L Texes 111 generalist 4-8
Absolute Value Graph
"V" shaped
Math - fraction
(numerator)/(denominator) Small portions of a larger quantity.
Midpoint formula
(x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2
Concurrent powers of Federal and States
- both may tax -both may borrow $ -both may charter banks and corp. -both may est. courts -both may make and enforce law -both may take property for public purposes -both may spend $ to provide public welfare
Mitosis
- division of somatic cell -2 cells result from each division -chromosone number is identical to parent cells (diploid) -for cell growth and repair
Moon Phases
-New moon: moon is invisible or 1st sight of crescent -Waxing crescent: right crescent visible -1st Quarter: right quarter visible -Waxing Gibbous: only left crescent is not illuminated -Full moon: the entire illuminated half of the moon is visible -Waning Gibbous: only right crescent of the moon is not visibile -Last Quarter: the left quarter is visible -Waning Crescent: only the left crescent is illuminated
Math - Additive inverse
-a, a + -a = 0
Meiosis
-division of sex cells (sperm and egg) -4 cells or polar bodies result from each division -chromosone number is half the # of parent cells (haploid) -recombinations provide genetic diversity
Powers of States
-regulate intrastate trade -est. local -protect general welfare -protect life and property -ratify amendments -conduct elections -make state and local laws
Powers of Federal Govt.
-tax -borrow and coin $ -est. postal service -grant patents/copyrights -regulate interstate/foreign commerce -est. courts -declare war -raise and support armed forces -govern territories -define and punish felonies and piracy -fix standards of weights/measures -conduct foreign affairs
Layers of the atmosphere
-troposphere: closest to earth's surface, where weather occurs, has most water and dust (7 miles) -stratosphere: contains very little water, ozone layer located in upper portion -mesosphere: air temp decreases more about -100 C -thermosphere:getting closer to the sun, so temp increases, gases are excited by the radiation causing Aurora Borealis
Math
...
Math - Additive identity
0, a + 0 = a
Finding Standard Form of graph when coordinates are given
1) Find slope first: (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) 2) Fill in slope and coordinates for Ya and Xa: Y-Ya = m(X-Xa) 3) Clean up (if answers have fractions w/ same denominator, multiply both sides by that whole number) ex: (5, 6) and (-1, -2) 1) (6 + 2)/(5+1) = 4/3 2) Y+2 = 4/3(X +1) y + 2 = 4/3x + 4/3 y = 4/3x -2/3 3) (3)y = 3(4/3x -2/3) 3y = 4x - 2
6 themes of geography
1) Location 2) Spatial Organization- describes how things are grouped in a given space (ex: where people live in relations to others) 3) Place- has both physical (rivers, mountains) and human characteristics (roads, canals) 4)Human-Environmental Interaction- humans adapt to envirn., humans modify envirn., humans depend on envirn. 5) Movement 6) Regions- a) Formal regions- political boundaries (state, country) b) Functional regions- defined by a common function (ex: area covered by telephone service) c) Vernacular regions- formed by perceptions (ex. "the middle east" or "the south"
Solving quadratic equations
1) factor 2) set each factor = 0 3) solve EX: x² + 10x - 24 = 0 1) (x + 12) (x-2) 2) x + 12 = 0 x - 2 = 0 3) x = -12 x = 2
2 types of dependent clauses
1) with subordinating conjunction; ex: *Whenever* lazy students whine.. 2) with a relative pronoun; ex. *Who* loves pizza crusts..
Math - Multiplicative identity
1, a(1) = a
Math - Multiplicative inverse
1/a, a + 1/a = 1
Senate
100 member, 2 from each state, who serve 6-yr terms Powers: -approval of presidential nominations -approval of treaties -conducting impeachment cases of federal officials
World War I
1914-1918 Serbian assassinated Archduke of Austria. Austria demanded a full investigation, Serbia refused. Austria (w/ ally Germany) declared war on Serbia (w/ ally Russia). Germany then declared war on Russia, followed by France (b/c of France's alliance with Russia). Germany invaded Belgium (neutral) to be closer to Paris. Britain (ally to France and Belgium) declared war on Germany. US (under President Woodrow Wilson) declared neutrality. But, Germany threatened commercial shipping w/ submarine warfare, and US joined in 1917. Treaty of Versailles finally signed & League of Nations was created, agreeing to avoid armed conflict through disarment and diplomacy.
US joins WWI
1917 when Germany threatened commercial shipping to June 1919 Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations
WWII
1939-1945 Germany, Italy, and Japan initiated a policy of aggressive territorial expansion. Japan attacked China, Italy invaded Ethiopia, Germany (under Hitler) immediately began to build up armed forces (a direct violation of peace treaty) Germany then invaded many countries, including Austria, Czech, Polland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, and France. US (under Franklin Roosevelt) announced neutrality. Roosevelt's plan was to defeat the Axis nations by sending the Allied nations war supplies. Roosevelt stopped all exports to Japan and refused to let them withdraw money from American banks. Japan bombed US at Pearl Harbor, causing US to join in war. After victory was atttained in Europe, focus went to Japan. 2 atomic bomb were dropped and the Pacific war ended. Allies agreed that Germany's armed forces be abolished and Nazi Party outlawed. Outcome: United Nations named for promoting world peace. Consequences: death, destruction, displaced people, strength/spreading of Communism/Cold War tension (ended more lives and caused more devastation than any other war)
LA - Linguistic Approach
1950's, Noam Chomsky: Language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation triggered by exposure to environmental stimuli. Downplayed the significance of semantics. Attributed language development to biology.
