HIS201 Final

Jose Ingenieros ***

Context: Who: What: When: Where: Significance:

Khoikoi

Context: Who: What: When: Where: Significance:

The Berbers

Context: Who: What: When: Where: Significance:

Sandinista Revolution

Context: Who: What: When: Where: Significance: Nicaraguan Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the violent campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to oust the dictatorship in 1978-79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990,[14] and the Contra War, which was waged between the FSLN-led government of Nicaragua and the United States-backed Contras from 1981-1990. The revolution marked a significant period in Nicaraguan history and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War with the events in the country rising to international attention

John Paul II

Context: Who: What: When: Where: Significance: head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005. He was elected pope by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after 33 days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.[21][22] John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe

Siemens

Context: Who: What: a power line going from London to Calcutta. When: Where: Significance:

George Kennan

Context: Who: American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the relations between the USSR and the United States. He was also one of the group of foreign policy elders known as "The Wise Men" What: When: Where: Significance:

Elisha Otis

Context: Who: American industrialist and founder of the Otis Elevator Company What: inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails When: 1811-1861 Where: United States Significance: American industrialization

Balfour Declaration

Context: Who: Arthur Balfour What: public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population When: 1917 Where: Great Britain Significance: essentially a declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Context: Who: UK, France, Russia, Italy; signed by Sykes and Georges-Pictor What: secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire When: 1916 Where: divided Ottoman Provinces Significance:

Canudos Massacre

Context: 1880s-90s was a time of great unrest because of all the expansion. Manifest destiny. Second wave of the industrial revolution in 1880s. Suez Canal built in 1869. American economic crash 1873 Who: settlers in Brazil vs Brazilian government What: a result of 30,000 settlers in Brazil that created their own colony and were trying to suppress all intervention, including military When: 1897 Where: Brazil Significance: This was the deadliest civil war in brazilian history. The Brazilian government was forced to take action and overran the village of canudos and killed nearly all the inhabitants. This is significant because this was happening all over the globe in the 1880s-90s. There was great unrest within nations and empires because of economic crash in american in 1873 and the rapid expansion from many areas. General theme of native integration, shrinking world, nation state development, manifest destiny, and the 2nd industrial revolution.

Rosa Parks

Context: 1st vs 2nd world struggle, global upheaval, decolonization. The atlantic charter and promise of the 4 freedoms. Who: black American who sat in the front of the bus in the whites-only section What: see above When: 1955 Where: Montgomery, Alabama Significance: America too, although the leader of the free world, was not perfect. The global wave of decolonization and anti-oppressive-American regimes penetrated america itself with the civil rights movement. Peaceful forms of non-violent protest are starting to show the height of civilization and humanity: for the first time ever we are solving our societal problems without power or conflict.

MLK Jr.

Context: 1st vs 2nd world struggle, global upheaval, decolonization. The atlantic charter and promise of the 4 freedoms. Who: leader of the American Civil Rights Movement What: see above When: 1929 - 1968 Where: United States Significance: Martin Luther King Jr. was a leading figuring in the civil rights movement in America. He embodied many of the same tactics of nonviolence and boycotting as Gandhi did during his time. Inspired by the anti-apartheid movements in south africa and Gandhi's tactics, King led many marches and protests in the name of segregation and equality. King gave many speeches, including his famous I have a dream speech, which helped end racial segregation in the United States. King's life ended tragically by an assassin in 1968. After his death riots broke out in cities, but he left his legacy and print on the United States, ending segregation. Although the world is not perfect and although neither 1st or 2nd world will solve all the problems, king gives us hope in the 1st world model and faith in humanity!! Shows that america is a well intentioned civilization, even if it has problems and people taking advantage of it, the system is malleable

My Lai Massacre

Context: 4 freedoms, basic human rights. Vietnam war Who: United States Marines and Vietnamese citizens What: Marines slaughter 500 citizens When: 1969 Where: Vietnam Significance: Obviously communism is evil, it takes away basic human rights and leaves each person with no individuality or freedoms. America is advocating for human rights, freedoms, and a successful democracy... however, if you force other countries to follow this system and they aren't choosing it, isn't that a contradiction? America is in a really tough position globally. They are objectively the best country in the world, but they are not perfect. They are trying to forcefully stop the spread of communism, they have a history of slavery and informal economic colonization and a lot of the countries think that perhaps they don't want them to go communist just cuz they wanna continue to exploit them economically. As these photos spread around the US, the american public agrees that we have to pull out. We can't force these people to have freedom. They need to choose it!

John Maynard Keynes

Context: After World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Societies are more interconnected than ever. Keynes sees how this could be a problem and that the world economy is fragile. Most of the world follows the gold standard for stability. Who: British economist What: Criticizes the Treaty of Versailles- thought that the reparations from Germany that France and the Allies wanted would be unstable When: 1880-1946 Where: Great Britain Significance: Keynes predictions about Germany show how economics play a large part in international affairs, and that the stabilization of the Europe is essential to the health of the global market because it's the centerpiece. He thought the state should play an active role in helping regulate the market, which isn't always self regulating. Was influential in countries getting off of the gold standard. Father of modern economics. Was also influential to the recovery of the world's economy after ww2.

Manifest Destiny

Context: After the Louisiana Purchase. A lot of empty land in America. Industrial revolution requires more resources. At this time in history, Wastelands (hinterlands) begin to be systematically exploited for the use of their resources that will fuel the production of the industrial revolution. America is the foremost benefactor of the industrial revolution Who: American citizens What: widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. There are three basic themes to manifest destiny: -The special virtues of the American people and their institutions -The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of Agrarian America. -An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty When: 19th century following Louisiana Purchase Where: United States Significance: people move from areas with too many people and not enough jobs to areas with too many jobs and not enough people. This happens at the expense of native peoples. America starts to blow up and becomes a huge player on the global stage by the end of the 19th century. America is the breadbasket of the world. The idea of democracy and the fact that america's form of govt is superior to others and that we have a moral obligation to spread it begins to take root. This will be a huge part of the 1st vs 2nd world struggle.

Nelson Mandela

Context: Apartheid State in South Africa. Velvet revolutions and soviet union collapse. End of cold war. Chinese economic reform. Who: Anti apartheid leader, head of african national congress What: later became first black President When: elected 1994 Where: South Africa Significance: Nelson Mandela led South africa to equal rights for blacks and whites respectively. He brought real democracy to south africa in a time where authoritarian regimes were crumbling worldwide (eg soviet union)

Emily Davison

Context: As frontiers and the globe shrinks, inequalities among different societies are more and more evident. Citizenship and the rise of nations are becoming the main form of political identity across the world Who: English suffragette What: throws herself in front of the king's horse and is trampled to death in a protest for women's rights When: 1913 Where: Epson, England Significance: A huge protest of the political systems and how they marginalized certain groups of people, particularly women. She started a global trend of feminism, the first truly global social movement that transcends borders. Women would get the right to vote shortly thereafter, and more social issues start being raised throughout the 20th century as everyone wants to partake in the global form of identity: citizenship. Images of her being trampled went viral.

Rashid Rida

Context: As the world progresses, many people began to identify with their respective countries and political states. Turks and Arabs inherited an older political structure of an earlier age - a diverse islamic empire. The opening of the suez canal cut through the heart of the isolated muslim world of the past. World War I, British and Russian Involvement in the middle east. Expansion of Christianity and Christian based empires. Who: Muslim legal reformer What: Wanted to modernize and update islamic law. Wanted to mix secular and sacred practices and wanted to break the ottoman empire into a bunch of states When: Early 20th Century Where: Middle East and Europe Significance: hoped to make an islamic version of Europe. Represented a new spirit of nationalism and modernization of the islamic world. Created new institutions like the egyptian university and in 1857 the syrian scientific society

John D Rockefeller

Context: At this time, the London banking families (including Rothschilds) are the richest people in society. The first industrial revolution is going on (steam and textiles) Who: American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist What: widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history. He used the bessemer process in the 1870's to pubble iron into steel When: 1839-1937 Where: United States Significance: Coal, oil and steel allow plants like these to spring up everywhere. Rockefeller vertically integrates the market, becoming the richest man in the world history and dominating the steel industry. British share of manufacturing goes to shit. This allows us to make things on a large scale. Industrialization becomes global. This widens the gulf between the city and the rural areas!! Shifts money from the rothschilds to the rockefellers. Assembly lines take the division of labor another step! The local division of labor mimics the global division of labor. Starts the 2nd industrial revolution (steel and iron) and this revolution is the one that america dominates. Raises questions about capitalism and free markets (strikes etc). Collective bargaining and the fight between the working class and the CEO's starts.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Context: Bay of Pigs invasion unsuccessful. The midst of Korean War. South Africa fighting for independence. Cold War. US practicing containment. Who: crisis between USSR (through Cuba) and United States What: near-nuclear crisis between the Soviet union and the United States When: 1962 Where: Cuba Significance: Led to a time of global crisis. Revealed to the world that tensions need to be lessened. Led to the creation of the Washington - Kremlin hotline.

Korean War

Context: Beginning of cold war. Chinese Revolution. Cuban Revolution. US didnt want to lose korea like it had lost China to communism. Japan pulled out of manchuria in china. Who: North and South Korea (proxy war for USSR and United States) What: Proxy War between the United States and USSR/War between North and South Korea When: 1950-1953 Where: Korean Peninsula Significance: The Korean war was one of the first real proxy wars fought between the United States and the USSR. It divided korea into two parts: North and South backed by the USSR and the US respectively. The war technically never ended and is the reason why North Korea wants to nuke us today. This was a significant event because it created the Domino Theory which said that if one area fell to communism a mass amount of areas would fall to communism. Led to even higher tensions in the cold war and led to the red scare in the United States.

