L Texes 111 generalist 4-8

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Absolute Value Graph

"V" shaped

Math - fraction

(numerator)/(denominator) Small portions of a larger quantity.

Midpoint formula

(x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2

Concurrent powers of Federal and States

- both may tax -both may borrow $ -both may charter banks and corp. -both may est. courts -both may make and enforce law -both may take property for public purposes -both may spend $ to provide public welfare

Mitosis

- division of somatic cell -2 cells result from each division -chromosone number is identical to parent cells (diploid) -for cell growth and repair

Moon Phases

-New moon: moon is invisible or 1st sight of crescent -Waxing crescent: right crescent visible -1st Quarter: right quarter visible -Waxing Gibbous: only left crescent is not illuminated -Full moon: the entire illuminated half of the moon is visible -Waning Gibbous: only right crescent of the moon is not visibile -Last Quarter: the left quarter is visible -Waning Crescent: only the left crescent is illuminated

Math - Additive inverse

-a, a + -a = 0

Meiosis

-division of sex cells (sperm and egg) -4 cells or polar bodies result from each division -chromosone number is half the # of parent cells (haploid) -recombinations provide genetic diversity

Powers of States

-regulate intrastate trade -est. local -protect general welfare -protect life and property -ratify amendments -conduct elections -make state and local laws

Powers of Federal Govt.

-tax -borrow and coin $ -est. postal service -grant patents/copyrights -regulate interstate/foreign commerce -est. courts -declare war -raise and support armed forces -govern territories -define and punish felonies and piracy -fix standards of weights/measures -conduct foreign affairs

Layers of the atmosphere

-troposphere: closest to earth's surface, where weather occurs, has most water and dust (7 miles) -stratosphere: contains very little water, ozone layer located in upper portion -mesosphere: air temp decreases more about -100 C -thermosphere:getting closer to the sun, so temp increases, gases are excited by the radiation causing Aurora Borealis

Math

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Math - Additive identity

0, a + 0 = a

Finding Standard Form of graph when coordinates are given

1) Find slope first: (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) 2) Fill in slope and coordinates for Ya and Xa: Y-Ya = m(X-Xa) 3) Clean up (if answers have fractions w/ same denominator, multiply both sides by that whole number) ex: (5, 6) and (-1, -2) 1) (6 + 2)/(5+1) = 4/3 2) Y+2 = 4/3(X +1) y + 2 = 4/3x + 4/3 y = 4/3x -2/3 3) (3)y = 3(4/3x -2/3) 3y = 4x - 2

6 themes of geography

1) Location 2) Spatial Organization- describes how things are grouped in a given space (ex: where people live in relations to others) 3) Place- has both physical (rivers, mountains) and human characteristics (roads, canals) 4)Human-Environmental Interaction- humans adapt to envirn., humans modify envirn., humans depend on envirn. 5) Movement 6) Regions- a) Formal regions- political boundaries (state, country) b) Functional regions- defined by a common function (ex: area covered by telephone service) c) Vernacular regions- formed by perceptions (ex. "the middle east" or "the south"

Solving quadratic equations

1) factor 2) set each factor = 0 3) solve EX: x² + 10x - 24 = 0 1) (x + 12) (x-2) 2) x + 12 = 0 x - 2 = 0 3) x = -12 x = 2

2 types of dependent clauses

1) with subordinating conjunction; ex: *Whenever* lazy students whine.. 2) with a relative pronoun; ex. *Who* loves pizza crusts..

Math - Multiplicative identity

1, a(1) = a

Math - Multiplicative inverse

1/a, a + 1/a = 1

Senate

100 member, 2 from each state, who serve 6-yr terms Powers: -approval of presidential nominations -approval of treaties -conducting impeachment cases of federal officials

World War I

1914-1918 Serbian assassinated Archduke of Austria. Austria demanded a full investigation, Serbia refused. Austria (w/ ally Germany) declared war on Serbia (w/ ally Russia). Germany then declared war on Russia, followed by France (b/c of France's alliance with Russia). Germany invaded Belgium (neutral) to be closer to Paris. Britain (ally to France and Belgium) declared war on Germany. US (under President Woodrow Wilson) declared neutrality. But, Germany threatened commercial shipping w/ submarine warfare, and US joined in 1917. Treaty of Versailles finally signed & League of Nations was created, agreeing to avoid armed conflict through disarment and diplomacy.

US joins WWI

1917 when Germany threatened commercial shipping to June 1919 Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations

WWII

1939-1945 Germany, Italy, and Japan initiated a policy of aggressive territorial expansion. Japan attacked China, Italy invaded Ethiopia, Germany (under Hitler) immediately began to build up armed forces (a direct violation of peace treaty) Germany then invaded many countries, including Austria, Czech, Polland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, and France. US (under Franklin Roosevelt) announced neutrality. Roosevelt's plan was to defeat the Axis nations by sending the Allied nations war supplies. Roosevelt stopped all exports to Japan and refused to let them withdraw money from American banks. Japan bombed US at Pearl Harbor, causing US to join in war. After victory was atttained in Europe, focus went to Japan. 2 atomic bomb were dropped and the Pacific war ended. Allies agreed that Germany's armed forces be abolished and Nazi Party outlawed. Outcome: United Nations named for promoting world peace. Consequences: death, destruction, displaced people, strength/spreading of Communism/Cold War tension (ended more lives and caused more devastation than any other war)

LA - Linguistic Approach

1950's, Noam Chomsky: Language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation triggered by exposure to environmental stimuli. Downplayed the significance of semantics. Attributed language development to biology.