Korean War
1950-1953 After WWII ended, Japan stopped controlling Korea. The Soviet Union occupied the North, US controlled the South, through trusteeship. United Nations ordered elections to create a unified govt. but both countries backed different candidates, creating a division of 2 separate states. North Korea (backed by Soviets) declared war on South Korea (US, British, Australia, UN forces). China also got involved when forces entered N. Korea. 1953: Peace negotations resulted in cease-fire. Since then, N. Korea has an isolated, communist dictatorship, S. Korea has grown into a major world economy.
Vietnam War
1957-1973 Like Korea, Vietnam became divided after WWII (communist North, western-govt South). North began to drive out South. US became more involved when N. Vietnam attacked US ships. As controversy over the war began to grow in US, Nixon began to reduce troops, while assisting the S. Vietnam army in building strength. US withdrew troops, with a promise from Nixon to send defense assistance. But, after Watergate, Congress cut off all funding. US withdrawal left S. Vietnam w/o economic or military support, and N. Vietnam was able to take control of the entire country.
LA - Cognitive Approach
1970's, Piaget: Acquire cognitive structures to process language, then linguistic structures. Must be able to understand before they can use language.
LA - Sociocognitive approach
1970's, using/learning language in certain social settings is just as important as learning the rules and the grammar associated with it; applying the cognitive skills in a social setting *tone/content/inflection are equally important. The teacher is a faciliator in this setting
Quartiles
1st Quartile: median of the lower half of the data set 2nd Quartile: median of the entire data set 3rd Quartile: median of th upper half of the data set
Counting Principle in probability
2 distinct, independent events: n x m Ex: 3 options for meal x 2 options for dessert
Direct variation
2 things vary directly: as one gets larger, the other does too; if one gets smaller, so does the other one. If x and y vary directly, there should be a constant Ex: pay per hour at the same rate: increase hours=increase pay
Diameter
2(radius)
Composition reaction
2+ substances combine to form a compound A + B → AB ex: silver and sulfur yield silver dioxide
Math - standard form
21,000, not broken down into scientific notation, etc.
John Adams
2nd president of the US; was Washington's VP; a founding father and pushed the Dec of Indep
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president; primary author of Dec of Indep; responsible for the louisiana purchase
tetrahedron
4-sided space triangle (basically a triangular pyramid)
House of Representatives
435 members, who serve 2-yr terms Powers: -initiating financial bills -bringing impeachment charges against high federal officials
James Madison
4th president; ratified the constitution and created Bill of rights; president during War of 1812
James Monroe
5th president; last of the Revolutionary War Heroes to become president; a father of the Constitution
Krebs Cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
Correlation coefficient closer to 1.0
A correlation coefficient that results in dots very close to a line
Expresses a theorem and its converse are true?
A if and only if B
Epistle
A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but b/c of the fame of sender/recipient becomes public domain. (EX: Paul in the Bible)
Math - scientific notation
A more convenient method for writing very large and very small numbers.
Synecdoche
A part is used as a whole; more literal ex: America instead of USA It still makes sense and is literal
Mexican-American War
A war that began as a result of a border issue and resulted in fighting along the Rio Grande. By the end, Mexico lost almost all of California, Utah, Nevada, AZ, and NM
Area of a circle
A=πr²
Math - Distributive property
Allows us to work on terms within a parens without first performing the operation within the parens. a(b + c) = ab + ac
1690
Alonso de Leon establishes San Francisco del los Tejas Mission in East Texas, opening the Old San Antonio Road portion of the Camino Real
Examples of coordinating conjunctions:
Although When If Unless Because
1528-34
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca explores Texas for trade
Western Expansion
America's desire of the western territories that were either not claimed or claimed by other countries
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy. (communism)
Negative correlation coefficient
As one decreases the other increases and vice versa in regards to the correlation coefficient
Positive correlation coefficient
As one increases, the other increases in regards to correlation coefficient
LA - Learning Approach
Assumed language development evolved by learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement. Also assumed language, cognitive and social developments were independent of each other. No allowance made for child jargon and "mistakes". No association made between physical and operational development and language mastery.
1839
Austin becomes the capital of the Republic of Texas
Mean
Average *THINK the AVERAGE girl is MEAN
1832
Battle of Velasco - 1st casualties of the Texas Revolution
Formula for photosynthesis
CO₂ + H₂O + energy (sunlight) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)
Math - rational numbers
Can be expressed as the ratio of two integers a/b where b does not equal 0. Includes integers, fractions and mixed numbers, terminating and repeating decimals, numbers on the number line.
Indians with advanced political structures
Cherokee and Choctaw, elected chiefs
1850
Compromise of 1850 adjust the state boundary, ended Mexican American War and United States assumed Texas debts
Legislative Branch
Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Responsibilities: -make, repeal, and amend all federal laws -levying federal taxes and distributing funds
Math - appropriate uses for fractions
Cooking measurements, carpentry measurements, architecture scales, builders, cutting pizza or pie.
