Introduction to Anthropology Final Exam

____________ is the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women. _________ is the biological differences between males and females.

50%; 50%

How long ago is it thought that our vocal tract developed?

500,000 years ago

What is a variant gender?

A person who identifies as having a gender identity that does not align with their assigned gender at birth.

Which of the following does NOT define or describe symbolism in a culture?

A repeated action/practice with routine activities and associated meaning

Regarding linguistic evolution...

Biological components include brain structure and the vocal apparatus

Changing one's speech patterns according to different social situations is known as...

Code switching

Which statement is NOT true of kinship systems?

Cross-culturally, biology defines who one's closest relatives are.

Which term is defined as the way humans develop culture as an adaptation to various environments?

Cultural ecology

Which term describes a common belief, practice, or behavior associated with a sociocultural role?

Cultural norm

Shared values, ideas, technologies, adaptation to the environment, and belief systems are best defined as what?

Culture

sexual dimorphism is defined as which of the following?

Different physical characteristics of males and females of the same species

Which of the following is FALSE according to anthropological linguistics?

Each language has a pure form, but different speech communities alter it into less rich or incorrect variants

What is the difference between ethnicity, race, and culture?

Ethnicity is those you have a common ancestry and often a common language and culture. Race is mainly based on your appearance and your ethnicity. Culture is learned behaviors and thoughts and beliefs, values, and customs.

A matriarchy is the equivalent of a patriarchy, with women in power and men in positions of disadvantage

False

A matriarchy is the exact same as a patriarchy except women rule the political system to the point that men are in positions of disadvantage.

False

We know for a fact that only Homo sapiens are capable of speech, and none of our hominin ancestors were able to talk.

False

Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common?

Language universals

What is magic?

Magic is essential to both, and the principles of magic are part of every religion, religion is a supposed system of natural law whose practice causes transformation to occur.

What were we able to learn about human dynamics of sex and gender from studying primates?

Male primates often have to compete with other male primates to reproduce because female primates were shaped by evolution to choose the strongest males. This kinda goes along with the dynamic that in the 1950s, men were often thought to have been the breadwinner while women were housewives and reproduced for her husband.

What are some generalities of religion? Give at least three

Religion can be associated with social divisions in and between societies and nations. Verbal manifestations of religion can be prayers, chants, myths, texts, and statements about ethics and morality. Likely to be a congregation of some sort, groups of people gather to worship.

What is religion?

Religion is a shared system of beliefs and practices regarding the interaction of natural and supernatural phenomena.

Find an example of a contemporary rite of passage and explain each of the three stages in it.

School graduations: Separation- high school student to college student Liminality- completing finals Incorporation- graduation ceremony

Which of the following is not considered and example of material culture?

Seashells found on a beach

Which of the following could be considered a status?

Sibling, Shaman, Student, Clown

Which of the following is NOT true according to anthropological linguistics?

Some human languages are richer and more expressive than others

What is spirituality?

Spirituality refers to loosely structured beliefs that can be very adaptable to changing circumstances.

A phoneme is...

The smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in a particular language

Ethnicity, race, and culture can be interconnected, but they are not dependent on one another.

True

Gender is a socially constructed role. Sex is the biological difference between males, females, and intersex individuals

True

applied anthropology is the use of anthropological perspectives to identify, assess and solve contemporary problems

True

Paralanguage refers to...

Various non-linguistic sounds, changes in pitch/tone that convey meaning

What are worldviews?

Worldview refers to a person's outlook or orientation, it's learned perspective on the nature of life itself.

What is a gender role?

are tasks and activities a culture assigns a gender.

Which kinship structure merges an individual's parents' same-sex siblings while cutting off the individual's opposite-sex siblings?

bifurcate merging kinship

Changing one's speech patterns according to different social situations is known as:

code switching

Which statement is not true of kinship systems

cross-culturally, biology defines who one's closets relatives are

Different versions of a language spoken in different regions, or by people belonging to different groups (e.g. social classes, occupations, etc.) are called:

dialects

Different versions of language spoken in different regions, or by people belonging to different groups called...

dialects

Consider the following sentence: "In 5 billion years the hydrogen in the sun's core will run out. The sun will become a red giant and its radius will expand so much that it will envelop the earth." Making sense of this sentence would be impossible without which characteristic of language?

displacement

The FOXP2 gene has been found in which organisms? Select all that apply

fish, Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis, mice, bats, songbirds, primates

African American Vernacular English

is a dialect of English, exhibits distinct linguistic devices, expressions, grammar, etc., is grammatically less irregular than standard English, has been highly stigmatized as a low-status dialect, illustrating that language claims are deeply political

What is gender stratification?

is the unequal distribution of rewards between men and women.

Which of the following is not true about globalization?

it is leading to cultural homogeneity

The study of movements, facial expressions, gestures, body language in communication is known as

kinesics

Language is symbolic and conventional. This means that...

language is not bound to immediate and personal experience

Language is symbolic and conventional. This means that:

language is not bound to immediate experience

Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things (such as sentence structure) in common?

language universals

Which kinship structure highlights the nuclear family?

lineal kinship

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

maintains that the content and structure of language have a significant effect of how its speakers perceive the world

What did studies in the 1980s reveal about nonhuman primate social organization?

non human primate females are at the center of their social groups

What is syntax?

the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences.

Which of the following does not describe a sociocultural construction?

the genetic relatedness of family members

Which of the following best defines hierophany?

the manifestation of the sacred and divine

Which of the following is not true regarding the role of myth in religion?

the power of myth depends on its portrayal accurate accounts of history

What is ethnic expulsion?

the removal of groups that are culturally different from a country.

A morpheme is

the smallest unit of language that carries or contains meaning on its own

A phoneme is

the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in a particular language

A morpheme is...

the smallest unity that carries or contains meaning on its own

Paralanguage refers to

the various non-linguistic sounds, variations in tone, pitch, volume, etc. that accompany linguistic communication and are important for conveying meaning

Which of the following is an example of a blended family?

two widowed individuals with children who marry