Korean War

1950-1953 After WWII ended, Japan stopped controlling Korea. The Soviet Union occupied the North, US controlled the South, through trusteeship. United Nations ordered elections to create a unified govt. but both countries backed different candidates, creating a division of 2 separate states. North Korea (backed by Soviets) declared war on South Korea (US, British, Australia, UN forces). China also got involved when forces entered N. Korea. 1953: Peace negotations resulted in cease-fire. Since then, N. Korea has an isolated, communist dictatorship, S. Korea has grown into a major world economy.

Vietnam War

1957-1973 Like Korea, Vietnam became divided after WWII (communist North, western-govt South). North began to drive out South. US became more involved when N. Vietnam attacked US ships. As controversy over the war began to grow in US, Nixon began to reduce troops, while assisting the S. Vietnam army in building strength. US withdrew troops, with a promise from Nixon to send defense assistance. But, after Watergate, Congress cut off all funding. US withdrawal left S. Vietnam w/o economic or military support, and N. Vietnam was able to take control of the entire country.

LA - Cognitive Approach

1970's, Piaget: Acquire cognitive structures to process language, then linguistic structures. Must be able to understand before they can use language.

LA - Sociocognitive approach

1970's, using/learning language in certain social settings is just as important as learning the rules and the grammar associated with it; applying the cognitive skills in a social setting *tone/content/inflection are equally important. The teacher is a faciliator in this setting

Quartiles

1st Quartile: median of the lower half of the data set 2nd Quartile: median of the entire data set 3rd Quartile: median of th upper half of the data set

Counting Principle in probability

2 distinct, independent events: n x m Ex: 3 options for meal x 2 options for dessert

Direct variation

2 things vary directly: as one gets larger, the other does too; if one gets smaller, so does the other one. If x and y vary directly, there should be a constant Ex: pay per hour at the same rate: increase hours=increase pay

Diameter

2(radius)

Composition reaction

2+ substances combine to form a compound A + B → AB ex: silver and sulfur yield silver dioxide

Math - standard form

21,000, not broken down into scientific notation, etc.

John Adams

2nd president of the US; was Washington's VP; a founding father and pushed the Dec of Indep

Thomas Jefferson

3rd president; primary author of Dec of Indep; responsible for the louisiana purchase

tetrahedron

4-sided space triangle (basically a triangular pyramid)

House of Representatives

435 members, who serve 2-yr terms Powers: -initiating financial bills -bringing impeachment charges against high federal officials

James Madison

4th president; ratified the constitution and created Bill of rights; president during War of 1812

James Monroe

5th president; last of the Revolutionary War Heroes to become president; a father of the Constitution

Krebs Cycle

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

Correlation coefficient closer to 1.0

A correlation coefficient that results in dots very close to a line

Expresses a theorem and its converse are true?

A if and only if B

Epistle

A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but b/c of the fame of sender/recipient becomes public domain. (EX: Paul in the Bible)

Math - scientific notation

A more convenient method for writing very large and very small numbers.

Synecdoche

A part is used as a whole; more literal ex: America instead of USA It still makes sense and is literal

Mexican-American War

A war that began as a result of a border issue and resulted in fighting along the Rio Grande. By the end, Mexico lost almost all of California, Utah, Nevada, AZ, and NM

Area of a circle

A=πr²

Math - Distributive property

Allows us to work on terms within a parens without first performing the operation within the parens. a(b + c) = ab + ac

1690

Alonso de Leon establishes San Francisco del los Tejas Mission in East Texas, opening the Old San Antonio Road portion of the Camino Real

Examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Although When If Unless Because

1528-34

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca explores Texas for trade

Western Expansion

America's desire of the western territories that were either not claimed or claimed by other countries

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy. (communism)

Negative correlation coefficient

As one decreases the other increases and vice versa in regards to the correlation coefficient

Positive correlation coefficient

As one increases, the other increases in regards to correlation coefficient

LA - Learning Approach

Assumed language development evolved by learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement. Also assumed language, cognitive and social developments were independent of each other. No allowance made for child jargon and "mistakes". No association made between physical and operational development and language mastery.

1839

Austin becomes the capital of the Republic of Texas

Mean

Average *THINK the AVERAGE girl is MEAN

1832

Battle of Velasco - 1st casualties of the Texas Revolution

Formula for photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O + energy (sunlight) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)

Math - rational numbers

Can be expressed as the ratio of two integers a/b where b does not equal 0. Includes integers, fractions and mixed numbers, terminating and repeating decimals, numbers on the number line.

Indians with advanced political structures

Cherokee and Choctaw, elected chiefs

1850

Compromise of 1850 adjust the state boundary, ended Mexican American War and United States assumed Texas debts

Legislative Branch

Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Responsibilities: -make, repeal, and amend all federal laws -levying federal taxes and distributing funds

Math - appropriate uses for fractions

Cooking measurements, carpentry measurements, architecture scales, builders, cutting pizza or pie.

