

two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress.

What type of tyranny did the Federalists fear the most?

tyranny of the majority

Regulations or new conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the national government is the definition of

unfunded mandates.

As a tool for achieving political goals, presidents have found party members to be

unreliable.

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

voluntary, nondenominational school prayer is unconstitutional.

During the nineteenth century, national political campaigns relied heavily on

volunteers

While Abraham Lincoln's 1860 presidential campaign spent $100,000, it also relied heavily on

volunteers

What is the most prevalent form of political participation in the United States?

voting in a general election

Which aspect of the Fourth Amendment has made government surveillance programs controversial?

warrantless searches

Under the Great Compromise, the Senate

was an arena where large and small states would compete on equal footing.

Which ethnic group had a higher percentage of total voters, when compared to their percentage of the population?

white

Conference committees serve to

work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation.

The study conducted by Jeff Milyo, a professor of economics and a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, revealed that educated citizens completing campaign registration forms

would likely violate the law.

Politicians target __________ voters using social media.

younger

Which demographic is the Wall Street Journal most popular with?

30-49

If you prefer smaller government, you are probably a

conservative.

Which group has had great popularity on radio talk shows?

conservatives

Party activists who are elected to vote at a party's national convention

delegates

At the peak of the civil rights movement, there were about ______ demonstrations in the United States.

400

At the peak of the civil rights movement, there were about _______ demonstrations in the United States.

400

If the Supreme Court grants a case a writ of certiorari, it has

accepted and will hear the case.

The 2012 presidential election was decided more by _____ than by any other factors.

demographic realities

Elements of Second Amendment

"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

De Jure

"Of Right, by right, according to law"

Elements of the Fourth Amendment

"The Right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probably cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

Which income group had the lowest percentage of donors

$150,000 and up

Which income group had the lowest percentage of donors?

$150,000 and up

Under current federal rules, individuals may donate a maximum of ____ to any single candidate and up to _____ to a political action committee.

$2,300; $5,000

Which income group had a lower percentage of total voters, when compared to their percentage of the population?

$20,000-$49,999

Under federal law, individuals may donate as much as ____ per candidate per election and up to ______ per national party committee per calendar year.

$2600; 32,400

Consequences of Brown

*(A)* Began a slow process of school desegregation that was often met with resistance from state & local government. *(B)* Sparked greater resolve for a growing civil rights movement that would use social protest to press for political change. *(C)* It led to important ongressional actions, particularly the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

The case involving the death of the Florida teen Trayvon Martin serves as an example of ________ discrimination in modern America.

*de facto*. (Unwritten, non-legislated)

In 1960, what was the percentage of female members in state legislatures?

0 percent

In 1960, what was the percentage of female members in state legislatures?

0%

What was the difference in percentage of Americans earning less than $20,000 and those earning more than $75,000 who said there are "strong" or "very strong" conflicts between rich and poor?

3 percent

How many state governors have a Twitter account?

49

Except on rare occasions, boundaries for congressional and state legislative districts in the United States are redrawn by the states every ____ years.

10

There are ______ U.S. Court of Appeals judicial districts (circuits).

13

About ________ percent of political advertising is aimed at Americans between 18 and 34 years of age.

14

Between 1960 and 2010, what was the increase in percentage of women who were college students?

17 percent

When did national conventions begin in American politics?

1830s

The Federal government filed more than 400 antidiscrimination suits in federal courts against hotels, restaurants, taverns, gas stations, and other "public accommodations" as a result of the

1964 Civil Rights Act.

More demonstrations occurred in __________ than any other year during this time period.

1965 (The year the Voting Rights Act was passed by congress)

More demonstrations occurred in ______ than any other year during this time period.

1965 (the year the Voting Rights Act was passed by Congress)

Since 1968, the Consumer Confidence Index was lowest on the eve of the election of

1992

The United States has approximately ________ television stations and ________ daily newspapers.

2,000; 1,400

What percentage of the U.S. prison population is Hispanic?

21 percent

In 2012, about _____ percent of Americans identified themselves as __________.

