KAA exam 1

Newton's Law of Inertia

a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed inna straight line unless acted on by a force (hint: law)

axis of rotation

a lever is defined as a rigid bar that turns about a

intrinsic

a muscle located entirely within the body part upon which it acts

100-130%

a muscles ability to generate force is maximal when it's length is _______ of its resting length

palpation

a useful way to determine muscle action and is done through using the sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle it acts

roll and glide occur in the opposite direction

according to the concave convex rule when a convex surface moves on a concave surface __________

ulnar deviation

adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane in which the little finger side of the hand moves toward the medial forearm is called?

slightly moveable

an amohiarthrodial joint is immovable freely moveable fused slightly moveable

opposite sides

antagonist muscles are generally located on the _______ side of joints as agonists

protein

bone is composed of all the following except water calcium protein phosphorus

t or f?

contractility is the ability of muscle to shorten or develop tension against resistance when stimulated

vector quantities

described by magnitude and direction

scalar quantities

described only by a magnitude

roll

during knee extension as a person stands from a squatting position, the forward rotation movement in which multiple points on the femoral confuses contact multiple surfaces on the tibial plateau is an example of the accessory motion called? slide spin glide roll

suture

each of the following joints normally allows a slight amount of motion to occur except a. synchrondrosis b. suture c. syndesmosis d. symohysis

torque

force that causes rotation about an axis

parallel muscles

fusiform and flat muscles are subtypes of ______ ______

anteroposterior

hip abduction takes place around a ________ axis

the axis and the effort force

i'm a third class lever, the resistance force is located between

true

imagine that you have two medicine balls. the red medicine ball had a greater mass than the blue medicine ball. if you apply the same amount of force to both medicine balls, the blue ball will accelerate faster than the red ball. true or false?

flexion

in raising a dumbell from an inferior position to a superior position during a dumbell front raise, the shoulder action is adduction extension flexion abduction

depression

inferior movement of the shoulder girdle

goniometer

instrument used to measure static joint angles

dynamics

involves the study of systems in motion with acceleration

frontal

later flexion takes place in what plane

arthorkinematics

motions at the articular surface of bones not visible to the naked eye are known as

protraction

movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine

vertical

movements in a transverse plane occur around a ___________ axis

adduction

moving the arm above the head sideways and towards the thigh to anatomical position is an example of abduction adduction circumduction extension

bipennate

muscle that is likely to produce the strongest contraction

osteokinematic

normal movements of bones in the three cardinal planes and viable to the naked eye

dynamic equilibrium

occurs when all the applied and inertial forces acting on a moving body are in balance resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction

extending

preparing to kick a kickball over the back dance would involve putting hip muscles on a gretchen by _______ the hip abducting reducing extending flexing

origin

proximal attachment of a muscle

mechanical disadvantage

since most human muscle force arms are shorter than the resistance force arms that they work against most muscles work at a _________ _______

passive movement

t joint movement caused by external forces and not muscle contraction

true

t or f ? bones remodel themselves according to the types and magnitudes of the stresses imposed on them

true

t or f? a loss of collagen would lead to an increase in the brittleness of a bone

false

t or f? a pennate muscle will produce a greater range of motion than a similarly sized muscle with s parallel muscle fiber arrangement

false

t or f? a person riding a bicycle in a straight line at 1 mile per hour would have better balance than that same person riding the same bicycle at 12 miles per hour

false

t or f? a way to brace for stability in anticipation of an oncoming force is to shift one's center of gravity within the base of support to be farther away from the expected force

false

t or f? as the external resistance acting on a muscle increases the maximal velocity of its concentric action increases

true

t or f? bones continue to grow longitudinally as long as the epiphyseal plates are open

true

t or f? both size and shape of bones affect the total range of motion allowable at a joint

false

t or f? cancellous bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress but less strain than cortical bone

false

t or f? during the process of bone remolding, osteoblasts reabsorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone

false

t or f? elbow flexion is an example of movement in a frontal plane about an anteroposterior axis

False

t or f? immovable joints are referred to as diarthrodial joints

false— arranged obliquely in pennate

t or f? in parallel muscle, fibers are arranged obliquely to the muscles tendon

false

t or f? in rapid running movements in which moving inherits is high, an individual should raise the body's center or gravity to help maintain balance when stopping or changing direction

true

t or f? isokinetic muscle actions involve dynamic movement at a constant velocity

true

t or f? isotonic actions during such muscles shorten are referee to as concentric actions

false— mass is the quantity of matter in a body

t or f? mass is the effect of gravity on the body

true

t or f? most outer bone like that on the outisde of the diaphysis is composed of cortical bone

true

t or f? movement of the humerus away from the midline of the body in a transverse plane is an example of horizontal adduction

true

t or f? muscle spindles activate the stretch reflex also known as myotatuc reflux

true

t or f? muscles whos muscle fibers are arranged in a circular pattern are known as sphincter muscles