Math - natural numbers

Counting numbers. 1, 2, 3. . .

symbiosis (mutualism)

Each organisms fills a need for another. Both happy.

American Revolution

English colonists in America won freedom from Great Britain Results: representative govt.

Euclidean geometry

Euclid wrote a set of 13 books in 330 BC called Elements, where he outlined 10 axioms and then deduced 465 theorems. Is based on the undefined concept of the point, line, and plane. His 5th axiom (parallel postulate) has not been as readily accepted b/c it could be proved by the other 9 he created.

Math - appropriate uses for roots and exponents

Finance and science, amortization of loans, measuring pH, earthquakes (Richter scale), decibel level of sound, brightness of stars.

Spanish Colonies

Florida, Gulf Coast of Texas, California

Individualization

For each student; i.e. allowing students to select their own topic or activities

1689

French claim Texas but do not have a physical presence in Texas

1688

French colony is massacred

1762

French give up claims to Texas and cede Lousiana to Spain until 1800

1900

Galvestion is destroyed and 8000 people killed in category 4 hurricane

GDP

Gross Domestic Product - a monetary measure of the economy's output during a specific time period Measured by expenditure approach and incomes approach GDP = Consumption $ + Investment $ + Govt. $ + Net Export $ (includes only final goods and services)

Alkaline Metals

Group 2 -harder -denser -higher melting point -chemically active

Associative property

Grouping numbers together *THINK associates means group

History

History

Negation of a Statement

If a statement is true, then its negation must be false and vice versa EX: "if p, then q" is "p and not q" "not q" is "q" "r and s" is "not r" OR "not s" (if you negate both, than still true) "r or s" is "not r" AND "not s" negation of: "some winter nights are not cold" : "none of the winter nights are cold" "if it rains, then the beach party will be held" : "it rains and the beach party will not be held"

Law of Syllogism

If q, then r Therefore if p,then r

addition property of equality

If you add the same numbers to each side of an equation, both sides are still equal

Epic examples

Illiad, Odyssey, Aeneid, Paradise Lost, the Fairie Queene, Aurora Leigh, The Rape of the Lock

Nonmetals

Include: solids, gases, and one liquid (bromine) -usually dull, brittle -not good conductors of heat or electricity -have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost energy level -tend to attract other electrons -react with metals

Industrial Revolution Results

Industry: -increase productivity -increase world trade -specialized division of labor -growth of giant businesses and monopolies -revolution in agriculture b/c of: steamship, fertilizer, canning, refrigeration Social: -increase population, esp. in industrial areas -advances in science (agriculture, sanitation, medicine) -growth of cities -disappearance of diff. b/w city dweller and farmer -faster life tempo, increase stress -increased mobility produced rapid sharing of knowledge and ideas -conflict over slavery

Math - irrational numbers

Infinite and non-repeating decimals. Pi, square root of 5.

A quadratic function has imaginary roots. What is always true of the graph of the function in the xy-coordinate plane?

It never intersects the x-axis

1685

LaSalle established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay, basis for French claim to Texas territory

LA - Language Acquisition

Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

4 standard forms of valid arguments

Law of Detachment Law of Contraposition Law of Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism

Epic

Long poem, usually of book length, reflecting values in society. Include: invocation to a Muse for inspiration, purpose for writing, general setting, protaganist/antagonist with supernatural strength, and intervention of a God or gods.

1901

Lucas Gusher - start of Texas oil boom

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Two major characteristics of the 1st American literature?

Maudlin and self-pitying egocentricism. (ex: John Smith, William Bradford, and Michael Wigglesworth)

Math - appropriate uses for decimals

Metric system, money, body temperature, distance, time, mileage.

1842

Mexico captures San Antonio twice and retreats both times

1821

Mexico gains independence from Spain

CHONPS

Most prevalent elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

1800

Much of north Texas is returned to France and later sold to the US as part of the Lousiana Purchase

Math - Dividing complex numbers

Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

Additive

Must do the same to both sides of an equation *THINK If I "ADD-IT-TO (additive) one side, I have to ADD-IT-TO another

Math - whole numbers

Natural numbers and 0. No negative numbers or fractions.

4 types of measurement scales used in statistic

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Law of Contraposition

Not q, therefore not p Ex: If John drives the big truck, then the shipment will be delivered The shipment is not delivered b/c ~q = ~p Answer: John does not drive the big truck

Octava Rima Poetry

Oct- eight-line stanza whose rhyme scheme is ababacc

Quadratic Graphs

Parabola f(x)=x² : normal graph, vertex at origin f(x)= (x± c)² : opposite of what you would think- negative goes right, + goes left f(x)=x² ± c: positive goes up, negative goes down f(x)=cx² : again, opposite of what you would think-the larger the number the skinnier the graph; the smaller the number the wider the graph. If c is negative the parabola points down

4 forms of discourse

Persuassion (talk someone into), description (make the reader aware), exposition (to explain or inform; giver directions), narration (answers what happened) *think PEND

LA - Cognitive approach

Piaget's theory that children must be able to process words and actually learn them i.e knowing what a ball is before they can learn to say/read/or use the word

Piecewise Function

Piecing multiple graphs together (may or may not intersect)

Math - integers

Positive and negative whole numbers and 0.

