Human Development: Chapter 2

If concordance rates were strictly genetic, it would suggest that what percentage of identical twins should share traits?

100%

How many chromosomes are carried in each egg (ovum) and sperm cell?

23

At what age is the prefrontal cortex fully developed?

5 years

Studies of twins raised apart provide a good example of:

A natural experiment

Ovulation Process

A. Zygote (fertilized egg) B.Blastocyst develops C. Implantation of blastocyst

Research shows that if a pregnant mother is exposed to a harmful environmental factor, this can affect the _______ for a lifetime.

Behavior of the fetus

Which subfield of psychology attempts to quantify the relative contribution of genes and the environment to an individual's behavior?

Behavioral genetics

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that Oskar and Jack were similar?

Both had a strong jewish faith

What do cells contain that turn genes on or off?

Chemical tags

The Creation of Gametes Through Meiosis

Chromosome pairs split into single chromosomes ---> Chromosomes replicate ---> Crossing over: Chromosomes swap sections of DNA ---> Cell divides into two ---> Pairs separate and cells divide again

First Semester: 3 - 4 weeks

Embryonic period: Three layers form: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; neural tube develops; heart begins beating; ribs, muscles, and digestive tract form.

If there is a higher correlation for a trait between a child and his adoptive parents than his biological parents, then which of the following would play a more significant role for this trait?

Environment

For our genes to have any affect they must be:

Expressed

Milestones of prenatal development First Semester: 1 - 2 weeks

Germinal period: Zygote divides and forms blastocyst, which implants in uterus and begins forming the amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord.

The field of epigenetic studies:

How the environment influences our genes

What is a concordance rate?

The percentage of twins in a study who share a particular trait

What are two environmental factors that are likely to agree gene expression?

Toxins and diet

During late adulthood, the brain begins to _________ due to loss of neurons and their connections, which can cause slow reaction times and problems with memory.

atrophy

At about 22 days after conception, the embryo develops the ___________, which will eventually form the brain and spinal cord.

neural tube

Damage to what region of the brain can cause loss of sight?

occipital lobe

At age 5, the _____________ is developing, which leads to more control over emotions and impulses.

prefrontal cortex