Math - natural numbers
Counting numbers. 1, 2, 3. . .
symbiosis (mutualism)
Each organisms fills a need for another. Both happy.
American Revolution
English colonists in America won freedom from Great Britain Results: representative govt.
Euclidean geometry
Euclid wrote a set of 13 books in 330 BC called Elements, where he outlined 10 axioms and then deduced 465 theorems. Is based on the undefined concept of the point, line, and plane. His 5th axiom (parallel postulate) has not been as readily accepted b/c it could be proved by the other 9 he created.
Math - appropriate uses for roots and exponents
Finance and science, amortization of loans, measuring pH, earthquakes (Richter scale), decibel level of sound, brightness of stars.
Spanish Colonies
Florida, Gulf Coast of Texas, California
Individualization
For each student; i.e. allowing students to select their own topic or activities
1689
French claim Texas but do not have a physical presence in Texas
1688
French colony is massacred
1762
French give up claims to Texas and cede Lousiana to Spain until 1800
1900
Galvestion is destroyed and 8000 people killed in category 4 hurricane
GDP
Gross Domestic Product - a monetary measure of the economy's output during a specific time period Measured by expenditure approach and incomes approach GDP = Consumption $ + Investment $ + Govt. $ + Net Export $ (includes only final goods and services)
Alkaline Metals
Group 2 -harder -denser -higher melting point -chemically active
Associative property
Grouping numbers together *THINK associates means group
History
History
Negation of a Statement
If a statement is true, then its negation must be false and vice versa EX: "if p, then q" is "p and not q" "not q" is "q" "r and s" is "not r" OR "not s" (if you negate both, than still true) "r or s" is "not r" AND "not s" negation of: "some winter nights are not cold" : "none of the winter nights are cold" "if it rains, then the beach party will be held" : "it rains and the beach party will not be held"
Law of Syllogism
If q, then r Therefore if p,then r
addition property of equality
If you add the same numbers to each side of an equation, both sides are still equal
Epic examples
Illiad, Odyssey, Aeneid, Paradise Lost, the Fairie Queene, Aurora Leigh, The Rape of the Lock
Nonmetals
Include: solids, gases, and one liquid (bromine) -usually dull, brittle -not good conductors of heat or electricity -have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost energy level -tend to attract other electrons -react with metals
Industrial Revolution Results
Industry: -increase productivity -increase world trade -specialized division of labor -growth of giant businesses and monopolies -revolution in agriculture b/c of: steamship, fertilizer, canning, refrigeration Social: -increase population, esp. in industrial areas -advances in science (agriculture, sanitation, medicine) -growth of cities -disappearance of diff. b/w city dweller and farmer -faster life tempo, increase stress -increased mobility produced rapid sharing of knowledge and ideas -conflict over slavery
Math - irrational numbers
Infinite and non-repeating decimals. Pi, square root of 5.
A quadratic function has imaginary roots. What is always true of the graph of the function in the xy-coordinate plane?
It never intersects the x-axis
1685
LaSalle established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay, basis for French claim to Texas territory
LA - Language Acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
4 standard forms of valid arguments
Law of Detachment Law of Contraposition Law of Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism
Epic
Long poem, usually of book length, reflecting values in society. Include: invocation to a Muse for inspiration, purpose for writing, general setting, protaganist/antagonist with supernatural strength, and intervention of a God or gods.
1901
Lucas Gusher - start of Texas oil boom
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
Two major characteristics of the 1st American literature?
Maudlin and self-pitying egocentricism. (ex: John Smith, William Bradford, and Michael Wigglesworth)
Math - appropriate uses for decimals
Metric system, money, body temperature, distance, time, mileage.
1842
Mexico captures San Antonio twice and retreats both times
1821
Mexico gains independence from Spain
CHONPS
Most prevalent elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
1800
Much of north Texas is returned to France and later sold to the US as part of the Lousiana Purchase
Math - Dividing complex numbers
Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Additive
Must do the same to both sides of an equation *THINK If I "ADD-IT-TO (additive) one side, I have to ADD-IT-TO another
Math - whole numbers
Natural numbers and 0. No negative numbers or fractions.
4 types of measurement scales used in statistic
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Law of Contraposition
Not q, therefore not p Ex: If John drives the big truck, then the shipment will be delivered The shipment is not delivered b/c ~q = ~p Answer: John does not drive the big truck
Octava Rima Poetry
Oct- eight-line stanza whose rhyme scheme is ababacc
Quadratic Graphs
Parabola f(x)=x² : normal graph, vertex at origin f(x)= (x± c)² : opposite of what you would think- negative goes right, + goes left f(x)=x² ± c: positive goes up, negative goes down f(x)=cx² : again, opposite of what you would think-the larger the number the skinnier the graph; the smaller the number the wider the graph. If c is negative the parabola points down
4 forms of discourse
Persuassion (talk someone into), description (make the reader aware), exposition (to explain or inform; giver directions), narration (answers what happened) *think PEND
LA - Cognitive approach
Piaget's theory that children must be able to process words and actually learn them i.e knowing what a ball is before they can learn to say/read/or use the word
Piecewise Function
Piecing multiple graphs together (may or may not intersect)
Math - integers
Positive and negative whole numbers and 0.