LA - pragmatics, definition

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.

Law of Detachment

Premise 1: If p, then q Premise 2: p, therefore q

Executive Branch

President, various executive dept, and independent agencies Powers: -enforcing federal laws -appointing/removing any high federal officials -commanding armed forces -conducting foreign affairs -recommending laws to congress -can veto bills that congress pass

Calvin Cycle

Process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2.

Reformation period

Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation

Civil rights movement in 1960's sought to address issues from:

Reconstruction era following the civil war

Math - appropriate uses for percent

Relationships between qualities, commissions, discounts, taxes, tips, interest, investments, sales mark up, nutrition (RDA), sports statistics, statistical populations.

Math - properties

Rules that apply for addition, subtraction, multiplication or division.

1837

Sam Houston moved the state capital 5 times ending in Houston in 1837

Science

Science

Math - exponent form

Shortcut method to write repeated multiplication. In the form b to the n where b and n are both real numbers. NOTE: a negative sign must be inside the parens for it to be affected by the exponent.

Indians in middle of continent, teepees, buffalo skins, feather headdresses

Sioux, eyenne, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee

1700-1799

Spain establishes Catholic missions throughtout Texas

1529

Spanish explorer Alonso Alvarez de Pineda maps the Texas Coast

1823

Stephen Austine begins colony known as Old Three Hundred along the Brazos River

Phonetic Phase

Students write one letter, or a cluster of letters, for every sound in the word. Teachers should emphasize visual strategies (looking for predictable letter sequence and patterns)

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court and other lower federal courts

What oral language activity would be most effective in promoting students' multicultural awareness and appreciation?

Teacher guides students to discuss some features that folk tales of various countries have in common as well as some of the unique features of each culture's folk tales.

1835

Texas Revolution begins to gain freedom from Mexico

1845

Texas admitted to United States

1870

Texas is readmitted to United States

1861

Texas secedes from Union and joins Confederacy, Governor Sam Houston was replaced

syntax

The pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases.

Percent error

The percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value (|Approximate value - exact value|)/|exact value| * 100%

arbitrage

The process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price

LA - syntax, definition

The sequence in which words are put together to form sentences.

converse

The statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement (the same but in reverse) ex: If Q, then P. If P, then Q

LA - phonology, definition

The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.

LA - semantics, definition

The study or science of meaning in language.

What activity would best promote students' understanding of relationship b/w written and spoken words?

The teacher displays a big book and points to each word as she reads the book aloud

advection

The transfer of a property of the atmosphere

Math - manipulatives to demonstrate geometric ideas and number theory

Tiles, shaded region, number lines, diagrams.

1865

Union troops landed in Galvestion, Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery in Texas

Math - appropriate uses for scientific notation

Very large and very small quantities, science.

Math - exponents ten rule

When 10 is raised to any power, the exponent tells the number of zeros in the product. A negative power tells the number of decimal places to the left.

Integration

When to pull the information in

Examples of relative pronouns:

Who Whom Which That

Moons Position in relation to the sun

Why we have different phases of the moon

Pejorative

Words that are Politically incorrect such as redneck or queer; remember the *P's*

Math - Commutative property of addition

a + b = b + a

antithesis

a CONTRAST between two very different thngs; the exact opposite

Manifest Destiny

a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean; a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)

aphorism

a brief, often witty saying, usually an observation about life; (ex: a proverb, Jerry Seinfield)

mitosis

a cell divides and creates another identical cell *For growth or repair, NOT reproduction ex:starfish, worms regenerating

Aurora Borealis

a colorful, glowing display in the sky caused when particles from the sun strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere; also called the Northern Lights

Standard Deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (looks like a lower case cursive o on the calculator) is found by taking the square root of variance

concept of region

a convenient and manageable unit for studying earth's human and natural environments

Colloquy

a conversation or conference, usually formal

Marbury V Madison

a court case that established Judicial review

Box and Whisker Plot

a diagram that summarizes data using the median, the upper and lower quartiles, and the extreme values (outliers). Q2 - median Q1 - median of first half Q3 - median of last half Outliers - lowest number and highest number

Iambic pentameter

a foot (two syllables) with 5 sets; ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*

Single replacement reaction

a free element replaces an element that is part of a compound A + BX → AX + B ex: iron + copper sulfate yields iron sulfate + copper

Mathematical Theorem

a mathematical statement derived from axioms, definitions, and previously proven statements

Nationalism

a nation acting independently emphasizing national goals rather than international goals

renewable resource

a natural resource that can be replaced

idiom

a peculiar expression, jargon, or regional dialect ex: keep tabs on her

sea floor spreading

a process of plate tectonics in which new oceanic crust is created, magma swells up as the tectonic plates spread apart, the magma is then cooled by the sea water and forms mountain ranges such as the mid atlantic ridge

irrational number

a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number

non-renewable resource

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

complex sentence

a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

compound sentence

a sentence with 2 independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjuction, ex: Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping *think FANBOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

simple sentence

a sentence with a subject and a verb with a complete thought; also called an independent clause

spenserian sonnet

a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc cdcd ee

Shakesperian or Elizabethan Sonnet

a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

spenserian stanza

a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c

Paradox

a statement that at first seems to be absurd or self-contradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true ex: the paradox of freedom...we have to have laws in order to be free