Leopold II

Context: Berlin conference, less european power, manifest destiny, industrial revolution, shrinking world. Who: Originally the king of Belgium, later the leader of the private Congo Free State What: reigned as the King of Belgium and became known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture and the atrocities perpetrated there under his rule When: 1865-1909 (founded CFS in 1885) Where: Belgium and Africa Significance: known for his brutal exploitation of the CFS as a private venture. Embracing the ideas of expanding and america's manifest destiny, he invaded the congo and used it for Belgium's own private gain. This added to the unrest of the world and yet again touches on the idea of the production of goods for another country's consumption

Vladimir Lenin

Context: Bolshevik Revolution 1917, WWI Who: leader of the USSR after Bolshevik Revolution What: founded Soviet Union and one-party Communist State in 1922 When: took power in 1917 Where: Russia Significance: Lenin was a great rival of Wilson. After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 Lenin moved in as the leading figure. Lenin then created the communist regime in Russia called the USSR, he argued. Lenin had to stitch together the old crumbling empire through talk of self determination and empowering minorities. Lenin was the significant figure that drove Russia to the communist country that we see in WWII.

Berlin Airlift

Context: Bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima 1945 without the US informing Russia, Cold War Tensions rising as Europe is partitioned into 2 spheres of very different influence. Russia Declares war on Japan. Israel declared independence in 1948. China has turned Communist. Marshall plan, atlantic charter Who: West Berlin and United States What: US Air Force dropping of supplies to the people of Berlin When: 1948-1949 Where: West Berlin, Germany Significance: Although only an airlift of supplies to the people of berlin, this was one of the first proxy wars that was fought between the USSR and the US as cold war tensions begin to rise. This was an economic based war and was fought over the idea of communism and capitalism. This was a very significant event in history because it showed the true power behind the two forces and was one of the first proxy wars between the two as the cold war started.

Maji Maji Rebellion

Context: Boxer Rebellion, Scramble for Africa, American Stock Market Crash 1873 Who: led by Prophet Ngarambe What: a brutal war killing tons of Indigenous peoples When: 1905-1908 Where: East Africa (German occupied area) Significance: German colonization of Africa gave way to rising tensions and upheaval. The indigenous populations were being forced to produce for other people's consumption. In this case, the Germans were forcing them to plant and farm cotton for export. In reaction to this a revolution came about. This is significant because it shows how much the world is in turmoil. This gave way to future rebellions in africa to come and this also resulted in the death of about 300,000 indigenous people. Total war.

Sun Yat Sen

Context: Boxer Rebellion, Sino-Japanese War. China is also facing trouble, from both inside in out. China has already been humiliated throughout the last couple centuries. Everyone around the world exploits china, nobody actually colonized them. Unrest in china against the foreigners who drain their resources and their own govt who allows it. Who: leader in the Chinese reformation movement after the fall of the Qing What: see above When: 1912-1925 Where: (reformed) China Significance: Sun Yat Sen was a very influential figure at the time. Directly after the fall of the Qing Empire in 1911, the chinese were looking for a way to reform and change the failing system. Sun was referred to as the father of the nation in the Republic of china. He was the start to the transformation of china. Sun led the chinese state to a better system and put china on the path to recovery.

Nanjing Massacre

Context: Chinese Civil War beginning in 1925, Great Depression Who: Japanese and Chinese What: Japanese massacre of the Chinese When: 1937 Where: Nanjing, China Significance: The Nanjing Massacre was a terrible time in history because it was one of the first instances in which we see total war changing in its definition. in WWI is described as armies vs armies, now its entire nations vs entire nations. The Japanese army targets many civilians in Nanjing and killed hundreds of thousands of chinese civilians. This being one of the first instances in which the definition of total war changed, this event impacted the war tactics in WWII

Theodor Herzl

Context: Citizenship is the main form of identity. The jews don't have a state and wanted to return to a lost homeland called zion. Russians and islams are persecuting jews, they need a safe place. Who: Father of modern political Zionist movement What: Founded the goal for a new Jewish homeland When: 1860-1904 Where: Austria-Hungary Significance: `The spread of pan networks across the globe to combat citizenship. Dreams of return home. Pushes the hebrew language as a universal language for jews. Many returned to palestine and starting buying land from muslims. In the late 19th century the jews and the muslims start to become sovereignty with statehood. Land is the tension point. Eventually Israel is formed.

Sayyid Jamal ad-Din-al-Afghani

Context: Citizenship is the main form of political identity. Nation states are all over. Even Islam is starting to get broken up. Islam is surrounded by christian nations and the suez canal is going through the heart of it. Islam is very far behind politically and economically. Who: Radical Islamist What: Moves to Paris to spread his ideology When: 1884 (late-19th century) Where: Middle East to Europe Significance: People started imagining new forms of society and politics transcendent of nations. Pan-african, pan-islam. New transnationalism is forming. Speak for all people. Integrated by faith. Guy spearheading this transcendent islamic community, iran. Moved to paris in 1884 and spread his writing and ideas about islam around. Al-queda is a result of this. They believed this is the way to protect the moral integrity of islam in a christian dominated world

Alexander Dubcek

Context: Cold War Tensions. Vietnam war. Cuban Revolution. Cuban Missile Crisis Who: Leader of the Prague Spring reforms; Czechoslovakian What: see above When: 1968 Where: USSR Significance: Alexander Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Springs Reform in Czechoslovakia which was pushing for more rights and democracy. Alexander's reforms attracted the attention of the USSR who came in and halted the reforms that were put in place by Alexander and Prague Springs. This was significant because this was one of the first resistances to Communist power. In 1966 there were complaints from the people of Prague Springs about how the soviet union was exploiting them and how things needed to change. This was important because it shows how little freedom the people under the soviet union have and how they are being subdued to them. This was a big break for the US, having the media cover this and pushing against the USSR.

Ronald Reagan

Context: Cold War coming to an end. Proxy wars. USSR cracking under financial pressure. The economic burden of the cold war is too much. Who: president of the United States What: president who worked to lead to the eventual end of the Cold War in 1991 When: 1981-1989 in office Where: USA Significance: In the beginning of Reagan's first term there was the start of the "second cold war" or just more heightened tensions. Ronald Reagan was the president in which the cold war essentially ended under- it ended in 1991, but Reagan mostly ended it. During his time as president he used Afghanistan as a proxy war to weaken the USSR and further bankrupt them. He used the CIA to work closely with the Afghani people to fight against the soviet occupant. He also rolled back Detente (the lessening of tensions between east and west, along with domestic reform in the soviet Union) which eventually ended the cold war, cracking the USSR financially and ending the cold war and the USSR all together.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Context: Cold War, insurgence of beating western powers through military means, Who: Argnetintine in charge of Cuban Revolution What: he is a doctor with bad asthma; becomes increasingly opposed to capitalism as he travels into the countryside (becomes radicalized) and inspired by fidel castro When: 1950s Where: Cuba Significance: His violent socialist revolution in cuba is successful. Same thing as Castro. He wants to spread the model of vietnam around the world.

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Context: Cold War. Brezhnev Doctrine. Prague Springs Reforms. China relations open with US. Europe is still split up and economically dependent. Russia agrees to the conference because they think it will validate them Who: led by Helmut Schmidt What: A conference in which they were concerned with arms control, human rights, freedom of the press and fair elections When: 1975 Where: Helsinki, Finland Significance: The conference on security and cooperation in Europe was extremely significant because it led to the Helsinki accords in 1975. This conference was all about increasing human rights and giving the 4 freedoms reagan talked about to the people of the people of the communist bloc and eastern germany. This was a huge push against communism and an increase of relations between the east and west sides of the cold war. Helmut Schmidt, from the eastern side of Germany, was adamant about increasing relations with the United States and bringing the wall down between the two sides and reducing tensions. This was the beginning of the end for the soviet union in the cold war. The USSR thought everything was fine for them during this time and in the helsinki accords, but it all came crumbling down in 1991. People like refuseniks, jews not allowed to leave, are protesting.

Rwanda Massacre

Context: Collapse of Soviet Union. South African Independence. Tiannmenn square. Decolonization. Who: Tutsi people (Rwanda) What: A Genocide against the Tutsi and Hutu people of Rwanda When: 1994 Where: Rwanda, South Africa Significance: the assassination of Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 created a power vacuum and ended peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when soldiers, police, and militia executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders. Had a lasting impact on the way that nations evaluate genocide, particularly in third-world countries with less governmental structure

Russo-Japanese War

Context: Colonies for Europeans are growing and they need to be able to compete with these powers, Russia has expanded across the Afro-Eurasia the whole way to the pacific ocean. They are now trading with korea, who used to trade with japan. Japan sees the militarization and empires across the world and is nervous about the russians. China has been on a decline in power (change in balance of power), Railroads and increased trade create a demand for Japan to find trading ports Who: Russians vs Japanese What: Japan becomes unhappy about Russian militarization and trade with Korea; wins war When: 1904-1905 Where: East Asia Significance: This war was extremely significant because it was the first time a non-european power had defeated a powerful european power. This was a humiliating loss for the Russians and set back both their economy and their expansion into Asia. This sparked the flames of revolution in Russia in 1905 and led to higher tensions in WWI between Japanese and Russians

Fidel Castro

Context: Decolonization of latin america. 3rd world nationalism. 1st vs 2nd world struggle. Who: Cuban communist dictator What: turned Cuba communist in the 1950s When: took power 1950s Where: Cuba Significance: So basically, the US is profiting off of all of these 3rd world latin american countries, informally colonizing and unintentionally oppressing them. The 3rd world countries though are kinda pissed, and so castro decides to go communist and takes cuba with him. Well, the US invades to try to stop it and ends up just making themselves and capitalism seem even worse, furthering the global rise of communism!

