KIN 2501 Final - Jacobsen, Kinesiology 2501 Jacobsen Exam 3

reasons for cautious hope in terms of womens sports

- budget cuts due to privatization of sport - resistance to legislation - backlash towards changes for women in sport - decreasing number of women in coaching & administrative roles - cultural emphasis on cosmetic fitness for women - trivialization of women's sports - homophobia

factors that have caused the dramatic rise in participation in women's sports since the 70's

- equal rights legislation - global women's rights movement - health & fitness movement - increased publicity given to female sports

things progressives pushed:

- prohibition - organized workers in labor unions - used sports to help assimilate immigrants

What are the three steps to the 3-tier procedure?

1) humanitarian concerns 2) passes mandatory education laws 3) physical education in schools

3 tiered process progressive reformers designed to assimilate working class (immigrants)

1. humanitarian concerns (child labor laws) 2. pass mandatory education laws (stop unemployed children from roaming the streets & getting into gangs/crime) 3. PE in schools (games/sport taught respect authority)

when were the olympic rings approved?

1914

when was the olympic flag first flown?

1920

Progressive reformers devised a _______________ designed to assimilate the working class -- and sports factored into this process.

3-tier procedure

Broken time involved

A situation in which athletes were reimbursed for time lost from work when they were traveling and competing in the Olympic Games

The most popular athlete in the 1960 Rome Olympic Games was

Abebe Bikila, marathoner

There were two significant events initiated at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. What were they?

Athletes took the Olympic oath before the general public and the five ring Olympic flag was unveiled at the Games (a and b)

America's National Pastime

Baseball

Babe Ruth

Baseball Homeruns Saves baseball from Black Sox Scandal Orioles, Rex Sox, and Yankees

Kennesaw Mountain Landis

Baseball's 1st Commissioner

Pete Maravich played:

Basketball

Why was Babe Ruth a significant icon during the GAoS?

Because he was alive during a time where TV couldn't spread his name.

The 1983 movie Running Brave is based on the incredible life of this 1964 Olympic star.

Billy Mills

Josh Gibson

Black baseball athlete Catcher Powerhitter

Cool Papa Bell

Black baseball athlete Centerfielder Base stealer

Satchel Paige

Black baseball athlete Pitcher

Ralph Hayes

Creator of American Professional Football League

Abe Saperstein

Creator of Savoy Big 5 Harlem Globetrotters

When did sports participation (such as youth, interscholastic, college, and adult rec) increase and athletes become American icons?

During The Golden Age of Sport

In 1952, there was a proposal that won approval that allowed political refugees to compete in the games under a Red Cross flag or a special Olympic flag. Many refugees won medals in the events they participated in.

False

In 1964, the Russian and Polish athletes dominated in boxing with one exception - the American Cassius Clay won the gold medal in the heavyweight division. He would later become the world champion.

False

Pierre de Coubertin was highly supportive of women participating in the Olympic Games.

False

The decision to hold the 1948 Olympiad in London was embraced by all of the citizens of London.

False

Adolph Rupp

Famous Kentucky Basketball Coach

Knute Rockne

Famous Notre Dame Football Coach

Jackie Robinson

First black player to integrate baseball

Red Grange

Football athlete Galloping Ghost University of Illinois and Chicago Bears George Halas discovered him

George Halas

Founder of Chicago Bears Involved in creating American Professional Football League

How many gold medals did Jess Owens win in the 1936 Olympic Games?

Four

How Pete Maravich got his nickname "Pistol Pete"

He shot the ball from his side, as if he were holding a revolver

how the torch tradition came to be

Hitler planned the Berlin games to be quite a spectacle. They did a torch relay from the site of the ancient games in Greece to the site of the Berlin games. Lit the olympic flame with the torch. became a tradition after that.

__________ is an image, representation, or symbol. A representation of something sacred or held in high regard.

Icon

Who were considered the growing urban population in the Progressive Era?

Immigrant newcomers to America

The superstar of the 1936 Olympics was not a member of the Aryan race from Germany as Hitler had hoped for but rather an African-American from the Unites States. Who was this athlete?

Jesse Owens

Reese "Goose" Tatum

Member of Harlem Globetrotters Played baseball with Satchel Paige

George Mikan

Minneapolis Lakers HUGE WHITE DUDE (6'10, 300 lb.) Invention of the post player

Andrew "Rube" Foster

National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs

Jesse Owens college (+ why)

Ohio State bc he wanted to stay close to his family (lived in Cleveland)

Why was there a resistance from parents against child labor laws?

Parents resisted child labor laws because children were not in school, but they were working and contributing to the family.

first repeat city

Paris

___________ wanted change to improve the lives of the growing urban population.

Progressive reformers

The _________ was a campaign, headed by the WASP Progressives, against the manufacture and consumption of alcohol.

Prohibition

Babe Didrikson

Secretary of Employer's Casualty Company AAU Track and Field Championships = broke 4 world records 1932 Olympics (Los Angeles) = 2 gold and 1 silver medal Winner of Amateur Golf Tournament Qualifies PGA Tournament Founder of Ladies Professional Golf Association

What are humanitarian concerns?