Ballads

a story told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music. Earliest forms were anonymous folk ballads.

catalyst

a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

Federal system

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

First person narrative

a voice that "I" *think 1st = 1=i

2nd person, direct address

a voice that directly addresses the audience

Third person omniscient

a voice that doesn't use "I" but knows the thoughts of other characters; is all knowing

First person Omniscient

a voice that uses "i" and knows the thoughts of the other characters; rare

Distributive property

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Math - Commutative property of multiplication

ab = ba

Italian sonnet

abba (petrarchan)

phonological awareness

ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - non print

phonemic awareness

ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - print and sound

Deposition

act of depositing, laying down of material by natural processes; creates coastal beaches, sand dunes, and landforms created by glaciers

United Nations

after World War II, although started in 1943 was complete when charter was drawn up in 1945

output

amount produced or manufactured by an industry

market economy

an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

Capitalism

an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

communism

an economic system in which the *central government* directs all major economic decisions

Quadratic Equation

an equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0

slope-intercept form

an equation written in the form y=mx+b is in slope-intercept form. The graph is a line with slope m and y-intercept b.

anachronism

an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time

Conceit

an unusually far-fetched [extended] metaphor comparing two very dissimilar things cleverly

enterprise

any business organization

Delta

areas of lowlands formed by soil and sediment deposited at the mouths of rivers

Directionally proportional

as one amount increases, another amount increases at the same rate

Inverse variation

as one gets larger, the other gets smaller If x and y vary inversely, there should still be a constant. y=x/k Ex: driving time: increase speed=decrease time

Mountains

at least 2,000 ft above sea level

Standard Form

ax + by = c

Pythagorean Theorem

a²+b²=c²

Protestant Reformation

b/c of religious, political, and econ. reasons. Religious: abuses in the Catholic church- fraudulent clergy w/ immoral lifestyles, sale of religious offices, different theologies, frauds w/ sacred relics

Battle of the Alamo

battle in which Mexican physically won and killed all but 2 Texan and Texican volunteers, but inspired the Texans to fight for freedom

Transitional Phase

beginning phase of using visual memory. Students have learned about letter patterns, but often use them incorrectly. Teachers should implement visual and morphemic strategies (pre-fix, suffix, roots)

innate behavoir

behavior that doesn't depend on learning or experience Examples -fish just naturally know how to swim -birds just know how to fly

learned behavoir

behavoir learned by experience or observation

Stem and Leaf Plots

best suited for small sets of data and are especially useful for comparing 2 sets of data

Unfixed Literature (poetry)

blank verse and dramatic monologue

Math - Associative property

can regroup: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c a(bc) = (ab)c

Independent clauses

can stand alone or be joined with another clause

dilation

causes a change in size but not in location

Translation (slide)

changes locations but not size or orientation

diction

choice/use of words *think: dictionary*

Mercury

closest to the sun

glide reflection

combination of reflection and translation

ordinal measurement scale

compares categories ex: 1st, 2nd, etc.

Decomposition reaction

compound breaks down into 2+ simpler substances AB → A + B ex: water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen

Clause

contains at least one subject and one verb (describes); ex: Lazy students whine. Subj - student, verb - whine.

Trigonometry

deals with angles, triangles, functions of sine, cosine, and tangent Development in jr high: similar shapes pythagorean theorem algebraic expressions/equations Careers using Trig: astronomy land surveying acoustics

Math - decimals

deci - part of ten. To find the decimal equivalent of a fraction, divide the numerator by the denominator. 1/2 = 0.5

Species

defined by the ability to reproduce with members of their own kind

American Revolution most influenced political developments in Mexico and Latin America by:

demonstrating that it was possible to overthrow European colonial rule

Petrarchan or Italian Sonnet

divided into an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet normally rhyming cdecde

stanine

dividing the bell curve into 9 sections (5th section is the mean)

Skew lines

do not intersect and do not lie on the same plane

geometric construction

drawing made using only a compass and straightedge, and consists of only segments, arcs, and points

principal of oppurtunity cost

due to limited resources, we must make choices and establish purchasing prioritites

trophic level

each step in a food chain or food web producers → Primary consumers→secondary consumers→tertiary consumers

LA - Learning Approach

early theory approach in which rules of language structure was learned and applied through imitation and reinforcement

Caddo Indians

east Texas, farming, trading and making pottery

free enterprise

economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Battle of San Jacinto

ended the Mexican-American war; Texans captured Santa Ana; established the Republic of Texas

Law of conservation of energy

energy is neither created or destroyed, but may change form

radiation

energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles-sun to earth

Greatest Integer / Step Function

equation uses [ ], graph looks like steps

League of Nations

established by the Treaty of Versailles after WW1 and proposed by Woodrow Wilson; failed miserably

Opportunity costs lead to consumers:

establishing purchasing priorities

tone

expression of the authors attitude toward the subject

Linear Function

f(x)=ax + b

Comanche

famous horsemen and hunters

When are thunderstorms most likely to form?

