HIS 102 MidTerm

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife? A. Treating female medical difficulties B. Selling contraceptives C. Treating mental patients D. Assisting physicians

A. Treating female medical difficulties

Mercantilist theory postulated that A. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state. B. government should not interfere in the economy. C. imports and exports should be equally balanced. D. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations.

A. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a A. military dictatorship. B. parliamentary government. C. popular democracy. D. constitutional monarchy.

A. military dictatorship.

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was A. Vienna. B. London. C. Paris. D. Berlin.

B. London.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the A. acquisition of literacy by the masses. B. invention of the printing press. C. shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually. D. spread of literacy among women.

C. shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions? A. Local rebels easily hid when troops arrived. B. City and regional officials might side with the rebels. C. Local rebels rarely caused much damage. D. Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

D. Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the? A. Commercial Revolution. B. Scientific Revolution. C. Protestant Reformation. D. Catholic Reformation.

D. Catholic Reformation.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that A. mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance. B. true knowledge required the use of inductive reasoning. C. spiritual forces were infused throughout nature. D. the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

D. the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A document, issued by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, that granted sovereignty to all French people. The declaration, which drew from the ideas of some of the Enlightenment's greatest thinkers, asserted that liberty is a "natural" and "imprescriptible" right of man and that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights."

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as A. Creoles. B. Mulattoes. C. Peninsulares. D. Mestizos.

A. Creoles.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of A. Jean-Baptiste Colbert. B. Cardinal Mazarin. C. Count-Duke of Olivares. D. the Duke of Saint-Simon.

A. Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion? A. The parish church B. The tavern C. The marketplace D. The lord's manor

A. The parish church

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that A. enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied on for reform. B. the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority. C. public opinion polling can be a valuable support to democracy. D. the people's political wishes can be conveyed only by direct democracy.

B. the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as A. classicalism. B. baroque. C. rococo. D. romanticism.

C. rococo.

The British victory in the Seven Years' War was ratified by the A. Treaty of Augsburg. B. Treaty of Versailles. C. Treaty of Utrecht. D. Treaty of Paris.

D. Treaty of Paris.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples? A. European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior. B. European superiority was increasingly defined as religiously superior rather than biologically superior. C. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior rather than religiously superior. D. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior as well as religiously superior.

A. European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? A. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end. B. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. C. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. D. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

A. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century? A. Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly. B. The population continued to grow despite widespread malnutrition. C. Large segments of the population immigrated to the American colonies. D. The population remained relatively stable as the little food available was distributed evenly to all social classes at a "just price."

A. Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively. B. The land was not divided but worked communally as villagers labored in large fields side by side. C. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations. D. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

A. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children? A. They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible. B. They believed Catholicism benefited from ignorance. C. They sought to counter the appeal of witchcraft to the peasantry. D. They sought to challenge Catholic domination of scholarship and knowledge.

A. They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was A. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II. B. the 1640 uprising in Ireland. C. conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation. D. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.

A. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about A. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers. B. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production. C. the high cost of production in the rural countryside. D. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses.

A. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people? A. It was favored by secular authorities. B. It emphasized a warm and emotional religion. C. It offered a guarantee of salvation. D. It preached a highly rational approach to religion.

B. It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect? A. The decline of papal and clerical abuses B. Its importance in community life C. The role of the parish clergy in the state bureaucracy D. The desires of secular authorities

B. Its importance in community life

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era? A. Schools remained largely unpopular because of their requirements that all children learn Latin. B. Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls. C. Under the absolute monarchies, national school systems were created to educate nearly all of the children of commoners. D. As a consequence of the Reformation, the number of schools for common people declined.

B. Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century? A. The common philosophical belief that the masses were like children in need of firm guidance B. The emergence of scientific racism C. The defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophes D. The bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism

B. The emergence of scientific racism

Why did abolition campaigns against slavery become more prominent in the late eighteenth century? A. The use of scientific racism to justify slavery was undermined by new biological discoveries. B. The plight of enslaved people became more well known throughout Europe. C. The availability of slaves in Africa decreased, and the abolition campaign was used to justify the switch to free labor. D. Economic liberalism demonstrated that slavery did not create more profits than did free labor.