Bandung Conference

Context: Decolonization of the 3rd world 1945-1960. Cold War Tensions rising. The idea of the 3rd world being backward and underdeveloped- term coined by Sauvy. Basically this is what's going on. Because of trade, the world has become super interdependent and fragile. A stable world order needs to be enacted. So, it's a 1st vs 2nd world struggle. The thing is that the 1st world is preaching liberty, freedom, etc, however is still dealing with the consequences with their own history of colonization for profit. So a lot of 3rd world countries don't really trust the 1st world, cuz the first world has been exploiting them. One the other hand, communism is obviously horse-shit but 3rd world nationalism is spreading and so a lot of these countries are buying into it. They want to all meet up and talk Who: 29 countries (mostly from the third world) that had just been given their independence; generally Asian and African What: promoted Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation When: 1955 Where: Bandung, India Significance: Bandung, Indonesia was home to the most important conference the 3rd world attended up until this point. In 1955 the Bandung Conference was held and attended by 29 countries that were from the 3rd world (Mainly Africa and Asia) and were recently given or established their independence. The conference stated its aims, promoting Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation. The conference was a step toward the Non-aligned movement and was an important step toward economic advancement. During this time these countries were more underdeveloped than the countries that sided with either communism or capitalism because they were left out of trade, colonized, or underfunded. This conference was an important step out of the economic depression and shackling that it has gone through over the years.

Tienanmen Square

Context: Deng Xiopeng took power in China and made China an economic powerhouse. He opened to market forces, which created a wide gap between rich and poor Who: Chinese protesters who wanted democratic reform and eventually had more than 1 million supporters What: see above; gathered together When: 1989 Where: China Significance: to put an end to this demonstration China sends the army and open fire on the people. Famous image of man in front of tank. Government then puts a ban on protest. This is significant because it shows that even when China opens up borders and becomes involved with the West it still remained a very repressive state.

Potsdam Conference

Context: End of the 2nd world war. Militaries of the allies are spread throughout the war. FDR replaced by truman, churchill replaced by attlee Victors need to decide how to rebuild europe, the terms of peace. Sparks of russia vs US competition ahead. Russia and the US, though both opposed to the amoral and oppressive regime of the nazi's had very different ideas about how to rebuild the world that would sow the seeds of future conflict. Who: Truman, Attlee, Stalin What: Conference held to determine what to do after World War II When: 1945 Where: Germany Significance: The Potsdam Conference happened in 1945 and was run by the big 3 winning countries at the time, USSR USA and UK. This signified the end of the war and was a temporal time of peace in the world. Germany surrendered 9 weeks prior to this conference and after it was over Germany was demilitarized. This was a significant time in history because it effectively ended WWII, created peace for a short time and allowed the military to get out of Germany. The victors need to decide how to relocate populations and who is in control of the countries. People are totally re arranged. The decision is made to carve Europe into East and West, going right through Germany specifically Berlin.This is what makes the cold war. The US militarizes Western Europe. Soviets wanted to drive the West out of berlin. Block off Berlin. The West airlifts food into Berlin. Europeans are exhausted after the 30 years war and the great depression. Mass unemployment and migration make the promise of communism, to end the harsh world and usher in a utopia, was very attractive to a lot of western european countries. The US did not want this to spread. This 1st vs 2nd world conflict is what drives the cold war. This is the transition from ww2 to cold war.

Battle of Dien Ben Phu

Context: European decolonization. The Cold War, Third Worlds are emerging and the first world (led by america) vs 2nd world (led by Russia) are competing for them in proxy wars. Who: Vietnamese vs the French What: Vietnam (communist nationalist party of the North Vietnam) defeat of the French in Vietnam. Led by Ho Chi Min When: 1954 Where: Vietnam Significance: Intensifies European decolonization. Sets the state for a World Upheaval, as old colonies begin to defy the old colonizers successfully. Increases the stakes of the cold war. 3rd world radicalism: traditionally oppressed countries hate america and europe, are turning towards communism.

Berlin Conference

Context: Europeans restricted to coastal trading until steam engine and suez canal, second industrial revolution begins taking place, missionaries move in-land in Africa to uplift and convert. People begin to fear that the frontiers of the world are shrinking, and that there is no land left to expand into. America's are sovereign from Europe. Germany wants to emulate the rest of Europe - be powerful too. Who: Major European nations and the United States What: conference in Berlin between several european countries deciding how to properly break up the interior of Africa. Dividing up Africa without the African point of view or say in the divisions When: 1884-1885 Where: Berlin, Germany Significance: This was a defining moment in african history. The boundaries totally over rode the old order of the african continent, the African Slave Trade was ending so it was no longer a source of labor so there was a source of land to open up new frontiers, fuels imperial rivalry which explodes to spark the First World War (a competition between empires). The Berlin Conference was significant because it was the dividing of Africa among countries without having any member of Africa present. This led to more expansion, colonization and trade between the countries who took over Africa. This event was one of many expansionist events that happened in the 19th century and added to the already heightened unrest within the world.

Boxer Rebellion

Context: Expansion and land grabbing, United States moving westward and expanding their frontier and takes Puerto Rico, Cuba, and parts of the Philippines, Japan is expanding Who: The Boxers (anti-Western Chinese group) vs the Qing Empire What: Boxers rise up against the weakening Qing When: 1899-1901 Where: China Significance: Foreign power intervention needed, China signs more treaties because they are in debt, Japan rise of power as a result, Russia and Germany and Manchuria are the starting points of the second World War. The Boxer rebellion was a significant event because of the way that it occurred. The boxers were a group in the Qing dynasty that hated the ways and symbols of the west. They were a fearless group that kept order in the beginning, so the weak Qing government gave them some power. By 1899 the Qing Government could not control the Boxer group any longer and the Boxer Rebellion happened. The Qing could not fight them off alone and foreigners, mostly japanese, had to intervene and put down the rebellion. This brought changes to the Chinese, leaving the Qing empire behind and creating a new thought through leaders as Sun Yat Sen

Cesare Lombroso

Context: Feminist and suffragist movements are becoming a global phenomenon. Social analysis and societal critique become widespread with the study of economics, sociology and psychology. Darwinism and science are still at the helm Who: Italian; father of criminology What: see above When: 1835-1909 Where: Italy Significance: Cesare Lombroso was an Italian Criminologist that tried to prove that being a criminal was linked to their DNA and that person possesses savage like qualities. He tried to show that women were more delinquente and vulnerable than men to these defects. His work is not necessarily trusted or upheld by western scientist, but he tried to portray women as the lesser sex. This helped start the suffragist movement, women explaining how they too are reasonable creatures and deserve the same rights as men.

Rudyarp Kipling

Context: Filipino American War. Manifest Destiny. Shrinking world, closing of frontiers, and integration of native people's. Who: British writer, author of "The White Man's Burden" What: used his poems and short stories to encourage the colonization of empires When: 1865-1936 Where: United States Significance: Kipling was a very influential character during the 19th and 20th century. He used his poems and short stories to change public opinion of the colonization of empires during this time. He wrote the white man's burden in 1899, symbolizing the ways in which the united states should join Europe in the imperial conquest of the globe in order to "civilize" the supposedly backward countries being subjected to European Rule. His poems encouraged the ideas of conquering and colonizing, which led to more unrest among countries that were being taken over as Cuban and Filipino nationalism ramp up.

Subhash Chandra Bose

Context: Gandhi in India. WWII, Hitler rising to power. By 1945 Indonesia declared Independence from Japan. Calcutta massacre Who: Indian militarial radicalist that wanted to free India from Britain's grip What: see above When: mainly active 1938-1945 Where: India, Germany, Japan Significance: Bose was an Indian Radicalist that wanted to break away from Britain, but also had conflicts and disagreements with Gandhi. Bose left India and traveled to Germany in search for help from Hitler. Hitler at first was interested in possibly invading India, but then at some point in the early 1940s found it impossible to do so. So he took a German Submarine to Madagascar and met up with a Japanese Submarine which took him to Japan. Now heavily aligned with the Axis powers, he created an army out of the captive Indians that the Japanese had and some of the Japanese army. He then led an attack to try and take India back from Britain, but because of his lack of military skills his attack was thwarted in 1945. Bose actions were significant because it was the first attempt to break from British rule in India that eventually broke in 1947. It was also significant because it was a sign of wanting to be decolonized, which led to the decolonization of the 3rd world that we see from 1945-1960 India ends up being partitioned because of violence into india and pakistan. People of the partition are forced to move and migrate. Refugee crisis.

Richard Nixon

Context: Global state of upheaval in 1968. Cold War. Cuban missile crisis. Opec gas pressure. Who: President of the US in the 70's What: War on drugs and poverty. Opened trade with china. Took us off the gold standard When: 1970s Where: United States Significance: Nixon was a very influential president during the cold war. One of his biggest accomplishments was opening up relations with china during its economic boom. This was the first time relations were open for 2 decades. This was very significant because it drove a wedge between communism and china. These relations went very well and opened china up to more capitalist countries and ways of thinking. This was a huge step in the cold war, breaking china away from communism and away from the USSR. This was the beginning of one of the most important relationships.