fast-moving cold front enters an area in which there is a warm, humid air mass

Iroquious

fierce fighters but forward thinkers

Math - Addition and subtraction of fractions

find common denominator

mercantile

first system in which goods were exchanged

Mesas

flat top hills or mountains, usually with steep sides. (similar to plateaus, but smaller)

relfection

flip (mirror image)

latent energy

form of energy transferred by a difference in temperature HEAT

Ionic bond

formed by the transfer of electrons, when metals and non-metals bond -when electrons are shared, it throws off their neutrality creating ions

Covalent bond

formed when 2 atoms share electrons -happen among non-metals -always polar b/w 2 non-identical atoms

Anaphora

found in ballads, also called incremental repetition, used for effect

Refrain

found in ballads, also called the repeated section

Halogens

found in group 17 -combine readily with metals to form salts ex: salt, fluoride toothpaste, and bleach

Noble Gases

found in group 18 -do not react chemically with other elements -inert (inactive)

Transition elements

found in periods (rows) 4-7 under groups (columns) 3-12 -metals that do not show a range of properties -hard -high melting point -all of which are metals and tend to form salts when reacted with Halogens -compounds are: colorful, such as silver, gold, and mercury

personification

giving human traits to something non-human

Choctaw

good farmers, hunters, tool-makers, and housebuilders

Karankawa

good jewelers and shell-makers

European Colonies

government based on democracy, eastern seaboard

Parliamentary System

govt. made up of a legislative body, called a parliament, and a cabinet with a prime minister. Cabinet stays in power for as long as it has support.

Despotism and Dictatorship

govt. where there is unlimited power over the people and no legislative body to limit rulers. Syn: tyranny, autocracy, totalitarianism

popular sovereignty

grants citizens the ability to participate in govt. by voting and running for public office. -the ideal behind Declaration of Independence -embodied in the Constitution

Rational Function

has 2 graphs (parabolas) and asymptotes (a line that a graph approaches, but does not intersect)

Math - mixed number

has an integer part and a fraction part. 2 1/2

Parallel Lines

have same slope

Interaction

how students will practice the skill such as with others

Tonkawa

hunting bison and gathers fruits and nuts

laissez faire

idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Venn Diagram in Math

if circles are inside each other: the inner circle must also meet the rules of the outer circle

Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System

if we know the dimensions of a 2-D shape, we could use coordinates to visualize that shape

parody

imitation; to make fun of ex: Scary Movie and all of the movies that make fun of it

market socialism

in between planned and market community

folkways

informal rules of ettiquette and behaviors a society follows ex: forming a line, holding doors

Tempo

interpretation of dialogue must be connected to motivation and detail. Director seeks a variation of tempo to keep audiences attention

Series

is a sum of numbers represented by sigma (looks like a large greek E)

Work

is done on an object when applied force moves through a distance

derivative

is the slope of a tangent line to a graph f(x) and is usually denoted f'(x). Also referred to as the instantaneous rate of change.

cognitive

knowledge about our own thinking processes, of or pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes

Jupiter

largest planet

converging lens

lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus

Identity Function

linear equation y = x, graph is a line going through origin and 1st and 3rd quadrants at 45 degree angles

Meridians

lines of longitude that also are used to determine time around the world

evaporization

liquid to gas

Sample space in probability

list of all possible outcomes

Cherokee

lived in southeast, domed houses, animal skin clothes, hunters, farmers, fishermen, basketry, pottery, lacrosse

Algonquians

lived in wigwams and wore animal skin clothing, proficient hunters, gathers, trappers, and farmers

Seminoles and Creeks

living in southeast, lived in chickees and wore clothes made from plant fibers

learned territorial behavior

long song, learned thru trial and error, short songs are mating

Novel

longest form of fictional prose

Basins

low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains

coplanar

lying in the same plane

The main effect of formal changes to the constitution has been to:

make the constitution more democratic than the original document

mechanical isolation

mating does not occur due to reproductive parts not fitting together

Reflexive angle

measures more than 180 and less than 360 (has a circle around the back of the angle to show it goes all the way around and is greater than obtuse)

z-score

measures the distance in standard deviations from the mean z-score = (outcome-mean)/standard deviation ex: mean = 50, standard deviation=10, probability of less than 42 =(42-50)/10 =-8/10 =-.8

anemometer

measures wind speed

assimilation

members of an ethnic minority group lose cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant cultural group; they take on the cultural characteristics of another group

What best supports the big bang theory?

microwave background radiation is fairly evenly distributed across space

Alloy

mixture of 2+ elements having properties of metal, but do not have to be all metal

nominal measurement scale

most basic: classify responses into categories ex: gender, race, religion, marital status

ratio measurement scale

most informative scale, b/c it allows for proportional comparison (twice as much $, or half the length) basically an interval scale with a true 0 point ex: length measurement, $ systems, degrees Kelvin (b/c 0 value represents the absence of length, $, or temp.)

