Learning and Conditioning test

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

The basic idea behind observational learning is that

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.

acquisition

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a

instinct.

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.

instincts

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of

primary reinforcers.

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

watching a movie

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.

when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

B.F. Skinner

Research has shown that in general students prefer reaching out where?

Online through email or messages

Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?

Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.

How do students perform that reach out for help compared with those that do not reach out for help?

Students perform better when they reach out for help

Playing the slots at a casino works on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Variable ratio

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

a newborn baby knowing how to nurse

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

a. fixed interval

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

a. to be repeated.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that repeatedly happen together.

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.

associative

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

b. Latent learning; behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov

b. established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Which is an example of classical conditioning?

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of

c. classical conditioning.

In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

c. the loud sound

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.

continuous

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

d. variable interval

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.

discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of ________.

generalization

When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. Anna would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, she is surprised that there is no coffee. Anna's mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on ________.

generalization

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.

operant conditioning

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.

operant conditioning

In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

salivation; salivation

Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of

shaping

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping.

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping.

Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstration on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then two days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" and he flinched with fear. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.

taste aversion

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus.