health - ch 12
CANCER AND THE DIET
direst link between diet and cancer consume diet high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains - cut down fats, fried, meats and alcohol limit processed foods and refined carbs lifestyle and diet reduce cancer by 42% increase immune system with right foods and nutrients best allies to fight cancer are fruits and vegetables - at least 5 servings limit intake of sugar - cancer cells thrive on sugar choose foods high in vitamin A and beta-carotene vitamin C is important to help immune system
fiber helps
elimination of wastes carrying toxins, carcinogens, and waste - source whole bread, oats
selenium
essential trace element - efficient antioxidant - enhances activity of vitamin E - garlic, eggs, shellfish, mushrooms, sesame seeds, herring,cashew nuts, asparagus
breast cancer prevention
exercise
dietary factors for cause of cancer
fat and meat - colon, stomach, prostate alcohol - average of 3 drinks day doubles risk fried foods - use of acrylamide role of fiber - colon, breast fruits and vegetables -contain carotenoids that block initiation of cancer
risk factors for breast cancer
first-degree relative with breast cancer early onset menstruation having no children or first one after 30 currently using HRT' obesity alcohol consumption
lymphoma
form of cancer that begins in the lymph nodes and then may spread to almost any part of the body 2 types - Non-Hodgkins - more common and more deadly Hodgkins's Disease
metastasizing
form of cancer traveling and seeding process
DNA role in cause of cancer
genetics - mutation - change in the makeup of a gene oncogenes - genes that are mutated cancer promoters - accelerate cell growth - estrgoen example
other causes of cancer
inactivity and obesity carcinogens in environment - ingested chemicals, environmental and industrial pollutants, radiation, microbes - 15% of world's cancers caused by
first line of defense against cancer____ second line of defense______
lifestyle changes early detection
oral cancer affects____
lip, tongue, mouth and throat
common cancers
lung colon and rectal breast prostate
_________ is the most common cause of cancer death.
lung cancer
benign tumor
made up of cells that are similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from spreading to other tissues - not usually dangerous
melanoma skin cancer
malignant tumor of the skin arising from pigment cells, usually a mole - most danger form of skin cancer
breast cancer detection
mammograms, clinical breast exams, self breast exams monthy
tumor is
mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
there are no screening, tests or symptoms for _________ cancer
ovarian
screenings for cervical cancer are usually performed by pap test via____
pelvic exam
_______ is most common type of cancer when cases of the highly curable forms are included
skin cancer
polyps
small growths that develop and cause bleeding from the rectum
oral cancer traced to use of ________ and _______
smokeless tobacco and excessive alcohol use
cheese is a superfood because
sometimes avoided because of fat excellent source of calcium supplies zinc for hair and nail growth helps migraines
metastasis
spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another can spread through blood vessels, lymphatic system
raspberries are a superfood because
supply vitamin C, calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium have a cooling effect - useful in fever naturally astringent - good for digestive tract
primary treatment for colon cancer is
surgery
oral cancer treatment
surgery radiation
lung cancer treatment
surgery radiation and chemotherapy
breast cancer treatment
surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
cervical cancer treatment
surgical removal chemotherapy radiation hysterectomy
treatment for prostate cancer
surgical removal radiation
ovarian cancer treatment
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus
treatment for testicular cancer
surgical removal of tumors chemotherapy
______ of lung cancer do not usually appear until after the disease has advanced to invasive stage
symptoms
malignant tumor
synonymous with cancer. - capable of invading surrounding structures (blood vessels, lymphatic system, nerves)
most common cancer in men age 20-36 is
testicular
cancer is
the abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells, which left untreated, can ultimately cause death
__________ is responsible for about one-third of all cancer deaths
tobacco
chief risk factor for lung cancer is _________
tobacco smoke
bladder cancer is _____ as common in men as in women - sign is blood in urine, frequent urination
twice
incidence of oral cancer is _______ as great in men as in women and most frequent in men over 40
twice
skin cancer prevention
wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, hats use sunscreen 30+SPF apply sunscreen 30 min before and 15-30 minutes after sun exposure begins avoid sun between 10am and 4 pm check UV index avoid tanning salons examine skin on regular basis
testicular cancer more common in ______ than other ethnic groups
white Americans
every case of cancer begins as _________ that allows it to grow and divide when it should not and produces abnormal cells
a change in a cell
risk factors for prostate cancer
age - over 65 African American heredity lifestyle factors
preventing cancer
avoid tobacco control diet and weight exercise regularly protect skin from sun avoid environmental and occupational carcinogens
_____ cancer develops for no apparent reason symptoms - headache, fatigue, behavioral changes, seizures
brain
________ cancer is most common cancer in women is US 1 in 8
breast
testicular cancer is rare accounting for only___% of cancers in me
1
at current us rates, nearly ________ men and more than ________ women will develop cancer at some point in their lives
1 in 2 men 1 in 3 women
cancer is responsible for ________ deaths in the U.S. every day
1 in 4 or 1500
each year _____ people are diagnosed with cancer and about 560,000 will die
2.5 million
a baby is born with how many bones
300
only about 15% of lung cancer patients are alive _____ years after diagnosis
5
risk of skin cancer doubles in people who have had ___ or more sunburns in their lifetime
5
kidney cancer usually occurs in people over ___ symptoms - fatigue, pain in side, blood in urine
50
pancreatic cancer is the _____ leading cause of cancer death in US - no effective cure
5th
males ____ and taller are twice as likely to develop colon cancer
6'3"
more than ______% of colon cancer cases diagnosed in people over 50
90
fiber is important to fight cancer
90% of Americans do not consume enough fiber
basal cell and squamous cell toetgher account for _____% of skin cancers diagnosed each year
95
_______- is the second most common cause of death in the US, after heart disease
cancer
endometrial cancer
cancer of the lining of the uterus - mostly occurs after 55
leukemia
cancer of the white blood cells, starts in bone marrow no known risk factors 20% adult leukemia related to smoking, radiation, chemicals, infections
cancers of female reproductive tract
cervical uterine or endometrial ovarial
CAUTION - 7 WARNING SINGS OF CANCER
C-CHANGES IN BOWEL OR BLADDER A - SORE THROAT THAT DOES NOT HEAL U - UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE T - THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREASTS OR ELSEWHERE I - INDIGESTION OR DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING O - OBVIOUS CHANGE IN A WART OR MOLE N - NAGGING COUGH OR HOARSENESS
cervical cancer vaccine
Gardasil - doesn't protect against all
most cases of cervical cancer stem from ____
HVP Human Papillomavirus infection
skin cancer - basal cell carcinoma
develops in deepest layers of skin
squamous cell carcinoma
develops on surface levels of skin
___________ account for another one-third of cancer deaths
diet and exercise
primary risk factor for skin cancer is exposure th ultraviolet rays from sum
UVA - longer wavelength dames connective tissue leads to premature aging of skin UVB - shorter wavelength, causes sunburn, damages eyes and immune system
risk factors/detection/treatment of endometrial cancer
similar to breast cancer
__________ is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men
prostate cancer
ovarian cancer
rare but 5th most deadly among women
detection of prostate cancer
rectal exam or PSA blood test
water is important in fighting cancer
rid body of toxins, carcinogens, chemical residue and build-up our bodies are 60% water mane need 13 cups women 9
colorectal cancer (colon) is the _________ leading cause of cancer death
second
cervical cancer is at least in part a ____________
sexually transmitted disease