Ottawa Agreements

Context: Great Depression, Post WW1 Who: British colonies and independent dominions like Canada What: held to discuss the Great Depression When: 1932 Where: held in Ottawa Significance: The Ottawa Agreements were the rebirth of the world economy. The agreements called for a mutual tariff concession which opened up free trade to most countries and got the world economy back on the healing track. A lot of faith in capitalism was lost after the great depression, but reopening trade to the world and having the world economy begin to function brought back some hope to the system.

Adolf Hitler

Context: Great Depression. Treaty of Versailles brought humiliation to Germany and heavy concessions on Germany. Who: leader of Germany and the Third Reich What: see above When: 1889 - 1945 (in office 1934-1945) Where: Germany, Austria Significance: Hitler rose to power in a broken German state. Germany was under such high inflation and economic trouble that they resorted to any glimmer of hope. Hitler rose to power in the midst of this and transformed Germany's economy into a moderate command economy, forcing people to fill quotas, but not necessarily a communist country. Hitler aimed to eradicate all people from the world that were not purely part of the superior race. He kicked off WWII, invading poland and taking over many areas surrounding Germany. Germany rose to power, but ultimately failed when they tried to invade Russia. Russia was drawn out into the middle of Europe, fighting off the German invasion and eventually defeated them. This last attack was the start of the Cold War. The Russians now wanted to have a buffer zone that protected them so that this would never happen again. Hitler was a significant figure that kicked off WWII and inevitably started the Cold War.

General von Trotha

Context: Herero Revolt, Scramble for Africa, Boxer Rebellion Who: Commander in Chief of colonial forces What: military leader stationed in Southwest Africa When: 1848-1920 Where: Southwest Africa Significance: General Von Trotha was stationed in Africa during the time of the herero wars. He was the leading force that put down the Herero Revolt in 1908. When asked about why he didn't protect civilians he goes "the hospitals were wide open". He is seen as a brutal leader that wiped out most of the herero population. He is significant because he embodies the ideals of the empire at this time. Taking over and controlling, making the southwest african areas produce for the europeans own consumption.

Syrian Scientific Society

Context: Herzl- All Religions need a home. Zionism The Great Exhibition. All of islam is under an umbrella of rule during this time. Who: Syrian organization What: The idea is to combine islam and science (hard to do seeing as women aren't inferior) When: Mid-19th Century Where: Syria Significance: This organization had an impact on the ideals that Rashid Rida had during his time. This group was one of the first that expressed the ideas of nations. It increased arab nationalism. It also created the problems that we see in that region today. Promote arab culture and scientific heritage.

Lebensraum

Context: Hitler Rise to Power, Great Depression, Treaty of Versailles Who: propagated by Adolf Hitler What: German ideological principle providing justification for German territorial expansion When: 1939-1945 Where: Germany Significance: Lebensraum was an ideological principle that was adopted by the Germans during WWII that provided a justification for the German territorial expansion and their prosecution of people. It stated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently including Polish, Ukrainian, Russian and other slavic nations. This mindset fueled the German war train and allowed Hitler to easily gain support of the public.

Ostpolitik

Context: Increasing tensions of the cold war... Brezhnev doctrine, soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Chinese economic boom, China opening up relations to US and other capitalist states, Cuban Missile Crisis... etc Who: see below What: Ostpolitik was the name for the normalization of relations between the eastern and western parts of Germany When: Began in 1969 Where: Germany Significance: During this time/After WWII the world was divided between communist and capitalist- essentially. Up until this time- 1969- the tensions of the cold war have been escalating between the US and USSR and getting many other countries involved when they no longer want to be backing the soviet union. East and West Germany were especially under a lot of tension during this time, until Ostpolitik. This was the return to normal relations between the two areas. This was extremely significant because it led to the Helsinki Accords and the increasingly better relations between the communist bloc and the west. This was the beginning of the end of the cold war, having the communist countries default and begin to change to more freedom and human rights.

David Ben Gurion

Context: Israel Given Statehood by the UN (1947) WWII Ended, Cold War Tensions Beginning. United States helping countries after WWII and 3rd World Countries. Balfour Declaration (1926) Who: First Prime Minister of Israel/Leader of world zionist organization What: see above When: in office 1955-1963 Where: Israel Significance: Gurion was an influential character when it comes to Israel being granted statehood. He was the leader of the world zionist organization in 1946, before Israel was confirmed a state by the UN. He was a driving force in it being a state and is considered the founding father of Israel. Palestine needed to be founded for the millions of stateless people after WW2. He was the first person to sign the Israeli declaration of 'independence'. His presence was significant to history because without him the zionists may not have gotten statehood established for Israel.

Toyota

Context: Japan Economy surging . Chinese Economy booming. Mexico Economy Booming. 1973-1998 world trade boom Who: International company HQ'd in Japan What: see above When: founded in the 1990s Where: Japan and the United States Significance: Toyota is an international company that resides mainly in Japan and in the United States. The lead up to Toyota becoming an international company started in 1973 when free trade began to skyrocket in the world. From 1973-1998 there was an economic boom in the world and trade boom in the world, leaving all those who did not enter in the dust- 3rd world countries- and bring those who entered into a new state of interdependence on each other. Toyota and many other companies became world wide, increasing interdependence of trade between countries and furthering their own economies.

Patagonia + General Julio A. Roca

Context: Japan and Meiji Restoration. There is a pattern of the shrinking world as the rural areas (hinterlands) across the world's frontiers are penetrated by railroads and needed for their resources to fuel the industrial revolution. Native peoples are running out of room to roam and are still not integrated. Manifest destiny in the americas. Who: Military leader who became president in Argentina. What: Led a fight against the indigenous peoples of Patagonia When: President from 1880-1904 Where: Argentina Significance: The Argentinian government was forced to take action and assemble their army to put them down. Control of the land of indigenous people is taken to ensure that they no longer have this issue. Shows the pattern of the shrinking world and integration of native peoples as a result of the first industrial revolution and a cause of the second.

Suez Canal

Context: Land Grab in Africa. Mughal Fall in 1850s. Britain has control of India and the industrial revolution requires the resources from india to be in greater demand as railroads have penetrated india. Who: constructed by Suez Canal Company What: original sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez When: 1859-1869 Where: Egypt Significance: The suez canal was an extremely significant part of history, seeing as it connects the innards of Africa to Europe. This led to an easier flow of goods between the two areas and allowed the Europeans to establish neo-europes deeper into the heart of Africa instead of on the edges of the continent. This canal increased the economic prosperity of Europe especially and changed the way europea inhabited Africa. It redefines the global division of labor and interdependence the world in a more significant way. It inverts the traditional roles of trade between india and europe. Britain becomes very heavily dependent on India. Victorian boom in India.

Kwame Nkruma

Context: MLK in the United States. Cuban Revolution. Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Bandung Conference. Decolonization of the 3rd world. Apartheid in South Africa Who: First President and Prime Minister of Ghana What: see above When: 1909-1972 Where: Ghana, South Africa Significance: Kwame Nkrumah was an advocate of Pan-Africanism and was an advocate for national independence in Ghana. Kwame led the Convention people's party in Ghana and led it to independence from Britain. After he became the president and then the prime minister of the country. While in office he promoted pan-africanism and african culture and developed a strong education system there. Kwame was significant because he freed Ghana from Britain and was able to help led the country out of colonization and into independence where it could prosper economically and socially.

Chief Big Foot

Context: Manifest Destiny, Indian Wars in America, Opium Wars. expansion into hinterlands is closing, more pressure on native people's. The gap between rural areas and the interconnected global cities is shrinking as the railroad and steam engine take over. Native peoples are still not integrated into society. Who: chief of the Miniconjou, Lakota Sioux. He was a son of Miniconjou chief Lone Horn and became a chief upon his father's death What: a highly renowned chief with skills in war and negotiations When: 1826-1890 Where: Western present-day South Dakota Significance: Chief Bigfoot was the leader of the Sioux indian tribe that was inhabiting the areas in the west of America at this time. Chief Bigfoot was killed in what was the last battle of the long indian wars in america, the Battle of Wounded Knee. During this battle/massacre about 150 indians were killed because of the Americans want to expand further to the west and the indians refusal to move. Represents the global shift of native integration into the interconnected world order. Resistance at both the center and edges of the world order - shrinking world!

Sioux

Context: Manifest Destiny, Scramble for Africa. The closing of the world's frontiers and especially the frontiers in America. America is rising on the global stage. The gap between rural areas and the interconnected global cities is shrinking as the railroad and steam engine take over. Native peoples are still not integrated into society. Resistance in the core of the new world order system. Who: American Indians What: Indigenous tribe of the West Americas being forced out of their native land When: Mid-1800s Where: Western United States Significance: The Sioux Indians were an indigenous tribe to the west americas, but during the mid 1800s they were forcibly removed and pushed out of their homes by the United States expansionary process called Manifest Destiny. This process was significant because although it did kill and remove many indigenous peoples from their homes, it did result in the united states becoming the power house that it is. Represents the global shift of native integration into the interconnected world order. Shows how there is also resistance at the peripheries of the world system too. Shrinking world!