true

t or f? one of the functions of hyaline cartilage is to protect the ends of long bones from wear and damage

false

t or f? synergists muscles are known as agonists

false

t or f? the glenohumeral joint is a sellar joint

false

t or f? the more rapid the lengthening of muscle the greater the stimulation to golgi tendon organs

true

t or f? the scapula is an example of a flat bone

false— there are more than 600

t or f? there are approximately 400 muscles in the body

false

t or f? when tension cause by an external resistance is greater than that generated by a muscle, concentric muscle action occurs

extensibility

the ability of a muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length

gaster

the central fleshy portion of a muscle

kinesthesis

the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space

friction

the force that results from the contact between two surfaces which tends to resist motion

front and back halves

the frontal plane divides the body into

active insufficiency

the inability of a biarticular muscle to contract maximally at all joints simultaneously

arthrodial/gliding

the joints between the small wrist bones are mostly ______ joints enarthrodial/ball and socket trochoidal/pivot sellar/saddle arthrodial/gliding

releasing more acetylcholine

the number of muscle fibers activated may be increased through all the following except. a. activating motor units, with greater numbers of muscle fibers b. recruiting more numerous motor units c. increasing the frequency of motor unit stimulation d. releasing more acetylcholine

sesamoid

the patella is a ________ bone, which is a bone embedded within a tendon which provides protection for a joint and improves the mechanical pull of a tendon over the bone

sensory and motor

the peripheral nervous system is divided into _______ and _______ divisions

reciprocal innervation

the relaxation of an antagonist during agonist contraction is possible because of neuromodulation pennation reciprocal innervation antagonism

kinesiology

the study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement

proprioception

the subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movements through responses to stimuli detected by specialized sensory receptors

roll, spin and glide

the three specific types of accessory motions are rock, slide and rotate slip, slide and roll roll, spin and glide spin, twirl and glide

active and passive

total tension in a muscle is the sun of that provided by its __________ components

sensory neurons

type of neuron that stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to contract

internal rotation of the shoulder

what is an example of transverse plane movement

ginglymus joint

what is another name for a hinge joint

transfers plane

what plane divides the body into superior and inferior halves

dorsiflexion

what term is used to describe the movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the saggital plane? dorsiflexion eversion plantar flexion circumflexion

bending

which is the type of mechanical loading in which tension is imposed on one side of a structure and compression on the other bending torsion compression shear

it is the movement of a limb which delineates the shape of a cone

which of the folllwinf statements is true of circumduction a. it refers to the combined movement of ankle planter flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction b. it is the movement of a limb which delineates the shape of a cone c. it occurs only in one joint in the body d. it is another term for rotation

EMG

which of the following is a means for quantifying the involvement of skeletal muscles in a given movement by using technology that allows for detection of muscle action potentials? EMG MRI CT ECH

golgi tendon organ

which of the following is a type of proprioception located in the tendons of muscles, close to the muscle tendon junction golgi tendon organ pacinian corpuscle meissners corpuscle ruffinis corpuscle

innervation

which of the following is not a characteristic in which muscles are names size location shape innervation

myoneurons

which of the following is not a classification or neurons ? motor neurons interneurons myoneurons sensory neurons

production of heat

which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? production of heat storage of minerals protection of internal organs support to maintain posture

tripennate

which of the following is not a term used to classify pennate muscle fiber arrangements tripennate multipennate unipennate bipennate

muscle actions are commonly referred to as negative actions

which of the following is not true of concentric muscle actions? a. contractions cause joint angles to change in the direction of the muscular force b. muscles develop enough force to overcome external resistance c. muscle actions are commonly referred to as negative actions d. muscles shorten as they develop tension

b. it is the position in which there is maximal volume in the joint surface

which of the following is not true of the close-packed position? a. it is the position in which there is maximal contact between the joint surfaces b. it is the position in which there is maximal volume in the joint space c. it is the position in which the joint capsule and ligaments are most taut (stretched) d. it is the position of maximal extension for most joints

neuron

which of the following is the functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses? dermatome neuron dendrite ganglion

they are essential in establishing a firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements

which of the following is true or stabilizer muscles? a. they are also known as prime movers b. they are essential in establishing a firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements c. they are always on opposite side of the joint as the agonist d. they perform the opposite action of the agonist

supination

which of the following refers to positioning of the radioulnar joints so that the palms of the hand are facing up? pronation circumduction supination scaption

they can stabilize body segments

which of the following statements is true of isometric muscle actions? they are dynamic actions they occur when muscle tension exceeds that of external resistance they lead to a reduction in joint angle they can stabilize body segments

inertia

which of the following terms refers to the tendency for the current state of motion to be maintained whether a body segment is motionless or moving at a particular velocity balance torque momentum inertia

sternocleidomastoid

whuch of the following muscles is named for sites of attachment? quadriceps femoris levator scapulae transversus abdominus sternocleidomastoid