LA - pragmatics, definition
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.
Law of Detachment
Premise 1: If p, then q Premise 2: p, therefore q
Executive Branch
President, various executive dept, and independent agencies Powers: -enforcing federal laws -appointing/removing any high federal officials -commanding armed forces -conducting foreign affairs -recommending laws to congress -can veto bills that congress pass
Calvin Cycle
Process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2.
Reformation period
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation
Civil rights movement in 1960's sought to address issues from:
Reconstruction era following the civil war
Math - appropriate uses for percent
Relationships between qualities, commissions, discounts, taxes, tips, interest, investments, sales mark up, nutrition (RDA), sports statistics, statistical populations.
Math - properties
Rules that apply for addition, subtraction, multiplication or division.
1837
Sam Houston moved the state capital 5 times ending in Houston in 1837
Science
Science
Math - exponent form
Shortcut method to write repeated multiplication. In the form b to the n where b and n are both real numbers. NOTE: a negative sign must be inside the parens for it to be affected by the exponent.
Indians in middle of continent, teepees, buffalo skins, feather headdresses
Sioux, eyenne, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee
1700-1799
Spain establishes Catholic missions throughtout Texas
1529
Spanish explorer Alonso Alvarez de Pineda maps the Texas Coast
1823
Stephen Austine begins colony known as Old Three Hundred along the Brazos River
Phonetic Phase
Students write one letter, or a cluster of letters, for every sound in the word. Teachers should emphasize visual strategies (looking for predictable letter sequence and patterns)
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court and other lower federal courts
What oral language activity would be most effective in promoting students' multicultural awareness and appreciation?
Teacher guides students to discuss some features that folk tales of various countries have in common as well as some of the unique features of each culture's folk tales.
1835
Texas Revolution begins to gain freedom from Mexico
1845
Texas admitted to United States
1870
Texas is readmitted to United States
1861
Texas secedes from Union and joins Confederacy, Governor Sam Houston was replaced
syntax
The pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases.
Percent error
The percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value (|Approximate value - exact value|)/|exact value| * 100%
arbitrage
The process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price
LA - syntax, definition
The sequence in which words are put together to form sentences.
converse
The statement formed by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement (the same but in reverse) ex: If Q, then P. If P, then Q
LA - phonology, definition
The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.
LA - semantics, definition
The study or science of meaning in language.
What activity would best promote students' understanding of relationship b/w written and spoken words?
The teacher displays a big book and points to each word as she reads the book aloud
advection
The transfer of a property of the atmosphere
Math - manipulatives to demonstrate geometric ideas and number theory
Tiles, shaded region, number lines, diagrams.
1865
Union troops landed in Galvestion, Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery in Texas
Math - appropriate uses for scientific notation
Very large and very small quantities, science.
Math - exponents ten rule
When 10 is raised to any power, the exponent tells the number of zeros in the product. A negative power tells the number of decimal places to the left.
Integration
When to pull the information in
Examples of relative pronouns:
Who Whom Which That
Moons Position in relation to the sun
Why we have different phases of the moon
Pejorative
Words that are Politically incorrect such as redneck or queer; remember the *P's*
Math - Commutative property of addition
a + b = b + a
antithesis
a CONTRAST between two very different thngs; the exact opposite
Manifest Destiny
a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean; a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
aphorism
a brief, often witty saying, usually an observation about life; (ex: a proverb, Jerry Seinfield)
mitosis
a cell divides and creates another identical cell *For growth or repair, NOT reproduction ex:starfish, worms regenerating
Aurora Borealis
a colorful, glowing display in the sky caused when particles from the sun strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the ionosphere; also called the Northern Lights
Standard Deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (looks like a lower case cursive o on the calculator) is found by taking the square root of variance
concept of region
a convenient and manageable unit for studying earth's human and natural environments
Colloquy
a conversation or conference, usually formal
Marbury V Madison
a court case that established Judicial review
Box and Whisker Plot
a diagram that summarizes data using the median, the upper and lower quartiles, and the extreme values (outliers). Q2 - median Q1 - median of first half Q3 - median of last half Outliers - lowest number and highest number
Iambic pentameter
a foot (two syllables) with 5 sets; ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*/ ba-*BUM*
Single replacement reaction
a free element replaces an element that is part of a compound A + BX → AX + B ex: iron + copper sulfate yields iron sulfate + copper
Mathematical Theorem
a mathematical statement derived from axioms, definitions, and previously proven statements
Nationalism
a nation acting independently emphasizing national goals rather than international goals
renewable resource
a natural resource that can be replaced
idiom
a peculiar expression, jargon, or regional dialect ex: keep tabs on her
sea floor spreading
a process of plate tectonics in which new oceanic crust is created, magma swells up as the tectonic plates spread apart, the magma is then cooled by the sea water and forms mountain ranges such as the mid atlantic ridge
irrational number
a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number
non-renewable resource
a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)
complex sentence
a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
compound sentence
a sentence with 2 independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjuction, ex: Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping *think FANBOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
simple sentence
a sentence with a subject and a verb with a complete thought; also called an independent clause
spenserian sonnet
a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc cdcd ee
Shakesperian or Elizabethan Sonnet
a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg
spenserian stanza
a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c
Paradox
a statement that at first seems to be absurd or self-contradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true ex: the paradox of freedom...we have to have laws in order to be free
Ballads
a story told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music. Earliest forms were anonymous folk ballads.