Jane Addams

Context: Mass society and interdependence make social issues more visible as the world is shrinking - capitalism is the invisible hand bringing everyone together. People are beginning to analyze society through social sciences like economics, psychology and sociology. Darwinism and equal rights are misconstrued by some in the form of eugenics. Who: original social justice warrior who spoke openly about the market failures of capitalism that lead to oppressions of certain social groups What: co-founded Chicago's Hull House When: early 20th century Where: United States Significance: Rise of Chicago's Hull house, which argued for improvement of the living conditions of the have nots. She was part of a global wave of social reform among genders and races - she raised concerns about public health especially for the have-nots. Started a wave of social politics: markets could not be relied upon to correct themselves, govt intervention was important! She was a very influential leader in the suffragist movement and based many of her arguments for women's rights in the bases of motherhood. Stating how women know more than men in the private sphere at home- taking care of kids, cleaning, cooking etc- and in order to properly educate and take care of these roles women needed to be heard and get to vote. This helped lead women to equal rights

Sino-Japanese War

Context: Meiji Restoration 1868 (United Japan under the emperor again- no longer under shogunate). Taiping Rebellion 1850s. China and japan are on a collision course for resources and goods. Who: Qing Empire (China) vs Japan What: War between Japan and Qing Empire When: 1894-1895 Where: East Asia Significance: The first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 was an extremely significant war. The Qing empire was still recovering from the Taiping Rebellion, which left them more indebted and crippled than ever before. The Japanese just underwent the Meiji Restoration, standing united under the empire and stronger than ever. The conflict started because of Japanese and Chinese interest in Korea, mainly because of its rich natural resources. Both empires wanted Korea, so the war began. Japan led a relentless 6 month attack without having much success, but in 1895 the Qing Government sued for peace. This was significant because this was the first time power shifted from the Chinese to the Japanese on the eastern half of the globe. This was an embarrassing loss for the Qing empire, and this loss of korea acted as a catalyst for a series of political upheavals culminating in 1911 in the Xinhai Revolution. Destabilizes Asia.

Sharpeville Massacre

Context: Midst of Vietnam War, US Civil Rights Movement, Post-Korean War, The Cold war. Decolonization issues. Aparhaid state in south africa. Who: South African people vs police What: South african police killed 69 people in an anti-aparthaid protest. When: 1960 Where: Sharpeville, South Africa Significance: Due to new technology and photography, the whole world was aware of this massacre. This caused international upheaval and anger against the aparthaid regime. During this period of time the world was undergoing a process of decolonization, human rights movements and war. Within the recently decolonized 3rd world there was an apartheid system in place, which many people were trying to change, such as this crowd was that was shot at in Sharpeville. The crowd outside the police station was formed in a demonstration against pass laws which held the apartheid system in place in south africa. This massacre is remembered as a day honoring human rights because it it was a step towards equality. The sharpeville massacre was a turning point in the struggle for equality in south africa, it brought the problem and the struggle of the african people to the international public, swaying their opinion against apartheid in south africa. This was a huge step towards equality in south africa which would be attained in the early 1990s.

Goldman Sachs

Context: NAFTA- 1994. Economic boom in mexico, china and japan. Financial globalization of world economy, the new ruling class of the world are the banks. Who: American businessmen What: Merchant bank with outsized profile on Wall Street and Washington When: created 1869; huge growth in 1980s Where: United States Significance: Mexico through 1970-1990 was in an economic boom, had a strong value to the peso and NAFTA was recently just signed in 1994. Mexico was importing much more than it was exporting and inevitably had an economic crash with most of its currency being exported to the United States. By 1994 the US government and Goldman Sachs set to bailout Mexico, giving them a bailout package with established loan guarantees for Mexican public debt to the United States. During this time Mexico almost defaulted on their loans, but then their economy began to pick up in the late 1990s and they were able to pay their loans and return to recovering. This is significant because it shows how far the world has come and how interdependent they are amongst each other and how if one country economically collapses they all will hurt. That is exactly why the US government and banks had to bail out Mexico.

Adana Massacre

Context: New age of revolutions starting. Tensions and conflicts spreading and beginning to impend on old world regimes. Ottoman Empire is trying to reform itself, Christian European countries encroaching on them. Nationalist spirit spreading and starting into revolutions. Japanese Empire is expanding. Pan-Islamic Movement. Christianity encroachment in the Middle East Who: Armenian Christians killed by Ottoman Muslims What: massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province When: April 1909 Where: Ottoman Empire Significance: Minorities demand new rights, sultans are pissed at limited power. The ottoman empire just kills the minority christians. Ethnic unrest. Adrana massacres. First holocaust. This is an incredibly important event because of the transnational unity that the Muslim religion was trying to do. This attack rose tensions between the Christians and Muslims in this area.

Mikhael Gorbachev

Context: Period of Chinese Economic reform. Post Oil crisis. Worldwide shift back to capitalism (washington consensus) Who: President of the Soviet Union What: began the economic policies of glasnost and parestroika When: 1985-1991 Where: USSR Significance: Gorbachev unleashed the policies of glasnost and parestroika. These policies provided more freedoms to those in the soviet union and opened up the economy, which led to revolt and the dismantling of the soviet union itself (aka the velvet revolutions)

Emiliano Zapata

Context: Porfirio Diaz was holding office as president. Cuban Revolution 1898. Boxer Rebellion. Mexico is economically booming, however, corruption too. Who: leader of the Mexican Revolution What: above When: revolution began 1910 Where: Mexico Significance: Emiliano Zapata was the leader of the mexican revolution in 1910 and led many of the peasant revolt s in mexico during the revolution. He was significant figure because he changed the way the mexican government was run by taking down the tainted president Porfirio Diaz. Zapata helped usher in a new era in mexico

Deng Xiaoping

Context: Post China cultural revolution. Cold War. Soviets increasing power. Vietnam war. Who: president of China who led major economic reform What: see above When: became president in 1978 Where: China Significance: Deng's policies led to an economic boom in China. This period was the start of China being a global superpower. He was a leader of the east asian model of capitalism: where there was a private market but the government still exercised dominant control over politics.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Context: Russian Expansion southward. Russo-Japanese War. Anglo-Russian convention Who: Russians What: Railroad connecting Russia and the Middle East When: 1904-1916 Where: Moscow through areas in Persia and the Middle East and to China Significance: The Trans-Siberian Railroad, originally completed in 1904, was used as a way to keep a sphere of influence in Persia. It was linked from Moscow into areas in Persia in 1904, but in 1916 it an alternative route was built. The Russians feared that Manchuria would be Japan's next attacking spot and they did not want to lose it, so they built a railroad that also connected to Manchuria in order to secure their presence their. This railroad was useful in the future world wars to transport goods and people to the eastern half of the world

Anglo-Russian Convention

Context: Russo-Japanese War 1904-05. Expansion all over the world- Manifest Destiny, Scramble for Africa, Argentinian President Who: British and Russians What: A recognizing of borders between the British and Russia in Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet When: 1907 Where: St. Petersburg, Russia Significance: This convention was very significant for World War I. Although the intentions of this convention were to put up boundaries between the British and Russia in Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet, this was the beginning of the alliance in WWI, The Triple Entente.

Herero Revolt

Context: Scramble for Africa, Manifest Destiny, Empire Expansion, closing frontiers Who: South West Africans against German overseers What: Revolt against Germany in south West Africa When: 1904-1908 Where: south West Africa Significance: The Herero revolt occurred because of the upheaval felt by the people that are being taken over or colonized in south africa. Major unrest has occurred in that area and is being exploited by the european nations. This is the first of many revolts in Africa, trying to rid the European powers from there. This event was photographed and brought home to the European populace and forever changed the way they saw what they were doing. The European people never saw pictures as terrible as this and it lessened the support that the populace had on the topic of colonization.

Panama Canal

Context: Scramble for Africa. American Economic Crash 1873. Interdependence of the world is increasing (1st industrial revolution), america has become a major global power due to the 2nd industrial revolution. America is the major world exporter Who: United States workers What: canal connecting the atlantic ocean with the pacific ocean When: Completed in 1914 Where: Panama Significance: The creation of the Panama canal was huge for global trading, enabling people to cross between the Atlantica and the Pacific oceans without having to travel around the Cape of Good Hope. This was an engineering feat for the time and led to easier trade which helped the economy during the upcoming world war I. Showed imperialism. The United states did not formally annex other countries like the europeans had done, but employed informal mechanisms such as foreign direct investment to extract raw materials, and used these market forces to incorporate the peripheries into its economy.

Communist Manifesto

Context: Second Land Grab, Industrial revolution in Europe, US developing and utilizing assembly lines, more economic opportunity. The world is primarily run by capitalist systems Who: German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels What: presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms. Sees coerced-labor as archaic When: 1848 Where: Germany Significance: raises the idea that although capitalism and free trade have increased the productivity and wealth of the world, it is an unstable system and too volatile. Says people are dependent on the market place.

Port Arthur

Context: Sino-Japanese War 1894-95. Russian Expansion southward Who: port desired by Russians and Chinese What: port desired by Russians and Chinese When: early 1900s Where: connected China to Pacific Ocean Significance: Port Arthur in China became a site that was desired by both Russia and Japan in the early 1900s. This port connected China to the pacific ocean and was a choke point. In 1904 the Russo-Japanese War began. The Japanese again were victorious, took over the choke point and sent the Russians back with an embarrassing defeat. This is significant because it heightens the tensions in WWI between Japan and Russia. It also shows Japan's uncontrollable thirst for expansion, which the world is forced to deal with after WWI

Kimura Komako

Context: Sino-Japanese war, Women's rights movements and feminism, revolutions in mexico and cuba, shrinking world. Who: Japanese suffragist What: see above When: 20th century Where: Japan Significance: She was a significant figure in the japanese suffragist movement. She was a dancing suffragist and fought for her ideals and women's rights in japan. Her actions inspired by others also inspired other in Japan to help fight for their ideals. She was one of many that changed Japan's long standing ways.