B. The plight of enslaved people became more well known throughout Europe.

What was Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter? A. law of 65 mph B. law of universal gravitation C. law of Hammurabi D. law of perpetual bliss

B. law of universal gravitation

Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were A. strictly forbidden by laws passed against abuse of animals. B. popular with the European masses. C. principally sponsored by betting syndicates that viewed them as highly lucrative sources of income. D. regarded by almost all Europeans as examples of primitive behavior that should be condemned in an Age of Enlightenment.

B. popular with the European masses.

Copernicus's theory of the universe A. was endorsed by the Catholic Church. B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe. C. used epicycles to explain planetary motion. D. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe.

B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas? A. The Caribbean received about 50 percent of the slaves, while North American and Spanish South America received about 25 percent each. B. The Spanish colonies of South America received about 35 percent of slaves from Africa, while Brazil received about 15 percent and the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. C. About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America. D. Brazil received about one-half of the slaves carried across the Atlantic, while the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent.

C. About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

What was Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter? A. salon B. Haskalah C. Cartesian dualism D. law of intertia

C. Cartesian dualism

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science? A. Control of venereal disease B. Elimination of the bubonic plague C. Conquest of smallpox D. Invention of anesthesia for surgery

C. Conquest of smallpox

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments? A. Problems with local leaders B. Reduced taxation C. Growth in armed forces D. Smaller and less expensive bureaucracies

C. Growth in armed forces

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century? A. Advances in agricultural methods produced abundant food supplies and eradicated famine. B. The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests. C. Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine. D. A return to the open-field system evened out food distribution and helped to prevent food shortages.

C. Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of A. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. B. Peter Paul Rubens. C. Johann Sebastian Bach. D. Frédéric Chopin.

C. Johann Sebastian Bach.

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century? A. They were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords that prevented them from owning their own land. B. They were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations. C. They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children. D. They were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of it.

C. They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

The spinning of thread for the loom A. was established as a unique craft in which communities and even regions specialized, especially sheepherding regions. B. was quickly turned into a mechanized process, which freed more women to take up operation of the loom. C. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages. D. marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between merchants and spinners.

C. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and A. wild game. B. dairy products. C. vegetables. D. meat.

C. vegetables.

Catherine the Great of Russia enjoyed the international support of A. Polish Catholics. B. Scottish economists. C. Italian artists. D. French philosophes.

D. French philosophes.

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century? A. The pace of work slowed, which allowed time for drinking tea. B. Drinking tea was seen as a sign of an increasingly egalitarian society. C. Everyone wanted to support colonial expansion by consuming colonial products. D. There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

D. There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns? A. They were seen as spiritually corrupted members of the community who had to be eliminated when identified. B. They were social outcasts condemned for their immoral behavior. C. They were respected individuals praised for their willingness to challenge conventional standards. D. They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

D. They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method? A. To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate B. To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge C. To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God D. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

D. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at A. a price average people could pay, even if it meant producers took a loss. B. whatever price the church recommended. C. whatever price the government chose to impose. D. a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.

D. a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.

The English political philosopher John Locke held that A. a constitutional monarchy was possible only in England. B. mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government. C. kings ruled by divine right. D. a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people.

D. a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people.

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to A. become landless rural wage earners. B. join the army or navy. C. move to the cities to seek work. D. emigrate.

A. become landless rural wage earners.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? A. He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God. B. He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government. C. He believed in democracy, like most philosophes. D. He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot.

B. He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.

During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would A. become a master after seven years of training. B. earn little money and work hard. C. be permitted to marry while training. D. face the same sexual exploitation that threatened girls.

B. earn little money and work hard.

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures A. completely eradicated famine owing to increased supply lines. B. improved water supply and sewage systems. C. blocked off roads and canals to prevent the spread of disease. D. banned foreign soldiers from entering towns.

B. improved water supply and sewage systems.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state? A. He encouraged Louis XIII to establish an elaborate palace and ground at Versailles. B. He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals. C. He reorganized the French economy according to mercantilist policies. D. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.

D. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? A. Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions. B. Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices. C. Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy. D. People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

D. People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.