catalyst
a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
Federal system
a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
First person narrative
a voice that "I" *think 1st = 1=i
2nd person, direct address
a voice that directly addresses the audience
Third person omniscient
a voice that doesn't use "I" but knows the thoughts of other characters; is all knowing
First person Omniscient
a voice that uses "i" and knows the thoughts of the other characters; rare
Distributive property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Math - Commutative property of multiplication
ab = ba
Italian sonnet
abba (petrarchan)
phonological awareness
ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - non print
phonemic awareness
ability recognize spoken language and how it can be pull apart, blended, and manipulated - print and sound
Deposition
act of depositing, laying down of material by natural processes; creates coastal beaches, sand dunes, and landforms created by glaciers
United Nations
after World War II, although started in 1943 was complete when charter was drawn up in 1945
output
amount produced or manufactured by an industry
market economy
an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand
Capitalism
an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit
communism
an economic system in which the *central government* directs all major economic decisions
Quadratic Equation
an equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0
slope-intercept form
an equation written in the form y=mx+b is in slope-intercept form. The graph is a line with slope m and y-intercept b.
anachronism
an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time
Conceit
an unusually far-fetched [extended] metaphor comparing two very dissimilar things cleverly
enterprise
any business organization
Delta
areas of lowlands formed by soil and sediment deposited at the mouths of rivers
Directionally proportional
as one amount increases, another amount increases at the same rate
Inverse variation
as one gets larger, the other gets smaller If x and y vary inversely, there should still be a constant. y=x/k Ex: driving time: increase speed=decrease time
Mountains
at least 2,000 ft above sea level
Standard Form
ax + by = c
Pythagorean Theorem
a²+b²=c²
Protestant Reformation
b/c of religious, political, and econ. reasons. Religious: abuses in the Catholic church- fraudulent clergy w/ immoral lifestyles, sale of religious offices, different theologies, frauds w/ sacred relics
Battle of the Alamo
battle in which Mexican physically won and killed all but 2 Texan and Texican volunteers, but inspired the Texans to fight for freedom
Transitional Phase
beginning phase of using visual memory. Students have learned about letter patterns, but often use them incorrectly. Teachers should implement visual and morphemic strategies (pre-fix, suffix, roots)
innate behavoir
behavior that doesn't depend on learning or experience Examples -fish just naturally know how to swim -birds just know how to fly
learned behavoir
behavoir learned by experience or observation
Stem and Leaf Plots
best suited for small sets of data and are especially useful for comparing 2 sets of data
Unfixed Literature (poetry)
blank verse and dramatic monologue
Math - Associative property
can regroup: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c a(bc) = (ab)c
Independent clauses
can stand alone or be joined with another clause
dilation
causes a change in size but not in location
Translation (slide)
changes locations but not size or orientation
diction
choice/use of words *think: dictionary*
Mercury
closest to the sun
glide reflection
combination of reflection and translation
ordinal measurement scale
compares categories ex: 1st, 2nd, etc.
Decomposition reaction
compound breaks down into 2+ simpler substances AB → A + B ex: water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen
Clause
contains at least one subject and one verb (describes); ex: Lazy students whine. Subj - student, verb - whine.
Trigonometry
deals with angles, triangles, functions of sine, cosine, and tangent Development in jr high: similar shapes pythagorean theorem algebraic expressions/equations Careers using Trig: astronomy land surveying acoustics
Math - decimals
deci - part of ten. To find the decimal equivalent of a fraction, divide the numerator by the denominator. 1/2 = 0.5
Species
defined by the ability to reproduce with members of their own kind
American Revolution most influenced political developments in Mexico and Latin America by:
demonstrating that it was possible to overthrow European colonial rule
Petrarchan or Italian Sonnet
divided into an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet normally rhyming cdecde
stanine
dividing the bell curve into 9 sections (5th section is the mean)
Skew lines
do not intersect and do not lie on the same plane
geometric construction
drawing made using only a compass and straightedge, and consists of only segments, arcs, and points
principal of oppurtunity cost
due to limited resources, we must make choices and establish purchasing prioritites
trophic level
each step in a food chain or food web producers → Primary consumers→secondary consumers→tertiary consumers
LA - Learning Approach
early theory approach in which rules of language structure was learned and applied through imitation and reinforcement
Caddo Indians
east Texas, farming, trading and making pottery
free enterprise
economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference
Battle of San Jacinto
ended the Mexican-American war; Texans captured Santa Ana; established the Republic of Texas
Law of conservation of energy
energy is neither created or destroyed, but may change form
radiation
energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles-sun to earth
Greatest Integer / Step Function
equation uses [ ], graph looks like steps
League of Nations
established by the Treaty of Versailles after WW1 and proposed by Woodrow Wilson; failed miserably
Opportunity costs lead to consumers:
establishing purchasing priorities
tone
expression of the authors attitude toward the subject
Linear Function
f(x)=ax + b
Comanche
famous horsemen and hunters
When are thunderstorms most likely to form?