Sigmund Freud

Context: Small communities and villages are replaced by mass society, people are questioning if capitalism, the system driving this transformation, is leading them to lose their souls and become nothing more than machines. Questions about capitalism are rising due to things like the stock market crash of 1873. Who: German; father of modern psychology What: psychoanalyst leader When: early 20th century Where: Germany Significance: Freud authors a famous book called the interpretation of dreams. He argues that humans are by nature animals, and that we are sexual beings with basic passions, not robots ruled by capitalism who are cold and calculating beings. He comes up with the concept of the subconscious. His ideas can be used to understand the disarray of many people and upheaval of population and revolutions in areas. The people were being neglected and could not express their ideas or feelings. This led to several revolutions and overthrows during the 18th, 19th and 20th century.

Porfirio Diaz

Context: Social unrest, labor movements, trade unions, Taiping Rebellion in 1850's, Africa we have resistance to European colonization. Mexico is booming at the turn of the century economically. Growing wealth = growing inequality... social unrest follows. Who: President of Mexico What: trying to reform Mexican state and he is a pro-capitalist When: in office 1884-1911 Where: Mexico Significance: New ideologies of nationalism, spread of revolutionary ideas... Russian revolution in 1917, age of revolutions. Porfirio Diaz was the president of mexico for 7 terms until he declared he would step down from president in 1910. Through his presidency he rigged elections but also tried to keep the economic boom alive through trade and export. When he declared he would step down he gave rise to many emerging political parties, but then he revoked his declaration. In 1910 this started the Mexican revolution in 1910. He was overthrown and taken down from power.

Mujahideen

Context: Soviet Afghanistan war, USSR having financial difficulties, US getting involved in Afghanistan Who: Name referring to one engaged in Jihad in Afghanistan What: see above When: mid-1980s, around 1987 Where: Afghanistan Significance: The Mujahideen was a term used to identify one that was in Afghanistan not aligned with communism. The US and Ronald Reagan reached out to the head of these people and used the CIA to fight against the soviet occupant during the Soviet Afghan war. They were a significant force in this war, helping the United States fight against the Soviets in Afghanistan and inevitably helped the USSR lose grip on the communism and the USSR.

Bali ***

Context: Suez Canal open connecting Europe and Asia. Transformation of agrarian hinterlands for crop creating and commodity production. United States frontier endangering/slaughtering Bison population. Who: Area of India inhabited by tigers What: Area of India inhabited by tigers When: 1910 Where: Bali, India Significance: Bali is a hinterland area in india that was inhabited by a large tiger population. The recent involvement of this area because of better transportation networks changed the way the civilization lived and the ecosystem around it. This led to near extinction of the tiger in this area and jala. Shows the theme of the agrarain revolution, shrinking world, integration of native peoples and the effects of the industrial revolution. Represents a larger significance humans are capable of changing the environment around them

Malay Tiger

Context: Suez Canal open connecting Europe and Asia. Transformation of agrarian hinterlands for crop creating and commodity production. United States frontier endangering/slaughtering Bison population. Who: Asian tiger-hunters What: new crop frontiers were being explored so deforestation was killing the natural habitat and breeding grounds for the Malay Tiger and their population declined, undeclared war on species When: late 1800s Where: Malay, Indochina Significance: Global enclosures as nations become more dependent. Indigenous people having trouble depending on animals. Malay before the european involvement was a place where tigers and humans coexisted, but once the suez canal was built and europeans took over the area completely changed. The areas around the coast of Malay turned into rice paddy and palm oil farms which made the area uninhabitable for tigers and killed many of them. Although the tiger population rapidly decreased, this increased trade and production for other people's consumption.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Context: The 2nd phase of cold war ("hot wars" are spreading). 2nd vs 1st competing for global world order and 3rd world countries in proxy wars, vietnam has just ended and Ronald Reagan was president of US in 1992 (not friends with Beznev) Who: Soviet politician, who led the Soviet Union as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, came in the Legacy of Joseph Stalin and wanted to restabilize the regime What: brought SU into war supporting their puppet state, afghanistan which was justified through this Doctrine that argued that through the Warsaw Pact the S.U. has a legitimate right to intervene in the sovereign affairs of an ally of the Soviet Union to keep the balance of power When: led from 1964 until his death in 1982 Where: USSR Significance: Principle of self determination contested because SU was intervening, Cold War escalation and Soviet Overstretch becoming involved in domestic affairs of neighboring countries of USSR. Soviet union begins to lose the support of its people.

Hiroshima

Context: The US and russia are allies just because they don't like germany. As russia takes out germany, america wants to beat them to the punch by taking out japan because after the war russia and the US will be competing for European control. The US decides to build a super weapon to accomplish this. Total war and science attached to war effort Who: United States vs Japan What: dropping an atomic bomb on a major Japanese city When: August 1945 Where: Japan Significance: Ends the war with Japan (WW2), but because Russia was left out they are jealous- atomic bomb development creates nuclear scientific arms race between US and USSR, Ends ww2 but starts the Cold War by increasing rivalries between US/USSR.

David Livingstone

Context: The closing of the worlds frontiers due to the industrial revolution bringing about the railroad and steamboat. Less power in europe as countries have lost their colonies and they are now neo-europes. Who: Scottish physician and medical missionary What: saw great opportunity in Africa for spreading christianity and for medical research. He died in 1873, but kicked off what is known as the scramble for Africa with the Berlin Conference When: 1813-1873 Where: Europe and Africa Significance: Africa was pretty much an unknown area at this time. The Europeans only held small areas within Africa, mostly of the outskirts of the continent. The inside of Africa was very much a mystery to the entire world. David Livingstone was a Medical Missionary who saw great opportunity in Africa for spreading christianity and for medical research. He died in 1873, but kicked off what is known as the scramble for Africa with the Berlin Conference. Europe wants to close african frontier as the last frontier and wants to regain power they lost. Shows the theme of closing frontiers, shrinking worlds, the effects of the industrial revolution.

Ho Chi Minh

Context: The end of ww2 has shown that the world is very interdependent, and that the global order needs to be more stable to ensure no further conflicts. 1st vs 2nd world takes over. Although 1st world is objectively better than 2nd, 1st world has a dark history of oppression and colonization and racism. Many 3rd world countries are angered by this and just want to do their own thing. In vietnam, they are ruled by France. They need to decolonize and enter the world state. Who: Vietnamese leader of the resistance against French authority What: eventually creates the Viet Minh and his communist army gets the French out When: 1945 Where: Vietnam Significance: he eventually creates the Viet Minh and his communist army gets the French out → only successful in the North so French and America still had the South. North Korea and USSR came to support the North. Eventually in 1975 the South Vietnamese government collapsed. Symbolizes the global movement of struggle for the 3rd world. Communism (2nd world) has problems of no freedoms, however, democracy and capitalism (1st world) have freedoms that lead to problems like oppression, racism, colonization.

J.P. Morgan

Context: The global economy is starting to falter. People realize an interdependent economy means if an economy has a crisis they all do . 1914 john mayar keynes Writes essay about the fragile world economy: The gold standard does not allow govts to regulate the economy, and private banks are so large that one bank could cause an entire economy to crash. Banks are too big to fail, states are too weak to intervene. Panic 1907: Collapse of copper and some bonds. United copper company takes large loans from banks to try to monopolize the world copper market, but it doesn't work and they can't pay back the banks. Banks fail, stocks go down, american dollar is getting poned. People are bugging out. The financial industry had to solve the problem, cuz the govt can't. Who: American banker What: Created a funder of last resort When: 1907 Where: United States Significance: Sets up a fund as a backup for banks. Re stimulates the markets with his own money. Is this an effective strategy? Federal acts passed by govt to prevent it from happening again. Are free markets self regulating? Will financial crisis cause social ones too? In reaction to the 1907 stock market crash he created what is called a lender of last resort. This was a safety precaution in case of another crash like this. This led to the 1913 federal reserve act that backed the economic markets. This also led to a shying away from capitalism because people began to think it was not self regulating and was destined to fail. Although now there is a safety net for the capitalist system, the scare of 1907 changed the way people viewed capitalism and communism.

Suffragettes

Context: The nation and citizenship are the main form of global identity. The shrinking globe has made inequalities across societies more visible and the opportunity for global social movements to arise. Around the time of ww1 and women beginning to enter the workforce. Who: women demanding workplace rights (like Emily Davison) What: see above (global movement) When: early 20th century Where: international Significance: For the first time ever, women were banding together for equality with men. Represented a new form of social upheaval and making political changes on a global scale. This led to Women being drafted into the workforce during WWI in America and helping for the war. Eventually this led to the equal rights for women and it changed the way the world operated.

First Arab-Israeli War

Context: The new form of world order and globalization depends on statehood and nations. Hence the question of what do with peoples and areas of the world without them is to give them to them. Israel was given statehood in 1947, Israel declares independence. WWII Ended 1947- Creation of UN 1945. Arab Revolt in 1936-1939 Jewish Resistance in 1944-1947 in Palestine Who: Arabs vs Israelis (and Western aid) What: War fought between the state of Israel and a military coalition of Arab States, the second stage of the 1948 Palestine War When: 1948 Where: Middle East Significance: The first arab-Israeli war was significant to world history because it was directly after WWII. The Jews were given the state of Israel and the Jewish people of Israel declare independence in 1948. This sets off civil war in Israel between the Arabs and the Israelis and puts the UN to its first test directly after WWII. The UN stepped in and tended to the conflict and set up a partitions plan which divided the state into 3 seperate parts, a Jewish part, a Arab part and a special international regime for the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. This was significant because it was directly after the Jews call for independence in Israel and directly after WWII making it one of the first conflicts and issues the UN had to deal with. The areas of the world that are in distress are those areas that are not on one side of the 1st vs 2nd world conflict: ie the areas that are not either communist of liberal democracies. These are mainly the middle east and asia.