Step 1: Child labor laws

Why were mandatory educational laws passed?

Step 2: Unemployed children roamed the streets (joining gangs, crime)

What is physical education and why was it important to have in schools?

Step 3: Supervised games and sport; taught deference (humble submission and respect) to authority

Called _____________ because sport begins to become an everyday part of life.

The Golden Age of Sport

equal rights legislation:

Title IX of the educational amendment in 1972

In the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Pierre de Coubertin was overruled when he wanted to include the "aggressor" nations during WWI to show that sport provided a means to heal and a means to peace.

True

In the 1932 Olympic Games, Babe Didrikson was penalized in the high jump because she "dived" over the bar which was illegal at that time.

True

The 1936 Olympic Games held in Berlin Germany were referred to as the "Nazi Olympics."

True

The Paris Olympiad in 1924 was the last time that tennis was on the program for more than half a century. It would return in 1988.

True

The notion of amateurism was one of the most volatile issues that the Olympic Games had to deal with in the twentieth century.

True

World War II prevented the Olympic Games from being held in 1940 and 1944.

True

The ______________ organized workers in labor unions and often employed sport in a variety of programs to educate and assimilate immigrants and address the perceived social ills.

WASP Progressives

Progressives consisted of ___________ who led the way as social reformers.

WASPs

why were there no games in 1916?

WWI

What does WASP stand for?

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

Joe DiMaggio

Yankee Clipper Saves baseball from WWII 56 game hitting streak

at the antwerp games of 1920 this tradition from ancient games was brought back

a representative from each country took an oath before competition started

the first winter games:

a week long winter games event happened near paris in the same year as the summer olympics (1924)

at what games was the olympic flag first flown

antwerp

shape of facilities at first games post WWI

antwerp was devastated by the war, so everyhting was super primitive

why are women's programs vulnerable to budget cuts

because they are not as established (don't have the numbers), have less administrative & community support, have less revenue generating potential

Gender equity is often subverted by:

budget cuts

Maravich father-son relationship & it's result

close but demanding: his father showed him the fundamentals when he was seven & then he obsessively spent hours practicing bal control tricks, head fakes, & long range shots

progressives

consisted of WASPs who led social reforms to improve the lives of the urban population (often immigrants)

The german government used the 1936 Berlin games to

demonstrate supremacy of their political system & the aryian master race. also to recruit people to their Nazi ideals

how the photo finish cameras introduced at the Los Angeles games affected them

easier/more precise calling of placements

how automatic timing devices introduced at the Los Angeles games affected them

eliminated human error. before this, there would be a few people at the finish line with a stop watch. this improved accuracy of timing as well (for records and such)

global women's rights movement influence on women in sports:

females humanity enhanced. began to embrace their intellectual & physical abilities

Significant advance for women at the Amsterdam olympics

first games women got to compete in track & field

which sport brings in the most money for colleges & why

football. stadium seats the largest number & typically charge higher admission prices

history of Jesse Owens name

his name was JC until a teacher in Cleveland misheard him & he became Jesse

sponsoring organizations often see women's sports as:

less important

how media's increased publicity of female sports influenced womens sport participation

media images help girls envision possibilities for becoming athletes & help them to see that sports are for them too, not just men

health & fitness movement impact on women sports participation

moved from emphasis on traditional ideas of feminity (thin & sexually attractive to men) towards an emphasis on development of physical strength & competence

participation level of the LA games

only attracted 1200-1300 athletes. the europeans weren't traveling to the US in large numbers back then

why has the privatization of sports been a negative thing?

parents have to pay for it. this reduces the opportunity to play, especially for those that can't afford it. if parents can only afford for one kid to play, it's usually the boy that plays, not the girl.

why were the 1924 games held in Paris, which was a repeat city (first time they repeated a city)

pierre de couberin was about to retire & he requested this

backstory of the olympic flag/rings

pierre de coubertin wanted the flag to represent unity. he chose the colors because every single flag had at least one of these colors

Jesse Owens dealt with a lot of what at school

segregation

these sports are the most vulnerable to cuts:

spots that don't generate as much revenue

Outside feelings about how the Nazis used the games in Berlin

the IOC did not take a position. countries considered boycotting the games. The US BARELY decided against a boycott

why didn't the germans go to the paris games (1924)

the french "hinted very strongly" that they could not guarantee their safety while in frnce (french angry bc of WWI... yikes), so the germans decided not to attend

why was tennis expelled from the olympics at the 1924 games in paris

the international tennis federation refused to abide by the amateur rules established by the IOC. athletes won prize money at tournaments & IOC didn't want to stop that. IOC said nope, if they get paid they can't compete in the olympics, so tennis wasn't in the olympics for 64 years

where the LA games were held

the los angeles colloseum

This sport was enormously popular & made this guy a celebrity

track & field : Jesse Owens

women's track & field before Amstterdam olympics

was considered to be too "strenuous". they had been competing under the womens international federation of sports & organized their own games