fast-moving cold front enters an area in which there is a warm, humid air mass
Iroquious
fierce fighters but forward thinkers
Math - Addition and subtraction of fractions
find common denominator
mercantile
first system in which goods were exchanged
Mesas
flat top hills or mountains, usually with steep sides. (similar to plateaus, but smaller)
relfection
flip (mirror image)
latent energy
form of energy transferred by a difference in temperature HEAT
Ionic bond
formed by the transfer of electrons, when metals and non-metals bond -when electrons are shared, it throws off their neutrality creating ions
Covalent bond
formed when 2 atoms share electrons -happen among non-metals -always polar b/w 2 non-identical atoms
Anaphora
found in ballads, also called incremental repetition, used for effect
Refrain
found in ballads, also called the repeated section
Halogens
found in group 17 -combine readily with metals to form salts ex: salt, fluoride toothpaste, and bleach
Noble Gases
found in group 18 -do not react chemically with other elements -inert (inactive)
Transition elements
found in periods (rows) 4-7 under groups (columns) 3-12 -metals that do not show a range of properties -hard -high melting point -all of which are metals and tend to form salts when reacted with Halogens -compounds are: colorful, such as silver, gold, and mercury
personification
giving human traits to something non-human
Choctaw
good farmers, hunters, tool-makers, and housebuilders
Karankawa
good jewelers and shell-makers
European Colonies
government based on democracy, eastern seaboard
Parliamentary System
govt. made up of a legislative body, called a parliament, and a cabinet with a prime minister. Cabinet stays in power for as long as it has support.
Despotism and Dictatorship
govt. where there is unlimited power over the people and no legislative body to limit rulers. Syn: tyranny, autocracy, totalitarianism
popular sovereignty
grants citizens the ability to participate in govt. by voting and running for public office. -the ideal behind Declaration of Independence -embodied in the Constitution
Rational Function
has 2 graphs (parabolas) and asymptotes (a line that a graph approaches, but does not intersect)
Math - mixed number
has an integer part and a fraction part. 2 1/2
Parallel Lines
have same slope
Interaction
how students will practice the skill such as with others
Tonkawa
hunting bison and gathers fruits and nuts
laissez faire
idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
Venn Diagram in Math
if circles are inside each other: the inner circle must also meet the rules of the outer circle
Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System
if we know the dimensions of a 2-D shape, we could use coordinates to visualize that shape
parody
imitation; to make fun of ex: Scary Movie and all of the movies that make fun of it
market socialism
in between planned and market community
folkways
informal rules of ettiquette and behaviors a society follows ex: forming a line, holding doors
Tempo
interpretation of dialogue must be connected to motivation and detail. Director seeks a variation of tempo to keep audiences attention
Series
is a sum of numbers represented by sigma (looks like a large greek E)
Work
is done on an object when applied force moves through a distance
derivative
is the slope of a tangent line to a graph f(x) and is usually denoted f'(x). Also referred to as the instantaneous rate of change.
cognitive
knowledge about our own thinking processes, of or pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes
Jupiter
largest planet
converging lens
lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus
Identity Function
linear equation y = x, graph is a line going through origin and 1st and 3rd quadrants at 45 degree angles
Meridians
lines of longitude that also are used to determine time around the world
evaporization
liquid to gas
Sample space in probability
list of all possible outcomes
Cherokee
lived in southeast, domed houses, animal skin clothes, hunters, farmers, fishermen, basketry, pottery, lacrosse
Algonquians
lived in wigwams and wore animal skin clothing, proficient hunters, gathers, trappers, and farmers
Seminoles and Creeks
living in southeast, lived in chickees and wore clothes made from plant fibers
learned territorial behavior
long song, learned thru trial and error, short songs are mating
Novel
longest form of fictional prose
Basins
low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains
coplanar
lying in the same plane
The main effect of formal changes to the constitution has been to:
make the constitution more democratic than the original document
mechanical isolation
mating does not occur due to reproductive parts not fitting together
Reflexive angle
measures more than 180 and less than 360 (has a circle around the back of the angle to show it goes all the way around and is greater than obtuse)
z-score
measures the distance in standard deviations from the mean z-score = (outcome-mean)/standard deviation ex: mean = 50, standard deviation=10, probability of less than 42 =(42-50)/10 =-8/10 =-.8
anemometer
measures wind speed
assimilation
members of an ethnic minority group lose cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant cultural group; they take on the cultural characteristics of another group
What best supports the big bang theory?
microwave background radiation is fairly evenly distributed across space
Alloy
mixture of 2+ elements having properties of metal, but do not have to be all metal
nominal measurement scale
most basic: classify responses into categories ex: gender, race, religion, marital status
ratio measurement scale
most informative scale, b/c it allows for proportional comparison (twice as much $, or half the length) basically an interval scale with a true 0 point ex: length measurement, $ systems, degrees Kelvin (b/c 0 value represents the absence of length, $, or temp.)