Alfred Sauvy

Context: The over taking of globalization lead to the recognition of the need for a stable world order. Russia and the US are the winners of ww2, their respective forms of world order are at stake between nato and warsaw, 1st vs 2nd world. Who: Demographer, Historian of French Economy What: termed the phrase 'Third World' countries When: 1952 Where: France Significance: The term 3rd world countries was coined by Alfred Sauvy which had a more political backed definition, stating that any country that did not back communism or capitalism was a 3rd world country. This was significant because the world was completely divided between communism and capitalism at this time with the cold war just beginning. It created a mood around the people and countries of the 3rd world, thinking of them as backward and aligned with racial terms and underdeveloped. These countries were not under NATO the warsaw pact or the Marshall plan so they actually did become underdeveloped. This term denotes the countries that are to this day depicted as 3rd world because of their political beliefs at the time. The theory was that the 3rd world was not ready to govern itself, and that they needed to be either part of the 1st or 2nd world competing world order. This fuels the cold war.

Max Weber

Context: The shrinking world makes different societies more and more visible to one another. As trade and technology increase so does specialization. Now, more people are working together in huge urban cities as opposed to small communities and villages.. People are beginning to wonder if their individuality and purpose are gone. Things like the stock market crash of 1873 have lead to concerns are capitalism. Are men nothing more than machines? Who: German; Father of Sociology What: see above When: 1864-1920 Where: Germany Significance: one of the 3 founders of sociology. He studied the effects of capitalism and religion on a population. He noticed how during this capitalist expansion the person was losing his or her soul. The modernization of society created these machines that stood in the place of men. This added to the tension on capitalism, causing more disarray with the system and turning more people to communism. Anti-materialism starts as a global movement.

Masailand ***

Context: The world population is booming. The Berlin conference split up Africa. The agrarian revolution is in full flight. People begin migrating into the hinterlands, humans are changing the ecosystems. Who: Kenyan Kingdom What: migration of people into the hinterlands of East Africa When: 1990s Where: East Africa Significance: Reshape the environment. Staple commodities are taking over in areas. Entire forests are now covered with corn fields, or sugar fields. Animals that used to roam freely are contained and die off. Kingdom in kenya that is now part of the british empire. The entire region is focused on coffee and ranches. By the 20th century, the world was feeling the effects of a rapidly growing population. The only way that the world could support these people was by spreading into "wastelands" or neo-europes in Africa and turning those lands into productions lands for other people. This led to more of the same old colonization and to a decreasing elephant population. The carving up of these lands and the further expansion of humans into africa blocked off lands for the elephant and many of them died off.

Mao Zedong

Context: Treaty of Versailles, WWI End, Sino-Japanese War, Japan attacking their fronts during WWII Who: leader of the Communist Party in China What: part of the Chinese Civil War from 1925-1949 When: took power in 1949 Where: China Significance: Starts a civil war in china between himself, the communist group and Kai-Shek, the nationalist group. This civil war lasted from 1925-1949 when the communist group declared victory. This civil war went through WWII and was being fought while japanese attacked the area. Mao eventually made a pact with japan and the soviets, provided with their help Mao and the Communists took over control in China in 1949. Their victory in China led to an increase in tensions to the cold war and mass hysteria in the United States about communism spreading.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Context: Treaty of Versailles. Great Depression 1927. Shrinking world and high rates of interdependence from the 1st and 2nd industrial revolutions. Who: American diplomats What: act that implemented the 2nd highest rate of tariffs in US history When: 1930 Where: United States Significance: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff was in response to the economic crash of 1929 called the great depression. The tariff was the second highest rate in US history and cut off a lot of global trade. This tariff dramatically declined the amount of manufactured goods that were produced and exported. This act effectively elongated the great depression by cutting off world trade and raising tariff rates. This put the entire world in a rut because the world economy could not recover without free trade. Many people lost faith in the capitalist system and began to look at communism as a viable option.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Context: Treaty of Versailles. WWI Ended. Sino-Japanese War Who: leader of the National Party in China What: started a Civil War in China that he used to take control of the nation When: took power 1925 Where: China Significance: Starts a civil war in China between himself, the nationalist group, and Mao ZheDong, the Communist group. This civil war lasted from 1925 through 1949 when the communist group was declared the victors. This civil war led by Kai-Shek was fought while fighting the Japanese during WWII on their fronts. From the ending of this war we can see the beginning of the cold war starting. China's future is left to be a communist state, along with the USSR, while the USSR spreads further south picking up their buffer zone. Kai-Shek and the nationalist groups loss adds to the cold war tensions in 1949 when the country is pronounced a communist states.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Context: US drop in production of oil. Western Economic Crisis- Mass production of bombs for cold war. Yom Kippur war of 1973: Israel is invaded by Syria and Egypt and collapses, the US begins to help arm Israel against the Syrians. Addiction to Oil, conflict in the Middle East, US involved in Vietnam War, Who: Group of 5 countries who join together forming a cartel based off their oil control What: way of augmenting the price of oil When: 1973 Where: HQ'd in Baghdad Significance: OPEC and many other foreign arab oil industries banded together in 1973 to reduce and then fully place an oil embargo on the United States and other countries who had added military support to the Israeli in the Yom Kippur war in 1973. During the same year OPEC reached a full oil embargo with the US and set the US into an energy crisis and more of an economic crisis. By 1974 the oil embargo had ended, but the crisis drove the country to price gouging, gas shortages and rationing. The countries comprising OPEC started conflicts amongst each other and their clients.

NAFTA

Context: US recovering from 1970s economic drought. Mexico having an economic boom. China economic boom/opening up to foreign investment. End of the Cold War. Soviet Union Collapse. Dismantling of Berlin Wall. Who: US, Mexico, Canada What: Free trade agreement When: 1994 Where: North America Significance: NAFTA was created in 1994 in order to further economic prosperity of the world. Mexico was having an economic boom, America was recovering from their economic drought during the cold war and canada just has been dicking around playing with sticks and syrup since the 1500s. This free trade agreement led to further interdependence on trade between countries than already which, in turn, led to international companies being created such as Toyota. The United states rescues mexico, the biggest bailout of all time. Goldman sachs is the one who literally bail out the entire mexican economy. US leads debt led growth throughout the world.

Hitler-Stalin Pact

Context: United States turns isolationist to focus on domestic affairs, Hitler building up German nationalism, and Germany is in a bad spot. Starts ww2, his empire relies on resources from the peripheries as does USSR to recover from ww1. Both USSR and German are headed towards each other. Who: Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin What: Germany and USSR pact of nonaggression When: August 1939 Where: Western Europe Significance: Hitler attacks western europe, conquers it, then breaks the pact and attacks russia. Japanese bring Americans into the war. Germans bring the Russians into the war. Allie nations are established over a common hatred of Germany and Cold War stimulated Bringing Russia into the domestic affairs of Europe, implications are that Russia during the Cold War has presence in Europe

Amritsar Massacre

Context: WWI Ended, Treaty of Versailles. Great Influenza. Self-determination and self-rule ideas spreading around the globe. Who: British General Dyer Killed 300 Indian people What: 1000 injured in killing of civilians who were protesting the British government When: 1919 Where: India Significance: The Amritsar Massacre was the killing of hundreds and injuring of thousands of civilians. This made people incredibly skeptical about British rule and it also showed how much Britain needed india because of how much they were trying to control them. This, along with many other mistreatments of the British empire upon india, fueled the upheaval of the indians against the british with Gandhi. Leads eventually to the great march of protest against the salt tax.

Treaty of Versailles

Context: WWI Ended, questions about mass societies, imperial rivalries and a world order that could accommodate the newly interconnected and interdependent world peacefully. Great Influenza Who: Germany, United States, Britain, France What: Treaty ending World War I When: 1919 Where: Versailles, France Significance: This Treaty was intended to be the end of all wars, but unfortunately did the opposite. This treaty forced Germany to pay reparations that they could not afford and put Germany into an economic hole and eventually was one of the causes of WWII. This was also the beginning of the league of nations, Wilson's 14 point plan and the United States emerges as a lender and Britain as a borrower.

Benito Mussolini

Context: WWI Ending- WWII Beginning. Great Depression Who: Italian Leader of the National Fascist Party What: see above When: 1883-1945 Where: Italy Significance: Benito Mussolini came to power shortly before WWII began and turned Italy into a dictatorship. Through Mussolini came a pact with Germany, aligning themselves on the same side in WWII and starting the war. Italy was not fond of entering the war and without Mussolini being the dictator at this time Italy may have never joined forces with Germany, possibly preventing or stalling WWII.

Woodrow Wilson

Context: WWI Starting and Ending. Great Influenza Who: president of the United States What: led framework of Versailles peace treaty When: 1856 - 1924 (in office 1913-1921) Where: United States Significance: Wilson served as President of the United States from 1913-1921. His famous 14 point plan was the framework for the peace treaty after WWI and how to maintain peace afterwards. He places a lot of emphasis on creating economic stability in the world in order to insure peace, although during this period of loss it was very hard to keep economic stability afloat. Although Wilson had a stroke before peace was accomplished, his ideas were the base of it.