23; liberals

Since 1789, more than 11,000 amendments have been formally offered in Congress. Of these, only ____ were finally ratified by the states

27

Which of the following best describes an American who watches news videos online?

27-year-old, earning $80,000 with a law degree

How many electoral votes are needed to win a presidential election?

270

What type of situation in American federalism has often resulted in the act of preemption?

A state action is found to be inconsistent with a federal requirement.

What organization is the major lobby for seniors and actively works for the adoption and enforcement of laws that prohibit age discrimination in employment and public accommodations?

AARP

Fourteenth Amendment

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. No persons shall be a Senator, Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. The united states will not pay for your slaves.

What can be deduced by the percentage of Americans who identify themselves as moderates?

Americans tend not to be overly ideological

_____ is/are the amount(s) of money, approved by Congress in statutes, that each unit or agency can spend.

Appropriations.

The United States' first written constitution was the

Articles of Confederation.

Which demographic group had the largest wage gap between male and female workers?

Asian American

Which demographic group had the largest wage gap between male and female workers?

Asian Americans

What is the next step in the process after the Supreme Court accepts a case?

Attorneys on both sides prepare briefs.

Why don't candidates visit the bigger states during a campaign?

Bigger states have strong ties to a specific political party

Why don't candidates visit the bigger states during a campaign?

Bigger states have strong ties to a specific political party.

Where do most 18-29-year-olds get their news?

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Called for women's legal and social independence from men and the right to vote.

What is true of public funding available to candidates as established by the Federal Election Campaign Act?

Candidates who accept matching funds may spend no more than $42 million in their presidential primary campaigns.

What body is capable of impeaching and removing the president from power?

Congress

What entity chooses or specifies how many justices serve on the Supreme Court?

Congress

For the president to accomplish a pocket veto,

Congress must adjourn during the 10-day period that the president has the legislation.

Jim Crow Laws

Criminalized interracial marriage expand segregation of public places discriminate against African Americans

On average, more women vote for ________ candidates and more men vote for ________ candidates.

Democratic; Republican

Which agency hears claims of discrimination brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act?

EEOC

Which agency hears claims of discrimination brought under the Americans with disabilities Act?

EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

________ is the single most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes.

Education level

What is the most important core value for liberals?

Equality

______ powers are the specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president.

Expressed

In general, it was the ____ vision of the United States that triumphed after the nation's founding.

Federalist

The ____ felt that the Constitution should not specifically enumerate protected civil liberties.

Federalist

Which constitutional amendment guaranteed voting rights for African American men?

Fifteenth Amendment

Which of the following statements about campaign spending in Senate elections is true? - Incumbents generally spend less money than challengers in Senate campaigns. - Incumbents and challengers generally spend the same amount of money in Senate campaigns. - Incumbents generally spend more money than challengers in Senate campaigns. - Incumbents and challengers in Senate campaigns are legally limited to spending only $2 million. - Incumbents and challengers in Senate campaigns are legally limited to spending only $5 million.

Incumbents generally spend more money than challengers in Senate campaigns.

Fighting Words

Insight someone to violence; you cannot harass others or start screaming at them. This is, or would be known as, disorderly conduct.

What level of scrutiny does the Supreme Court typically use in cases related to sex and gender discrimination?

Intermediate scrutiny

What was decided by the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?

It allowed outside groups and individuals to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections.

How did the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP change its strategy in 1948?

It bean to attack the "separate but equal" rule directly.

How did the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP change its strategy in 1948?

It began to attack the "separate but equal" rule directly.

How did the Great Depression affect the nature of federalism in the United States?

It brought a dramatic increase in the growth and power of the national government over commerce, though for the most part state power was not directly curtailed.

Most of the framers of the Constitution opposed choosing the president by way of a direct, popular election. Why did they oppose this method of presidential selection?

It could potentially make the presidency too powerful.

What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

It declared the act unconstitutional because the Constitution protects only against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.

Why is post-New Deal federalism sometimes referred to as marble-cake federalism?