Commutative property
move numbers around and they mean the same thing *THINK COMMUTE = move
rotation
movement of a figure by a certain number of degrees
Multiplication Principle of Counting Independent Events
n(AandB) = n(A)n(B) ex: how many 6 letter combinations can be created if none can repeat? 26 x 25 x 24 x 23 x 22 x 21
Multiplication Principle of Counting for Dependent Events
n(AandB) = n(A)n(B|A) When the first event effects the outcome of the second event ex: How many ways can a Jack be drawn twice without replacing? 4 x 3 = 12 To find: multiply the outcomes of event A x outcomes for event B (should usually be 1 less than event A)
Addition Principle for Mutually Exclusive Events (OR)
n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) If events are mutually exclusive of each other ex: travel agency offers 16 trips to Asia, 14 to Europe, in how many ways can you select a trip to Asia or Europe? 14 + 16 = 30 To find: add events together
Addition Principle of Counting
n(AorB) = n(A) + n(B) - n (A n B) The probability of event A or event B happening, if dependent on each other ex: drawing a Jack or black card: 4 + 26 - (26-4) = 28 To find: Probability of A + Probability of B - Difference of both probabilities
abiotic
non-living
Inuit
northwest, lived in tents or igloos, seal or animal skin clothes, fishermen, hunters
Chickasaw
not in Texas long but known as good hunters and farmers
interval measurement scale
numeric scales, where intervals are fixed, uniform values throughout (limitation: no fixed 0 point) ex: thermometer
spring tides
occur during the full and new moons, tides are very high and very low
ellipsis
omission of a word or phrase needed for syntax but not semantics ex: A**
cultural integration
one culture gaining ideas, technologies, and products from another; one country integrating into another
inversely proportional
one value decreases at the same rate the other increases
OCTOSO
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
Disjunctive Syllogism
p or q not p, therefore q Ex: Peter is a Jet Pilot or a Navigator Peter is not a Jet Pilot p v (or) q ~p, so has to be q Answer: Peter is a Navigator.
atmosphere
part of the earth that is mostly nitrogen
Double replacement reaction
parts of 2 compounds replace each other (compounds switch partners) AX + BY → AY + BX ex: sodium chloride + mercury nitrate → sodium nitrate + mercury chloride
Math - percent
per 100. 10% = 10/100 = 1/10
Misplaced modifiers
phrases not placed near the word they modify. (EX: "One damaged house stood only to remind townspeople of the hurricane." - suggests that the sole reason the house remained was to serve as a reminder. Correction: "Only one damaged house stood, reminding townspeople of the hurricane."
Dangling modifiers
phrases that do not relate to the subject being modified. (EX: "Weighing the options carefully, a decision was made about convicting the criminal." - who is weighing the options? Correction: "Weighing the options carefully, the judge made a decision...")
Circumference of a circle
pi x d or 2 x pi x r
Pan Americanism
political alliance or union of all North and South America
Permutations
probability of an experiment where replacements are not allowed. (easier to use the counting principle) Order is important! nPr= (n!)/(n-r)! r-number of items to be selected n- number of draws ex: How many ways can 7 students choose a president and vice president? 7P2= 7!/(7-2)! =7 x 6 x 5!/5! the 5!'s can cancel out =7 x 6 = 42
natural selection
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
Mass
protons + neutrons (MAN: mass=atomic # + neutrons)
Pueblo
pueblo houses, wool and cotton clothing, farmed in desert, pottery, Kachina dolls
Pathos
quality in a work of literature that evokes feelings of pity or compassion. (Ex: Desdemona's death in Othello)
p→q
read: if p then q
Semi-phonetic Phase
realization that there is a relationship b/c letters and sounds. Students tend to spell by sound. Teacher should emphasize phonetics (sounding word out).
Eli Whitney developed interchangable parts, allowing for division of labor, resulting in:
reduced price of goods produced
2nd derivative
relates whether the curve is concave up or concave down
graphophonemic knowledge
relationship of printed letters to spoken words
Meiosis 1
reproduction process that halves the # of chromosomes and results in diploid cells
Meiosis 2
reproduction process that splits the sister chromatids and results in haploid cells
1st derivative
reveals whether a curve is rising or falling from left to right
French Revolution
revolt of middle/lower class against rulers b/c of extreme taxation, inflation, lack of food, and disregard for their living conditions Results: consulship, a generalship, and then an emperor
allusion
rhetorical figure addresses personified things, absent people or gods
Elegy
sad and melancholic poem, usually about the death (lamenation) of an individual. Funeral poems or elegy is one of the most popular formats used in funeral and memorial services today. *Way to remember: eulogy*
Atomic #
same as # of protons or electrons (APE: A=P=E))
Sequence
series of numbers that follow a specific pattern.
Variance
shows how spread out a set of numbers are. The larger the variance, the larger the spread. To find: 1) add all numbers together 2) square that answer 3) divide by number of items
Punnet Squares
shows the possible ways that genes combine and indicate probability of gene type (one parent along top, other parent along side)
Dramatic Arc
similar to the plot diagram
Finding slope when graph or coordinates are given
slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
Perpendicular Lines
slopes are negative reciprocals (ex: 3 and -1/3) If slopes aren't same or negative reciprocal the answer is neither
Fixed Literature (poetry)
sonnet, elegy, ode, pastoral, and villanelle
Navajo
southwest, lived in hogans, rabbit skin clothes, sand painting, weapon-making, silversmithing, weaving
Apache
southwest, wikiups homes, cotton clothing, hunters and gatherers, basketry
function
special relationship between values; for each input you get an output
phonemes
speech sound, target sound, utterance: smallest unit of speech in a language
cultural diffusion
spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another or throughout many cultures
Slavery
started in European colonies with the first 20 slaves in 1619
Mexican Control of Texas
started with Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, abolished slavery and expectation of Catholicism
Myth
stories that are universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions (also, usually to explain a natural phenomenon)
allegory
story written in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices
Word identification strategy
strategy in which you break words apart, pulling off or using the prefix or suffix
mores
stronger than folkways in the consequences for not following (person considered immoral) ex: cheating, lying
Calculus
study of limit, rate of change, area under a curve, and slope of a tangent line. Junior high prepares for this by learning: infinity linear growth exponential growth slope change over time
sociology
study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society
phonology
study of the sound system of language
To find y intercept
substitute 0 for x and solve. To find x intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve.