FDR

Context: WWI and WWI, Great Depression , Great Influenza Who: United States President during WWII and Great Depression What: see above (a Democrat) When: 1882-1945 (pres. from 1933-1945) Where: United States Significance: Roosevelt was the president of the United States during the beginning of WWII until his death in 1945. Roosevelt helped lead the ally powers to victory in WWII and also laid out a set of principles that would set the peace after WWII. The Atlantic Charters laid out the 4 freedoms that he thought were needed in order to have peace which were, the freedom of speech, of want, of worship and from fear. He laid the groundwork for the peace in WWII, but died before it could be concluded. FDR helped shape the future through his peace plan. In the US, he led the recovery from the war by implementing the new deal.

Joseph Stalin

Context: WWI and WWII. Great Depression Who: leader of the USSR after Lenin What: see above When: 1878 - 1953 (took power in the mid-1920s) Where: USSR Significance: Stalin, the leader of the USSR after Lenin, helped defeat the axis powers during WWII. Although Stalin and the USSR were on the Ally powered side, by the end of WWII the tensions were already becoming heightened between Stalin and Roosevelt. After WWII and entering into the cold war, Stalin pushed for a buffer zone, the spread of communism through the warsaw pact and a nuclear arms race. Stalin finished WWII and began the long cold war between the United States and the USSR.

Great Influenza

Context: WWI ended. Treaty of Versailles. Societies are interconnected and dependent. Who: Americans (beginning in Kansas) What: massive flu virus killing more Americans than died in WWI When: 1918-1919 Where: began in Kansas (America) Significance: The Great Influenza came directly after the Treaty of Versailles and WWI and hit especially hard in the United States. It killed more people than the United States lost in WWI and caused havoc and worry in the United States. The health systems were already maxed out from the war and this added to the pressure to find a cure for this disease. This led to people finding the cure for influenza and people becoming more proactive about disease. This issues in a new form of health science, looking at prevention instead of treatment. This added to the social grievances around the world.

Mahatma Gandhi

Context: WWI- British exploiting india during WWI. Mass societies and capitalism lead to a lot of materialism and the loss of the soul. After world war one, the ideas of self-determination and self-rule are sweeping the world (president wilson). Who: Leader of the Indian Independence movement against British Rule What: see above When: 1869 - 1948 Where: India Significance: Gandhi was a the leader of the indian independence movement starting before WWI in India. The British exploited india for their resources and work and forced them to produce for Britain. Gandhi advocated for boycotting britain and producing for themselves. He led boycotts during WWI and in 1930 he led the Great Salt March that protested the salt tax in india. This led to mass unrest in India. Gandhi was the person who started the rebellion in India, freeing India from British rule later on. Ideas of self-determination and self-rule come to fruition, and have implications spreading across globe, influencing people like martin luther later.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Context: WWII Ending 1947. Israel declared statehood by UN and given to Jews. United States giving aid to countries in need after WWII even 3rd world countries. Indonesia declared independent in 1945 after Japan died in WWII. Decolonization throughout the world. 4 freedoms, atlantic charter, UN. Who: Disciple of Gandhi and first prime minister of the free indian state What: leader of the indian independence movement, next to gandhi When: 1889 - 1964 Where: India Significance: Jawaharlal Nehru was a disciple of Gandhi and was a prominent figure in the Indian Independence movement prior to 1947 when it was given its freedom. This was a very significant moment in history because it was the start of the decolonization of the 3rd world by larger empires like Britain. This revolution to free India from Britain's grips was one of many that started this decolonization of the 3rd world. Made revolution non-violent, and was politically civilized.

Bretton Woods Conference

Context: WWII coming to an end. Israel given statehood by the UN. Decolonization of 3rd world. Memory of Great Depression Who: Keynes (British Treasury) and White (U.S. Treasury) What: Meeting to create the national bank When: 1944 Where: held in New Hampshire Significance: The Bretton Woods conference was significant for the major reason that it created the national bank and the IMF. This made the United States even more of a lender and the center of the world economy was the United States. The United States then used this to help restore the countries after WWII and the countries that were considered stuck in the 3rd world.

Operation Barbarossa

Context: WWII, Hitler-Stalin Pact, Lebensraum Who: Hitler leading Germany into USSR What: Plan of attack against Russia When: June 22, 1941 Where: Germany into USSR Significance: Operation Barbarossa was the plan of attack that ultimately put the Axis powers on the losing track. The plan was to open up the USSR for an attack. This plan led to the battle of stalingrad where the Axis powers were attacking with all they had and inevitably failed to take over the USSR. This was a fatal set back for the Axis powers and ended up losing them WWII.

Battle of Stalingrad

Context: WWII, Hitler-Stalin pact, Great Recession Who: USSR and German forces What: Battle between USSR and German forces When: 1942-1943 Where: Stalingrad, Russia Significance: The Battle of Stalingrad is where the USSR beat back the German forces, causing serious damage to both sides of the battle, but leaving Germany in bad shape for the rest of the war. Germany lost a lot of their army and 22 generals, forcing the Germans to scramble for other parts of their army leaving them in the worst shape they have seen. This was the beginning of the end for the Axis powers in WWII. Would lead to siege of leningrad which is when the russians would defeat the germans and send them to siberia as prisoners of war.

Douglas MacArthur

Context: WWII, Japan taking over the philippines Who: General in the United States Military What: see above When: 1880-1964 Where: United States Significance: General Douglas MacArthur was an outstanding man who participated in WWI, WWII and led the liberation of the philippines in 1944. He freed the Philippines from Japan control and in 1950-1953 he oversaw the successful allied occupation of postwar japan and led united nations forces in the Korean war.

Robert Oppenheimer

Context: WWII, The Manhattan Project, scientific warfare had become more common Who: creator of the atomic bomb (American) What: see above When: 1945 Where: United States Significance: Oppenheimer was the driving force behind the creation of the atomic bomb. His work created the object that would end WWII, but also start the cold war. With the creation of the atomic bomb came this new idea of total war as well. The act of being able to target a mass amount of civilians is completely different from other war tactics in the past. Oppenheimer was the man who effectively ended WWII, started the arms race for the cold war and changed the meaning of total war.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Context: World Trade Boom. Economic Boom for china, japan and mexico. International companies being created Who: international nations What: result of the increase in trade and economic prosperity between the countries of the world When: 1990s Where: global Significance: During this time period of increased trade and increased interdependence we see a major spike of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon Dioxide emissions go hand and hand with economic prosperity because of the increase of production of goods and trading of those goods. This affects the world today with global warming and in some areas cause deaths by pollution. This also has an effect on how migrants move to countries, moving to new and less polluted areas. Some sectors of the economy depend on migrants coming to their place and working and this spike in pollution is detering

Tlatelolco Plaza

Context: World upheaval against the growing 3 world order. Feminist and rights movements spreading. Decolonization. Who: Mexican people What: Mexican govt kills 300 protesting students When: 1968 Where: Mexico Significance: During the lead up to this event, Mexico's economic shape was rough at best. The government was trying to pull it back into shape but was not doing a good job and the people of Mexico wanted more freedom to make their own decisions, as did many countries during this time. There was a Protest in Tlatelolco plaza on the eve of the olympics protesting the Mexican government. They were then put down by the mexican military. This was a significant event in world history and mexican history because this was one of the turning points in the process of achieving freedom in Mexico and added to the time of revolution after the decolonization of the 3rd world. Continues the trend of revolutions! Leads to revolutions in USSR territories.

Salvador Allende

Context: Yom-kippur war, opec crisis, heart of the cold war, end of vietnam war Who: President of Chile What: a Marxist When: 1970-1973 Where: Chile Significance: Allende was overthrown by the 1973 coup under Augusto Pinochet. The United States assisted this coup due to their policy of containment and fear of communism. They assisted the new chilean regime with adapting free market policies, which allowed Chile to prosper. This is part of the time where the world is turning against keynesian economics and back toward neoclassical theory.

Yusuf Akçura

Context: ww1, Christian societies have built things like the suez canal to penetrate Islamic areas. Pan-Islamic movements are spreading. Who: Russian guy who was an advocate of turkish Nationalism What: called out to the Turks of the Ottoman Empire to unite (became pan-Turkism) When: 1876-1935 Where: Russia, Middle East Significance: Yusuf was of Tatar descent and was an advocate of Turkish nationalism. His most famous work called out to the turks of the ottoman empire to turn on their empire and unite. He wanted the turkish community to be one across borders and to move away from islamic values. This turned into what is called pan-turkism . This changed the way Pan-islamic unity function and turned many of the turks on the ottoman empire, even starting the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 in order to reform it for turkish people. He was very racist and said that turkishness was founded on race. He led a mass genocide to kill hundreds of thousands of armenian christians.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Context: ww2 ends, the potsdam conference happened: marshall plan and atlantic charter. US vs Russia. 1st vs 2nd world and debates about the future of globalization. Who: wife of FDR (who died in office) What: major advocate of human rights and delegate to the United Nations When: delegate from 1945 - 1952 Where: United States Significance: Eleanor Roosevelt was the first lady of the united states of america until her husband died in office. She used her husband's principles and ideas in the creation of the UDHR, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This was the first time that countries agreed on a comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights. This was a huge step forward for humanity and increased the standard of living for all the people in the countries that signed it.