Commutative property

move numbers around and they mean the same thing *THINK COMMUTE = move

rotation

movement of a figure by a certain number of degrees

Multiplication Principle of Counting Independent Events

n(AandB) = n(A)n(B) ex: how many 6 letter combinations can be created if none can repeat? 26 x 25 x 24 x 23 x 22 x 21

Multiplication Principle of Counting for Dependent Events

n(AandB) = n(A)n(B|A) When the first event effects the outcome of the second event ex: How many ways can a Jack be drawn twice without replacing? 4 x 3 = 12 To find: multiply the outcomes of event A x outcomes for event B (should usually be 1 less than event A)

Addition Principle for Mutually Exclusive Events (OR)

n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) If events are mutually exclusive of each other ex: travel agency offers 16 trips to Asia, 14 to Europe, in how many ways can you select a trip to Asia or Europe? 14 + 16 = 30 To find: add events together

Addition Principle of Counting

n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) - n (A n B) The probability of event A or event B happening, if dependent on each other ex: drawing a Jack or black card: 4 + 26 - (26-4) = 28 To find: Probability of A + Probability of B - Difference of both probabilities

abiotic

non-living

Inuit

northwest, lived in tents or igloos, seal or animal skin clothes, fishermen, hunters

Chickasaw

not in Texas long but known as good hunters and farmers

interval measurement scale

numeric scales, where intervals are fixed, uniform values throughout (limitation: no fixed 0 point) ex: thermometer

spring tides

occur during the full and new moons, tides are very high and very low

ellipsis

omission of a word or phrase needed for syntax but not semantics ex: A**

cultural integration

one culture gaining ideas, technologies, and products from another; one country integrating into another

inversely proportional

one value decreases at the same rate the other increases

OCTOSO

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

Disjunctive Syllogism

p or q not p, therefore q Ex: Peter is a Jet Pilot or a Navigator Peter is not a Jet Pilot p v (or) q ~p, so has to be q Answer: Peter is a Navigator.

atmosphere

part of the earth that is mostly nitrogen

Double replacement reaction

parts of 2 compounds replace each other (compounds switch partners) AX + BY → AY + BX ex: sodium chloride + mercury nitrate → sodium nitrate + mercury chloride

Math - percent

per 100. 10% = 10/100 = 1/10

Misplaced modifiers

phrases not placed near the word they modify. (EX: "One damaged house stood only to remind townspeople of the hurricane." - suggests that the sole reason the house remained was to serve as a reminder. Correction: "Only one damaged house stood, reminding townspeople of the hurricane."

Dangling modifiers

phrases that do not relate to the subject being modified. (EX: "Weighing the options carefully, a decision was made about convicting the criminal." - who is weighing the options? Correction: "Weighing the options carefully, the judge made a decision...")

Circumference of a circle

pi x d or 2 x pi x r

Pan Americanism

political alliance or union of all North and South America

Permutations

probability of an experiment where replacements are not allowed. (easier to use the counting principle) Order is important! nPr= (n!)/(n-r)! r-number of items to be selected n- number of draws ex: How many ways can 7 students choose a president and vice president? 7P2= 7!/(7-2)! =7 x 6 x 5!/5! the 5!'s can cancel out =7 x 6 = 42

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Mass

protons + neutrons (MAN: mass=atomic # + neutrons)

Pueblo

pueblo houses, wool and cotton clothing, farmed in desert, pottery, Kachina dolls

Pathos

quality in a work of literature that evokes feelings of pity or compassion. (Ex: Desdemona's death in Othello)

p→q

read: if p then q

Semi-phonetic Phase

realization that there is a relationship b/c letters and sounds. Students tend to spell by sound. Teacher should emphasize phonetics (sounding word out).

Eli Whitney developed interchangable parts, allowing for division of labor, resulting in:

reduced price of goods produced

2nd derivative

relates whether the curve is concave up or concave down

graphophonemic knowledge

relationship of printed letters to spoken words

Meiosis 1

reproduction process that halves the # of chromosomes and results in diploid cells

Meiosis 2

reproduction process that splits the sister chromatids and results in haploid cells

1st derivative

reveals whether a curve is rising or falling from left to right

French Revolution

revolt of middle/lower class against rulers b/c of extreme taxation, inflation, lack of food, and disregard for their living conditions Results: consulship, a generalship, and then an emperor

allusion

rhetorical figure addresses personified things, absent people or gods

Elegy

sad and melancholic poem, usually about the death (lamenation) of an individual. Funeral poems or elegy is one of the most popular formats used in funeral and memorial services today. *Way to remember: eulogy*

Atomic #

same as # of protons or electrons (APE: A=P=E))

Sequence

series of numbers that follow a specific pattern.

Variance

shows how spread out a set of numbers are. The larger the variance, the larger the spread. To find: 1) add all numbers together 2) square that answer 3) divide by number of items

Punnet Squares

shows the possible ways that genes combine and indicate probability of gene type (one parent along top, other parent along side)

Dramatic Arc

similar to the plot diagram

Finding slope when graph or coordinates are given

slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

Perpendicular Lines

slopes are negative reciprocals (ex: 3 and -1/3) If slopes aren't same or negative reciprocal the answer is neither

Fixed Literature (poetry)

sonnet, elegy, ode, pastoral, and villanelle

Navajo

southwest, lived in hogans, rabbit skin clothes, sand painting, weapon-making, silversmithing, weaving