contrapositive
switches the hypothesis and the conclusion and negates both ex: if not Q, then not P
Fable
terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum (EX: "The Nun's Priest's Tale" about animals that speak and act like humans, illustrating human foibles)
1836
the "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, The Battle of the Alamo, 400 executed by Santa Anna at Goliad, Sam Houston leads army of 800 to victory over Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto Treaty of Velasco signed, Sam Houston first President of the Republic of Texas
1832-33
the "Conventions" responded to unrest over the policies of the Mexican Government
Energy
the ability to do work or supply heat
predation
the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey
socialization
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
condensation
the change of state from a gas to a liquid
water cycle
the continuous cycle of the transfer of water through an ecosystem, which involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation
conduction
the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching ex: earth returning heat to the atmosphere
Acculturation
the exchange or adoption of cultural features when two cultures combine or come in direct contact
Atomic mass
the mass of a subatomic particle and is the decimal below the symbol on the periodic table
Median
the middle number *THINK highway MEDIAN (middle)
mode
the number that occurs most often
Math - fraction, lowest form
the numerator and denominator have been divided down by all common factors. 13/26 = 1/2
Poem
the only requirement is rhythm.
Additive inverse property
the opposite of a real number is the same, but negative
Skewness
the opposite of a symmetrical distribution. (in symmetrical mean=mode=median)
Thesis in poetry
the part that does not bear the stress
How does the federal executive branch check the power of the federal judicial branch?
the president appoints the supreme court justices
vaporization
the process of becoming a vapor
parasitism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)
symbiosis
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; 4 types: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, endosymbiosis
asexual reproduction
the reproduction reults in identical offspring or CLONING; a cell is divided and reproduces without any outside involvement
anthropology
the scientific study of the origins, cultural development, and customs of human beings
semantics
the study of *meaning* in language
political science
the study of government of states and other political units
Economics
the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources
LA - Linguistic Approach
the theory that language is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level
convection
the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
dependent variable
the variable that is measured in an experiment
Style
the way you write as opposed to what you write about
metacognitive
think and talk about thinking
sexual reproduction
this reproduction results in genetically different offspring and involves a male and female
neap tides
tides with minimum daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of the moon
Legend
traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, that started as facts, but have fiction added
cliches
trite or overused expressions
tall tale
type of folklore that has exaggerated and unbelievable elements
Oligarchy
type of modern govt. where a small group of people control the govt. EX: a republic, an aristocracy, and some dictatorships (esp. those based on wealth or military authority)
Short Story
typically a terse narrative, with less developmental background about characters. Poe emphasized that successful short story should create one focused impact. (EX: Hemmingway, Faulkner, Twain, Poe, and Pushkin)
Factorials
used in permutations written: n! ex: 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120tg
centrally planned economy
used to be called Communism and is the opposite of a market economy
Metonymy
using a word instead of the whole exact word such as Washington instead of governement; more of a general or loosley used term ex: lend me your ears means to listen
independent variable
variable that is *changed* in an experiment
planet with retrograde rotation
venus
Discourse
verbal expression and exchange; conversation
high frequency irregular words
was, a, are, the have you, says, too, this, said, of, oh, away, what, does, do.
seismic waves
waves of energy that travel through the earth's layers and is affected by desity, incompressibility, and rigidity
hydrogen bond
weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms
French Colonies
west of the Appalachian mountains
Chemical bond
when atoms bond chemically, they stop having their own individual property ex: H2O
sexual selection
when individuals select mates based on heritable traits
Apostrophe
when talking to or addressing something non human but expecting or acting as if it would respond ex: Death where are thou sting?
maximum point
where y is the largest of all y values
minimum point
where y is the smallest of all y values
Alkali Metals
with the exception of Hydrogen, all elements in group 1 are alkali metals -shiny -softer, less dense -most chemically reactive
irony
witty language used to convey insults or scorn
morphology
word formation in a language including inflection, derivation, and compounding
Power =
work/time
Math - Complex numbers
written in the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1. a is real and bi is imaginary. Complex numbers are found while trying to solve equations with negative square roots.
Quadratic Formula
x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a
Function
x values are not repeated
Graph w/ Vertical Line
x= any number, meaning it only has an x intercept. Slope is undefined
slope formula
y2-y1/x2-x1 THIS IS HOW TO FIND "M"
Graph w/ Horizontal Line
y= any number, meaning it only has a y intercept. Slope is 0.
Slope intercept form
y=mx + b (m is the lines slope, b is the y intercept)