It developed into cooperative federalism, a system in which national grants encouraged states to implement national policies, somewhat blurring the lines between national and state governments.

Elements of the Fifth Amendment

Right to an attorney, prevention of double jeopardy ; eminent domain, cannot be forced to be a witness against themselves; *No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime*, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger.

Under the Great Compromise, small states were given an advantage in the

Senate

Women s exclusion from political participation in the antislavery movement gave birth to the modern women's movement, which first met at

Seneca Falls in 1848.

What is the name for the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, seeks the indication that senators from the candidate's own state support the nomination?

Sentorial courtesy

Brown v. Board of Education

Separate but equal is inherently unequal. withdraw constitutional authority for states to use race as a criterion of exclusion in law, provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions.

Which was the most important pre-1954 case because it addressed racial discrimination in housing and property ownership?

Shelley v. Kraemer

Obscenity

Something that lacks serious scientific, artistic, educational, or moral value; set by local community standards

Which geographic region has a significantly higher level of incarceration per 100,000 residents?

South

The leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives is the

Speaker of the House.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of federalism under the Bush Administration is accurate?

The Bush Administration oversaw a massive increase in federal authority over public education.

What is the current status of school desegregation?

The Court has ruled that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to schools to achieve greater racial diversity, so one of the few strategies to promote racial integration has been eliminated.

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

The Court ruled against the race-based "restrictive covenants" in housing

a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote

ballot initiative

The new Federal Election Commission (FEC) rules, which hold individual members of a campaign personally liable for a filing error, have

benefitted political insiders.

In a federal system, power is distributed

between state and national governments

Congress is a _____ legislature with _____ members.

bicameral; 535

SOPA and PIPA were

bills considered by Congress in 2012 to extend U.S. copyright laws beyond U.S. borders.

Which type of grant provides more control to state and local governments in the distribution of federal grants-in-aid?

block

The Fairness Doctrine required that

broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

Political Action Committees (PACs) are organizations established

by corporations, labor unions, or interest groups to channel the contributions of their members into political campaigns.

How can the solicitor general enter a Supreme Court case even when the federal government is not a direct litigant?

by writing an amicus curiae brief

In what way did the federal government attempt to combat state opposition to national policies particularly during the 1960s?

bypassing states altogether by making federal grants directly to local governments

Which two groups had the lowest percentages of Americans who believed there are "strong" or "very strong" conflicts between rich and poor?

conservative republicans

The heads of all the major federal departments collectively make up the

cabinet

an effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quest for political office

campaign

In 2012, which of the following was covered the most in local newspapers?

campaigns/elections

According to Representative Ellison, the fact that a user's message __________ is a positive aspect of using Twitter in politics.

can generate feedback

Before the 1890s, voters on election day almost always had to

cast a straight-ticket vote

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

caucus

Traditionally, first spouses have served what role?

ceremonial functions

Opinion assignment is an important power of the ____ when he or she is in the majority.

chief justice

Who or what initiates the process that ultimately gets a ballot initiative onto the ballot for a popular vote?

citizens

When a voter must be registered with a party prior to voting that party's election, it is called a(n)

closed primary

a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day

closed primary

In Congress, seniority-the length of time one has served in the House or Senate-usually determines

committee chairs.

What core issues brought Americans together in Washington over 50 years ago?

concerns over equal pay and equal rights

Justices who agree with the majority decision but disagree with the legal reasoning will likely file a(n)

concurring opinion.

Segregation or discriminatory practices that occur even when there is no explicit legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today, is called ____ segregation.

de facto

Segregation or discriminatory practices that occur even when there is not explicit legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today, is called ______ segregation.

de facto

The case involving the death of the Florida teen Trayvon Martin serves as an example of __________ discrimination in modern America.

de facto

Before the post-World War II era, dark-horse candidates were most likely to arise at a national convention when

deadlocks between major factions developed.

Which of the following occurs during the "conference" phase of a Supreme Court case?

decision by majority vote

a representative who votes according to the preferences of his constituency

delegate

Constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency, but are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first, are known as ______ powers.

delegated