Apache

southwest, wikiups homes, cotton clothing, hunters and gatherers, basketry

function

special relationship between values; for each input you get an output

phonemes

speech sound, target sound, utterance: smallest unit of speech in a language

cultural diffusion

spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another or throughout many cultures

Slavery

started in European colonies with the first 20 slaves in 1619

Mexican Control of Texas

started with Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, abolished slavery and expectation of Catholicism

Myth

stories that are universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions (also, usually to explain a natural phenomenon)

allegory

story written in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices

Word identification strategy

strategy in which you break words apart, pulling off or using the prefix or suffix

mores

stronger than folkways in the consequences for not following (person considered immoral) ex: cheating, lying

Calculus

study of limit, rate of change, area under a curve, and slope of a tangent line. Junior high prepares for this by learning: infinity linear growth exponential growth slope change over time

sociology

study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society

phonology

study of the sound system of language

To find y intercept

substitute 0 for x and solve. To find x intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve.

contrapositive

switches the hypothesis and the conclusion and negates both ex: if not Q, then not P

Fable

terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum (EX: "The Nun's Priest's Tale" about animals that speak and act like humans, illustrating human foibles)

1836

the "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, The Battle of the Alamo, 400 executed by Santa Anna at Goliad, Sam Houston leads army of 800 to victory over Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto Treaty of Velasco signed, Sam Houston first President of the Republic of Texas

1832-33

the "Conventions" responded to unrest over the policies of the Mexican Government

Energy

the ability to do work or supply heat

predation

the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey

socialization

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

condensation

the change of state from a gas to a liquid

water cycle

the continuous cycle of the transfer of water through an ecosystem, which involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation

conduction

the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching ex: earth returning heat to the atmosphere

Acculturation

the exchange or adoption of cultural features when two cultures combine or come in direct contact

Atomic mass

the mass of a subatomic particle and is the decimal below the symbol on the periodic table

Median

the middle number *THINK highway MEDIAN (middle)

mode

the number that occurs most often

Math - fraction, lowest form

the numerator and denominator have been divided down by all common factors. 13/26 = 1/2

Poem

the only requirement is rhythm.

Additive inverse property

the opposite of a real number is the same, but negative

Skewness

the opposite of a symmetrical distribution. (in symmetrical mean=mode=median)

Thesis in poetry

the part that does not bear the stress

How does the federal executive branch check the power of the federal judicial branch?

the president appoints the supreme court justices

vaporization

the process of becoming a vapor

parasitism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

symbiosis

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; 4 types: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, endosymbiosis

asexual reproduction

the reproduction reults in identical offspring or CLONING; a cell is divided and reproduces without any outside involvement

anthropology

the scientific study of the origins, cultural development, and customs of human beings

semantics

the study of *meaning* in language

political science

the study of government of states and other political units

Economics

the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources

LA - Linguistic Approach

the theory that language is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level

convection

the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment

Style

the way you write as opposed to what you write about

metacognitive

think and talk about thinking

sexual reproduction

this reproduction results in genetically different offspring and involves a male and female

neap tides

tides with minimum daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of the moon

Legend

traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, that started as facts, but have fiction added

cliches

trite or overused expressions

tall tale

type of folklore that has exaggerated and unbelievable elements

Oligarchy

type of modern govt. where a small group of people control the govt. EX: a republic, an aristocracy, and some dictatorships (esp. those based on wealth or military authority)

Short Story

typically a terse narrative, with less developmental background about characters. Poe emphasized that successful short story should create one focused impact. (EX: Hemmingway, Faulkner, Twain, Poe, and Pushkin)

Factorials

used in permutations written: n! ex: 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120tg

centrally planned economy

used to be called Communism and is the opposite of a market economy

Metonymy

using a word instead of the whole exact word such as Washington instead of governement; more of a general or loosley used term ex: lend me your ears means to listen

independent variable

variable that is *changed* in an experiment

planet with retrograde rotation

venus

Discourse

verbal expression and exchange; conversation

high frequency irregular words

was, a, are, the have you, says, too, this, said, of, oh, away, what, does, do.

seismic waves

waves of energy that travel through the earth's layers and is affected by desity, incompressibility, and rigidity

hydrogen bond

weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms

French Colonies

west of the Appalachian mountains

Chemical bond

when atoms bond chemically, they stop having their own individual property ex: H2O

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

Apostrophe

when talking to or addressing something non human but expecting or acting as if it would respond ex: Death where are thou sting?

maximum point

where y is the largest of all y values

minimum point

where y is the smallest of all y values

Alkali Metals

with the exception of Hydrogen, all elements in group 1 are alkali metals -shiny -softer, less dense -most chemically reactive

irony

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

morphology

word formation in a language including inflection, derivation, and compounding

Power =

work/time

Math - Complex numbers

written in the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1. a is real and bi is imaginary. Complex numbers are found while trying to solve equations with negative square roots.

Quadratic Formula

x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a

Function

x values are not repeated

Graph w/ Vertical Line

x= any number, meaning it only has an x intercept. Slope is undefined

slope formula

y2-y1/x2-x1 THIS IS HOW TO FIND "M"

Graph w/ Horizontal Line

y= any number, meaning it only has a y intercept. Slope is 0.

Slope intercept form

y=mx + b (m is the lines slope, b is the y intercept)


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