I HATE SHAW
Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?
Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.
Which of the following refers to an enzyme that establishes and maintains DNA methylation using methyl-group donor compounds or cofactors?
DNA methyltransferases
______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to "build" an organism and how that organism should behave.
Genes
Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ______ of DNA exoneration cases.
75%
A person who grew up in American culture has likely developed a redemptive narrative. Which of the examples best represents this concept?
Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married.
One epigenetic mechanism that has been identified directly affects ________.
All of the other options are correct.
Brad is very possessive of his girlfriend Lana. He suspects that other men are attracted to her and feels jealous of them. Which of the following, according to evolutionary theory, might best explain jealousy?
Jealousy is a psychological adaptation that increases vigilance.
Which of the following statements are true?
Personal concerns are an important part of identity.
_____________ exist(s) in the minds of every human.
Stereotypes
Which of the following attempts to help explain why individual creatures will sacrifice themselves for the greater good?
The Theory of Inclusive Fitness
What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?
The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.
What does it mean when psychologists say that the "I" is perceiving the "me"?
The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target.
Which is a distinct feature of the self?
The self can reflect on itself.
Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?
They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.
"The Bystander Effect" refers to ___________.
a reduction in the tendency to help others in need when others are present
Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the Robbers Cave experiment, which generated conflict between two groups of boys. This study showed that
a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.
Over time, humans developed the ability to shiver. This is an example of ___________.
a survival adaptation
I fail to turn on my turn signal before changing lanes, and almost cause an accident. I think to myself "That was close! I think that there may be too many cars on this road to eat this Whopper while I drive", I'd most clearly be demonstrating __________.
actor-observer bias
Our future is determined by ________.
all of the other answers are correct
According to the NOBA Epigenetics reading, there is evidence of epigenetic influences on which of the following?
all of the other options are correct
Conformity can arise from _________ influences.
all of the other options are correct
Demethylation is __________.
all of the other options are correct
Methylation is __________.
all of the other options are correct
One epigenetic mechanism that has been identified directly affects ________.
all of the other options are correct
Our current understanding of the adolescent brain, and the world more generally, suggests that an appropriate focus of adolescent education in the future should be _____________.
all of the other options are correct
Teenagers are especially susceptible to _______________.
all of the other options are correct
The neural characteristics of adolescence can be ____________.
all of the other options are correct
There is evidence of epigenetic influences on which of the following biological functions?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following are enzymes involved in epigenetic mechanisms?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following are potential targets of epigenetic therapies in the future, with existing evidence of epigenetic influence, according to the NOBA epigenetics chapter?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following are tools we use for psychological self-defense?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following are types of histone modification?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following has been demonstrated to influence methylation patterns of the glucocorticoid receptor gene?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following phenomena is associated with dopamine?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following rely on proximate causes, at least to some extent, to explain human behavior?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following would lead to an increased likelihood of strangers helping someone in trouble?
all of the other options are correct
reward
all of the other options are correct
Humans have more ____________ during _____________ than during any other time of life.
all of the other options are correct.
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
Which of the following rely heavily on methodology of quantitative genetics?
behavior genetics
The science of how one's genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______.
behavioral genetics
In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______.
children's ethical behavior depends on the situation
Our current understanding of the adolescent brain, and the world more generally, suggests that an appropriate focus of adolescent education in the future should be _____________.
cognitive skills
Which of the following refers to one human being viewing another as less than human in some way - as a beast or an animal?
dehumanization
Which of the following refers to a lessening of self-awareness or identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behavior will be evaluated by others in the group?
deindividuation
The environment is ______, and the epigenome is ______.
dynamic; dynamic
The experience of jealously leads heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives?
evolutionary psychology
Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?
expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.
false
In evolutionary psychology, reproductive success is also known as _________.
fitness
A behavioral trait that is completely genetically determined would undermine the concept of _________.
free will
Which of the following are among the most common words that people use to describe themselves and other people?
friendly
Which of the following phenomena is associated with dopamine?
fun
Epigenetic mechanisms influence biology, cognition, and behavior through an influence on _______.
gene expression
A heritability coefficient is computed, relying on the average ___________ of monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
genetic relatedness
An implication of a strong ____________ influence on the expression of an undesirable trait is that the trait is less likely to be considered anyone's "fault".
genotypic
People who were part of the group planning the Iraq invasion in 2003 were afraid to voice concern about the plan, to avoid lowering morale. They were most likely demonstrating ___________.
groupthink
Which of the following are enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to specific positions on histone tails, promoting an "open" chromatin state and transcriptional activation?
histone acetyltransferases
Which of the following is positively correlated with learning?
increase in the number of synapses
Attribution primarily involves describing _____________.
intention.
Gary and Cole both see Ashley across the department store. They both find Ashley attractive so they decide to arm wrestle for the chance to talk to her. The winner will hopefully be able to ask her on a date. Gary and Cole's behavior is an example of the first process of sexual selection also known as what?
intrasexual competition
Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people
lexical hypothesis
One epigenetic mechanism that had been identified directly affects _________.
methylation patterns
According to the NOBA Epigenetics reading, there is evidence of epigenetic influences on which of the following?
neuronal plasticity
Which of the following results from a hyperactive dopamine system?
novelty seeking
Which of the following are associated with the risky behavior of adolescents?
openness to learning
Which of the following are types of histone modification?
phosphorylation
A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.
photo spread
Which of the following is amplified during adolescence?
pleasure seeking
Isiah is still young but has lied to his mom that he stole cookies from the kitchen. Isiah feels guilty which leads him to tell the truth and apologize to his mom. Isiah's guilt is one example of how mechanisms of the mind can help solve specific problems to help survival. What is the concept associated with this example?
psychological adaptations
One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as __________.
reflexive
Personality traits are defined as:
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations
Generally, adolescent decisions are influenced by ________.
reward
Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the time when ________ is highest.
riskiness
Each person's awareness of, and ideas about, his or her own individual nature, characteristics, and existence is known as ___________.
self
I fail to turn on my turn signal before changing lanes, and almost cause an accident. I think to myself "That was close! I think that there may be too many cars on this road to eat this Whopper while I drive", I'd most clearly be demonstrating __________.
self-serving bias
Marsha was talking to Conrad being very friendly. Marsha was smiling and touching Conrad on the arm when she laughed. Due to the ______________ bias, Conrad interpreted these unclear cues as sexual interest from Marsha.
sexual overperception
I'm afraid that everyone is always looking and judging me and my actions. In reality, everyone else thinks that they are the ones being judged. This phenomenon is known as ___________.
spotlight effect
The genome sequence is ______, and the epigenome is ______.
static, dynamic
We all demonstrate effects of __________, although not necessarily ___________.
stereotypes, prejudice
The brain has far more _________ during early childhood than the average adult brain.
synapses
Which of the following is associated with adolescence?
synaptic pruning
Empathy refers to ____________.
the ability to take another person's perspective.
Most complex behavioral traits result from ________.
the complex interaction of genes and environment
Which of the following is the most useful information to gather to get to know someone?
their goals
The failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent is known by psychologists as the _____________ effect.
tip-of-the-tongue
When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of:
visual descent illusion